Recently there have been two causal modelling approaches to indicative conditionals,i.e.extrapolationist(Deng&Lee,2021)and filterist(Liang&Wang,2022),although they all take an interventionist position on subju...Recently there have been two causal modelling approaches to indicative conditionals,i.e.extrapolationist(Deng&Lee,2021)and filterist(Liang&Wang,2022),although they all take an interventionist position on subjunctive conditionals.Motivated by the so-called OK pairs,they try to provide a convincing explanation of the intuition underlying the OK pairs.As far as we know,what they have done is to provide not only an explanation of the OK pairs,but also a way of distinguishing between indicative and subjunctive conditionals.Although we agree with their success in explaining the OK pairs within a causal modelling framework,we argue that their ways of distinguishing between indicative and subjunctive conditionals fail.Instead,we argue that their approaches can be used to distinguish between two readings of conditionals,the epistemic reading and the ontic reading.which can be applied to both indicative and subjunctive conditionals.We conclude by arguing that these two readings are related to two approaches to asking and answering causal questions:the“auses-of-effects"approach and the"effects-of-causes"approach.展开更多
What laws do the universe naturally operate according to?What should be the logical foundation of the human real world?This is a foundational and fundamental issue that humans have always wanted to clarify.From Thales...What laws do the universe naturally operate according to?What should be the logical foundation of the human real world?This is a foundational and fundamental issue that humans have always wanted to clarify.From Thales to philosophers such as Socrates,Plato,and Aristotle,ancient Greece achieved the origin and development of philosophy;Later,Descartes,Hume,Kant,Hegel,Nietzsche,and others explored new fields and concepts;Philosophers such as Husserl,Sartre,Russell,Wittgenstein,and Derrida left a profound mark in the 20th century.The emergence of a worldview emerged in the ancient Indian Vedas,and later in the religious and philosophical work The Upanishads,there was a discourse on the entities of"Brahma"and"I",which gave rise to the idea of"Advaita"in later generations.The Book of Changes was born in ancient China,along with major academic schools such as Taoism,Confucianism,Legalism,and Mohism.Later,Buddhist thought was integrated;With the Eastern ideas of yin and yang,the Doctrine of the Mean,harmony,and the ultimate goodness,I have integrated Eastern and Western historical philosophies,modern physics,and classical logic theories in my thinking on the principle of cosmic paradox,proposing a new perspective of understanding the essence of the universe and its natural logical relationship structure using the principle of paradox as the law of cosmic operation.The theoretical exploration and discussion of the dual nature relationship of"non-contradiction"and"contradiction"in the"first contradiction"relationship of things in the universe,that is,the identity of the universe is a self-contradictory overall transformation process;Attempting to reveal the paradoxical relationship of the universe from a new perspective in modern science,philosophy,and logic,striving to have a beneficial impact on the exploration and practical application of sustainable human survival and development models in the future.展开更多
基金supported by China’s MOE project of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities(22JJD720021)the project of Shandong University(11090087395308).
文摘Recently there have been two causal modelling approaches to indicative conditionals,i.e.extrapolationist(Deng&Lee,2021)and filterist(Liang&Wang,2022),although they all take an interventionist position on subjunctive conditionals.Motivated by the so-called OK pairs,they try to provide a convincing explanation of the intuition underlying the OK pairs.As far as we know,what they have done is to provide not only an explanation of the OK pairs,but also a way of distinguishing between indicative and subjunctive conditionals.Although we agree with their success in explaining the OK pairs within a causal modelling framework,we argue that their ways of distinguishing between indicative and subjunctive conditionals fail.Instead,we argue that their approaches can be used to distinguish between two readings of conditionals,the epistemic reading and the ontic reading.which can be applied to both indicative and subjunctive conditionals.We conclude by arguing that these two readings are related to two approaches to asking and answering causal questions:the“auses-of-effects"approach and the"effects-of-causes"approach.
文摘What laws do the universe naturally operate according to?What should be the logical foundation of the human real world?This is a foundational and fundamental issue that humans have always wanted to clarify.From Thales to philosophers such as Socrates,Plato,and Aristotle,ancient Greece achieved the origin and development of philosophy;Later,Descartes,Hume,Kant,Hegel,Nietzsche,and others explored new fields and concepts;Philosophers such as Husserl,Sartre,Russell,Wittgenstein,and Derrida left a profound mark in the 20th century.The emergence of a worldview emerged in the ancient Indian Vedas,and later in the religious and philosophical work The Upanishads,there was a discourse on the entities of"Brahma"and"I",which gave rise to the idea of"Advaita"in later generations.The Book of Changes was born in ancient China,along with major academic schools such as Taoism,Confucianism,Legalism,and Mohism.Later,Buddhist thought was integrated;With the Eastern ideas of yin and yang,the Doctrine of the Mean,harmony,and the ultimate goodness,I have integrated Eastern and Western historical philosophies,modern physics,and classical logic theories in my thinking on the principle of cosmic paradox,proposing a new perspective of understanding the essence of the universe and its natural logical relationship structure using the principle of paradox as the law of cosmic operation.The theoretical exploration and discussion of the dual nature relationship of"non-contradiction"and"contradiction"in the"first contradiction"relationship of things in the universe,that is,the identity of the universe is a self-contradictory overall transformation process;Attempting to reveal the paradoxical relationship of the universe from a new perspective in modern science,philosophy,and logic,striving to have a beneficial impact on the exploration and practical application of sustainable human survival and development models in the future.
