In this work,we design and fabricate AlGaN/GaN-based Schottky barrier diodes(SBDs)on a silicon substrate with a trenched n^(+)-GaN cap layer.With the developed physical models,we find that the n^(+)-GaN cap layer prov...In this work,we design and fabricate AlGaN/GaN-based Schottky barrier diodes(SBDs)on a silicon substrate with a trenched n^(+)-GaN cap layer.With the developed physical models,we find that the n^(+)-GaN cap layer provides more electrons into the AlGaN/GaN channel,which is further confirmed experimentally.When compared with the reference device,this increases the two-dimensional electron gas(2DEG)density by two times and leads to a reduced specific ON-resistance(Ron,sp)of~2.4 mΩ·cm^(2).We also adopt the trenched n^(+)-GaN structure such that partial of the n^(+)-GaN is removed by using dry etching process to eliminate the surface electrical conduction when the device is set in the off-state.To suppress the surface defects that are caused by the dry etching process,we also deposit Si_(3)N_(4)layer prior to the deposition of field plate(FP),and we obtain a reduced leakage current of~8×10^(−5)A·cm^(−2)and breakdown voltage(BV)of 876 V.The Baliga’s figure of merit(BFOM)for the proposed structure is increased to~319 MW·cm^(−2).Our investigations also find that the pre-deposited Si_(3)N_(4)layer helps suppress the electron capture and transport processes,which enables the reduced dynamic R_(on,sp).展开更多
An efficient synthesis of benzoin isopropyl ether with benzaldehyde and propanol in the presence of heterogeneous recyclable Cu-Fe-hydrotalcite catalyst has been explored.Cu-Fe-hydrotalcite was firstly successfully sy...An efficient synthesis of benzoin isopropyl ether with benzaldehyde and propanol in the presence of heterogeneous recyclable Cu-Fe-hydrotalcite catalyst has been explored.Cu-Fe-hydrotalcite was firstly successfully synthesized over Jahn-Teller effect of Cu^2+.The catalytic test result showed that Cu-Fe-hydrotalcite could be used as a good catalyst in the synthesis of benzoin isopropyl ether.The highest conversion of ben-zaldehyde was 59.7%and the selectivity of benzoin isopropyl ether was nearly 100%.By this new method,not only was the cyanide poisoning avoided,but also the synthesis of benzoin isopropyl ether could be completed in one step instead of traditional two steps with both condensation and etherification.展开更多
Birds have acute vision and many remarkable visual cognition abilities,due to their unique living environment.The underlying neural mechanisms have also attracted interests of researchers in neuroscience.Here,we first...Birds have acute vision and many remarkable visual cognition abilities,due to their unique living environment.The underlying neural mechanisms have also attracted interests of researchers in neuroscience.Here,we firstly summarize the visual cognition abilities of birds,and make a comparison with mammals.Secondly,the underlying neural mechanisms are presented,including histological structure of avian brain and visual pathways,typical experimental results and conclusions in electrochemistry and electrophysiology.The latter mainly focuses on several higher brain areas related to visual cognition,including mesopallium ventrolaterale,entopallium,visual Wulst,and nidopallium caudolaterale.Finally,we make a conclusion and provide a suggestion about future studies on revealing the neural mechanisms of avian visual cognition.This review presents a detailed understanding of avian visual cognition and would be helpful in ornithology studies in the field of cognitive neuroscience.展开更多
Objective: Our goal was to develop a comprehensive measure of religious involvement for those affiliated with monotheistic religious traditions that fully captures the centrality of religion in life. Methods: A conven...Objective: Our goal was to develop a comprehensive measure of religious involvement for those affiliated with monotheistic religious traditions that fully captures the centrality of religion in life. Methods: A convenience sample of female caregivers of those with chronic disabling illness, recruited from North Carolina and California, completed a questionnaire including a new 10-item scale called the Belief into Action (BIAC) scale (possible score range: 10 - 100). Psychometric properties of the BIAC were examined. Results: 231 participants completed the BIAC (87% Christian). The average score was 46.3 (range: 10 - 90). Cronbach alpha was 0.89 (95% CI 0.86 - 0.91) and the intra-class correlation coefficient between two administrations (n = 60) was 0.919 (95% CI 0.869 - 0.951). Convergent validity was demonstrated by high correlations between the BIAC and existing religiosity scales;divergent validity by weak correlations with mental, social, and physical health outcomes;construct validity by high correlations between individual items and total scale score (r’s 0.58 - 0.80);factor analytic validity by a single factor that explained 94.4% of the scale’s variance;and predictive validity by small to moderate correlations with psychosocial outcomes in expected directions. Conclusion: The BIAC is a reliable and valid scale for comprehensively assessing religious involvement in female caregivers affiliated with monotheistic religions, Christianity in particular. Psychometric properties of the scale need to be established in other populations.展开更多
The paper reports 13 species from Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve, Anhui, China, including a new species and a new subspecies, Tipula（Emodotipula） alexanderi Men, sp. nov. and Nephrotoma impigra anqingensis Men, ...The paper reports 13 species from Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve, Anhui, China, including a new species and a new subspecies, Tipula（Emodotipula） alexanderi Men, sp. nov. and Nephrotoma impigra anqingensis Men, subsp. nov. The female of Libnotes（Libnotes） pseudonohirai Men, 2015 is described and illustrated for the first time. The males of Holorusia henana Yang, 1999 and Tipula（Vestiplex） jiangi Yang ＆ Yang, 1991 are redescribed and illustrated with new morphological characters. A key to all species is provided.展开更多
Background Obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)is classified by the World Health Organization as 1 of the 10 most disabling conditions.However,nationally representative epidemiological data on OCD are not yet available ...Background Obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)is classified by the World Health Organization as 1 of the 10 most disabling conditions.However,nationally representative epidemiological data on OCD are not yet available in China.Aims To investigate the prevalence,comorbidity,role impairment and healthcare utilisation of OCD in China.Methods The present study used a multistage clustered area probability sample to obtain representative populationbased data of adults from 157 nationwide disease surveillance points across 31 provinces in China.Trained interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews with respondents to collect information based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0.Data weighting was performed to account for differential selection probabilities and response rates,and to post-stratify the sample to ensure its representativeness of the population in China.Results A total of 28140 respondents(12537(44.55%)males and 15603(55.45%)females)completed the diagnostic interview.Two-thirds of the respondents with liftime OCD had comorbid mental disorders,with OCD typically emerging later than the comorbidities.The most common comorbidities were mood disorders(39.67%,odds ratio(OR):9.60,95%confidence interval(CI)7.35 to 12.53)and anxiety disorders(32.75%,OR:13.33,95%CI 10.14 to 17.52).Overall,588(weighted 58.19%)respondents with obsessions or compulsions experienced role impairment,which was most severe in those reporting unspecified symptoms.Only 46(6.74%)respondents with lifetime OCD and 28(6.48%)with 12-month OCD received any healthcare services for their conditions.Conclusions The weighted lifetime and 12-month prevalence of OCD were 2.43%and 1.63%,respectively.Most patients with OCD reported comorbid mental disorders and role impairment,but very few sought healthcare services.National programmes to expand service coverage and increase awareness of OCD are essential to meet healthcare needs in China.展开更多
The authors propose a V_(N,p) test statistic for testing finite-order serial correlation in asemiparametric varying coefficient partially linear errors-in-variables model.The test statistic is shownto have asymptotic ...The authors propose a V_(N,p) test statistic for testing finite-order serial correlation in asemiparametric varying coefficient partially linear errors-in-variables model.The test statistic is shownto have asymptotic normal distribution under the null hypothesis of no serial correlation.Some MonteCarlo experiments are conducted to examine the finite sample performance of the proposed V_(N,p) teststatistic.Simulation results confirm that the proposed test performs satisfactorily in estimated sizeand power.展开更多
Food and predators are the most noteworthy objects for the basic survival of wild animals,and both are often deviant in both spatial and temporal domains and quickly attract an animal’s attention.Although stimulus-sp...Food and predators are the most noteworthy objects for the basic survival of wild animals,and both are often deviant in both spatial and temporal domains and quickly attract an animal’s attention.Although stimulus-specific adaptation(SSA)is considered a potential neural basis of salient sound detection in the temporal domain,related research on visual SSA is limited and its relationship with temporal saliency is uncertain.The avian nucleus isthmi pars magnocellularis(Imc),which is central to midbrain selective attention network,is an ideal site to investigate the neural correlate of visual SSA and detection of a salient object in the time domain.Here,the constant order paradigm was applied to explore the visual SSA in the Imc of pigeons.The results showed that the firing rates of Imc neurons gradually decrease with repetitions of motion in the same direction,but recover when a motion in a deviant direction is presented,implying visual SSA to the direction of a moving object.Furthermore,enhanced response for an object moving in other directions that were not presented ever in the paradigm is also observed.To verify the neural mechanism underlying these phenomena,we introduced a neural computation model involving a recoverable synaptic change with a“center-surround”pattern to reproduce the visual SSA and temporal saliency for the moving object.These results suggest that the Imc produces visual SSA to motion direction,allowing temporal salient object detection,which may facilitate the detection of the sudden appearance of a predator.展开更多
Some shallow and middle optic tectum(OT)neurons have stable,asymmetric full-screen ON and OFF stimulus response properties,which makes them candidates for delay encoding.In this paper,we investigated the de...Some shallow and middle optic tectum(OT)neurons have stable,asymmetric full-screen ON and OFF stimulus response properties,which makes them candidates for delay encoding.In this paper,we investigated the delay encoding mechanism for the neuronal clusters in the OT region of pigeons and determined the mechanism of delay coding in the OT region.By analyzing the responses of the neuron cluster under full-screen switch-on and switch-off stimulation,we found that the delay coding was widespread in the OT region where the ON/OFF stimulation time difference was 4-6 ms.Information theory analysis under grating stimulation and experiments based on single-neuron character reconstruction of neurons showed that OT neuron clusters use the first spike latency(FSL)for the rapid transfer of spatial structure information.Furthermore,4 models were used to predict the first spike latency of these OT neurons.The best simulation results were obtained using an architecture where the ON and OFF paths of multiple retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)were integrated and summed,respectively.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant U23A20361Key Area R&D Program of Guangdong Province under grant 2022B0701180001.
文摘In this work,we design and fabricate AlGaN/GaN-based Schottky barrier diodes(SBDs)on a silicon substrate with a trenched n^(+)-GaN cap layer.With the developed physical models,we find that the n^(+)-GaN cap layer provides more electrons into the AlGaN/GaN channel,which is further confirmed experimentally.When compared with the reference device,this increases the two-dimensional electron gas(2DEG)density by two times and leads to a reduced specific ON-resistance(Ron,sp)of~2.4 mΩ·cm^(2).We also adopt the trenched n^(+)-GaN structure such that partial of the n^(+)-GaN is removed by using dry etching process to eliminate the surface electrical conduction when the device is set in the off-state.To suppress the surface defects that are caused by the dry etching process,we also deposit Si_(3)N_(4)layer prior to the deposition of field plate(FP),and we obtain a reduced leakage current of~8×10^(−5)A·cm^(−2)and breakdown voltage(BV)of 876 V.The Baliga’s figure of merit(BFOM)for the proposed structure is increased to~319 MW·cm^(−2).Our investigations also find that the pre-deposited Si_(3)N_(4)layer helps suppress the electron capture and transport processes,which enables the reduced dynamic R_(on,sp).
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(50872086)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(2008011018)
文摘An efficient synthesis of benzoin isopropyl ether with benzaldehyde and propanol in the presence of heterogeneous recyclable Cu-Fe-hydrotalcite catalyst has been explored.Cu-Fe-hydrotalcite was firstly successfully synthesized over Jahn-Teller effect of Cu^2+.The catalytic test result showed that Cu-Fe-hydrotalcite could be used as a good catalyst in the synthesis of benzoin isopropyl ether.The highest conversion of ben-zaldehyde was 59.7%and the selectivity of benzoin isopropyl ether was nearly 100%.By this new method,not only was the cyanide poisoning avoided,but also the synthesis of benzoin isopropyl ether could be completed in one step instead of traditional two steps with both condensation and etherification.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61673353)the Key Scientific Research Projects of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province,China(No.20A413009)。
文摘Birds have acute vision and many remarkable visual cognition abilities,due to their unique living environment.The underlying neural mechanisms have also attracted interests of researchers in neuroscience.Here,we firstly summarize the visual cognition abilities of birds,and make a comparison with mammals.Secondly,the underlying neural mechanisms are presented,including histological structure of avian brain and visual pathways,typical experimental results and conclusions in electrochemistry and electrophysiology.The latter mainly focuses on several higher brain areas related to visual cognition,including mesopallium ventrolaterale,entopallium,visual Wulst,and nidopallium caudolaterale.Finally,we make a conclusion and provide a suggestion about future studies on revealing the neural mechanisms of avian visual cognition.This review presents a detailed understanding of avian visual cognition and would be helpful in ornithology studies in the field of cognitive neuroscience.
文摘Objective: Our goal was to develop a comprehensive measure of religious involvement for those affiliated with monotheistic religious traditions that fully captures the centrality of religion in life. Methods: A convenience sample of female caregivers of those with chronic disabling illness, recruited from North Carolina and California, completed a questionnaire including a new 10-item scale called the Belief into Action (BIAC) scale (possible score range: 10 - 100). Psychometric properties of the BIAC were examined. Results: 231 participants completed the BIAC (87% Christian). The average score was 46.3 (range: 10 - 90). Cronbach alpha was 0.89 (95% CI 0.86 - 0.91) and the intra-class correlation coefficient between two administrations (n = 60) was 0.919 (95% CI 0.869 - 0.951). Convergent validity was demonstrated by high correlations between the BIAC and existing religiosity scales;divergent validity by weak correlations with mental, social, and physical health outcomes;construct validity by high correlations between individual items and total scale score (r’s 0.58 - 0.80);factor analytic validity by a single factor that explained 94.4% of the scale’s variance;and predictive validity by small to moderate correlations with psychosocial outcomes in expected directions. Conclusion: The BIAC is a reliable and valid scale for comprehensively assessing religious involvement in female caregivers affiliated with monotheistic religions, Christianity in particular. Psychometric properties of the scale need to be established in other populations.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31300551)the startup grant of scientific research from Anqing Normal University(044-K05000130005)
文摘The paper reports 13 species from Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve, Anhui, China, including a new species and a new subspecies, Tipula（Emodotipula） alexanderi Men, sp. nov. and Nephrotoma impigra anqingensis Men, subsp. nov. The female of Libnotes（Libnotes） pseudonohirai Men, 2015 is described and illustrated for the first time. The males of Holorusia henana Yang, 1999 and Tipula（Vestiplex） jiangi Yang ＆ Yang, 1991 are redescribed and illustrated with new morphological characters. A key to all species is provided.
基金funded by the special research project for non-profit public service of the Chinese Ministry of Health(grant number:201202022 to YH)the national twelfth five-year plan for science and technology support of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology(grant numbers:2012BAI01B01 to YH)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(grant numbers:2017YFC0907800 to YH and 2017YFC0907801 to GX)the Major Projects of the Health Commission of Hunan Province(grant number:W20241001 to YZ)。
文摘Background Obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)is classified by the World Health Organization as 1 of the 10 most disabling conditions.However,nationally representative epidemiological data on OCD are not yet available in China.Aims To investigate the prevalence,comorbidity,role impairment and healthcare utilisation of OCD in China.Methods The present study used a multistage clustered area probability sample to obtain representative populationbased data of adults from 157 nationwide disease surveillance points across 31 provinces in China.Trained interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews with respondents to collect information based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0.Data weighting was performed to account for differential selection probabilities and response rates,and to post-stratify the sample to ensure its representativeness of the population in China.Results A total of 28140 respondents(12537(44.55%)males and 15603(55.45%)females)completed the diagnostic interview.Two-thirds of the respondents with liftime OCD had comorbid mental disorders,with OCD typically emerging later than the comorbidities.The most common comorbidities were mood disorders(39.67%,odds ratio(OR):9.60,95%confidence interval(CI)7.35 to 12.53)and anxiety disorders(32.75%,OR:13.33,95%CI 10.14 to 17.52).Overall,588(weighted 58.19%)respondents with obsessions or compulsions experienced role impairment,which was most severe in those reporting unspecified symptoms.Only 46(6.74%)respondents with lifetime OCD and 28(6.48%)with 12-month OCD received any healthcare services for their conditions.Conclusions The weighted lifetime and 12-month prevalence of OCD were 2.43%and 1.63%,respectively.Most patients with OCD reported comorbid mental disorders and role impairment,but very few sought healthcare services.National programmes to expand service coverage and increase awareness of OCD are essential to meet healthcare needs in China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 10871217 and 40574003the Science and Technology Project of Chongqing Education Committee under Grant No. KJ080609+1 种基金the Doctor's Start-up Research Fund under Grant No. 08-52204the Youth Science Research Fund of Chongging Technology and Business University under Grant No. 0852008
文摘The authors propose a V_(N,p) test statistic for testing finite-order serial correlation in asemiparametric varying coefficient partially linear errors-in-variables model.The test statistic is shownto have asymptotic normal distribution under the null hypothesis of no serial correlation.Some MonteCarlo experiments are conducted to examine the finite sample performance of the proposed V_(N,p) teststatistic.Simulation results confirm that the proposed test performs satisfactorily in estimated sizeand power.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62206253).
文摘Food and predators are the most noteworthy objects for the basic survival of wild animals,and both are often deviant in both spatial and temporal domains and quickly attract an animal’s attention.Although stimulus-specific adaptation(SSA)is considered a potential neural basis of salient sound detection in the temporal domain,related research on visual SSA is limited and its relationship with temporal saliency is uncertain.The avian nucleus isthmi pars magnocellularis(Imc),which is central to midbrain selective attention network,is an ideal site to investigate the neural correlate of visual SSA and detection of a salient object in the time domain.Here,the constant order paradigm was applied to explore the visual SSA in the Imc of pigeons.The results showed that the firing rates of Imc neurons gradually decrease with repetitions of motion in the same direction,but recover when a motion in a deviant direction is presented,implying visual SSA to the direction of a moving object.Furthermore,enhanced response for an object moving in other directions that were not presented ever in the paradigm is also observed.To verify the neural mechanism underlying these phenomena,we introduced a neural computation model involving a recoverable synaptic change with a“center-surround”pattern to reproduce the visual SSA and temporal saliency for the moving object.These results suggest that the Imc produces visual SSA to motion direction,allowing temporal salient object detection,which may facilitate the detection of the sudden appearance of a predator.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)General program(61673353)the Young Scientist Fund of NSFC(61603344)Key research projects of Higher Education of Henan Province of China(15A120017).
文摘Some shallow and middle optic tectum(OT)neurons have stable,asymmetric full-screen ON and OFF stimulus response properties,which makes them candidates for delay encoding.In this paper,we investigated the delay encoding mechanism for the neuronal clusters in the OT region of pigeons and determined the mechanism of delay coding in the OT region.By analyzing the responses of the neuron cluster under full-screen switch-on and switch-off stimulation,we found that the delay coding was widespread in the OT region where the ON/OFF stimulation time difference was 4-6 ms.Information theory analysis under grating stimulation and experiments based on single-neuron character reconstruction of neurons showed that OT neuron clusters use the first spike latency(FSL)for the rapid transfer of spatial structure information.Furthermore,4 models were used to predict the first spike latency of these OT neurons.The best simulation results were obtained using an architecture where the ON and OFF paths of multiple retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)were integrated and summed,respectively.
