Some neurons,especially in mammalian peripheral nervous system or in lower vertebrate or in vertebrate central nervous system(CNS)regenerate after axotomy,while most mammalian CNS neurons fail to regenerate.There is a...Some neurons,especially in mammalian peripheral nervous system or in lower vertebrate or in vertebrate central nervous system(CNS)regenerate after axotomy,while most mammalian CNS neurons fail to regenerate.There is an emerging consensus that neurons have different intrinsic regenerative capabilities,which theoretically could be manipulated therapeutically to improve regeneration.Population-based comparisons between"good regenerating"and"bad regenerating"neurons in the CNS and peripheral nervous system of most vertebrates yield results that are inconclusive or difficult to interpret.At least in part,this reflects the great diversity of cells in the mammalian CNS.Using mammalian nervous system imposes several methodical limitations.First,the small sizes and large numbers of neurons in the CNS make it very difficult to distinguish regenerating neurons from non-regenerating ones.Second,the lack of identifiable neurons makes it impossible to correlate biochemical changes in a neuron with axonal damage of the same neuron,and therefore,to dissect the molecular mechanisms of regeneration on the level of single neurons.This review will survey the reported responses to axon injury and the determinants of axon regeneration,emphasizing non-mammalian model organisms,which are often under-utilized,but in which the data are especially easy to interpret.展开更多
Epigenetic control of regeneration after spinal cord injury： Com- plete spinal cord injury （SCI） in humans and other mammals leads to irreversible paralysis below the level of injury, due to failure of axonal regen...Epigenetic control of regeneration after spinal cord injury： Com- plete spinal cord injury （SCI） in humans and other mammals leads to irreversible paralysis below the level of injury, due to failure of axonal regeneration in the central nervous system （CNS）. Previous work has shown that successful axon regeneration is dependent upon transcription of a large number of regeneration-associated genes （RAGs） and transcription factors （TFs） （Van Kesteren et al., 2011）. A prominent theory in the field of axon regeneration is that the large differences in regenerative potential between peripheral nervous system （PNS） neurons, which regenerate well, and CNS neurons, which do not, reflect differences in intrinsic transcriptional net- works, rather than individual genes （Van Kesteren et al., 2011）.展开更多
基金supported by 85310-PHI Shriners Research Foundation(to MIS)NIH R01 NS092876(to MES)
文摘Some neurons,especially in mammalian peripheral nervous system or in lower vertebrate or in vertebrate central nervous system(CNS)regenerate after axotomy,while most mammalian CNS neurons fail to regenerate.There is an emerging consensus that neurons have different intrinsic regenerative capabilities,which theoretically could be manipulated therapeutically to improve regeneration.Population-based comparisons between"good regenerating"and"bad regenerating"neurons in the CNS and peripheral nervous system of most vertebrates yield results that are inconclusive or difficult to interpret.At least in part,this reflects the great diversity of cells in the mammalian CNS.Using mammalian nervous system imposes several methodical limitations.First,the small sizes and large numbers of neurons in the CNS make it very difficult to distinguish regenerating neurons from non-regenerating ones.Second,the lack of identifiable neurons makes it impossible to correlate biochemical changes in a neuron with axonal damage of the same neuron,and therefore,to dissect the molecular mechanisms of regeneration on the level of single neurons.This review will survey the reported responses to axon injury and the determinants of axon regeneration,emphasizing non-mammalian model organisms,which are often under-utilized,but in which the data are especially easy to interpret.
基金supported by grants from Shriners Research Foundation grant SHC-85310
文摘Epigenetic control of regeneration after spinal cord injury： Com- plete spinal cord injury （SCI） in humans and other mammals leads to irreversible paralysis below the level of injury, due to failure of axonal regeneration in the central nervous system （CNS）. Previous work has shown that successful axon regeneration is dependent upon transcription of a large number of regeneration-associated genes （RAGs） and transcription factors （TFs） （Van Kesteren et al., 2011）. A prominent theory in the field of axon regeneration is that the large differences in regenerative potential between peripheral nervous system （PNS） neurons, which regenerate well, and CNS neurons, which do not, reflect differences in intrinsic transcriptional net- works, rather than individual genes （Van Kesteren et al., 2011）.
