Cropland nitrate leaching is the major nitrogen(N) loss pathway, and it contributes significantly to water pollution. However, cropland nitrate leaching estimates show great uncertainty due to variations in input data...Cropland nitrate leaching is the major nitrogen(N) loss pathway, and it contributes significantly to water pollution. However, cropland nitrate leaching estimates show great uncertainty due to variations in input datasets and estimation methods. Here, we presented a re-evaluation of Chinese cropland nitrate leaching, and identified and quantified the sources of uncertainty by integrating three cropland area datasets, three N input datasets, and three estimation methods. The results revealed that nitrate leaching from Chinese cropland averaged 6.7±0.6 Tg N yr^(-1)in 2010, ranging from 2.9 to 15.8 Tg N yr^(-1)across 27 different estimates. The primary contributor to the uncertainty was the estimation method, accounting for 45.1%, followed by the interaction of N input dataset and estimation method at 24.4%. The results of this study emphasize the need for adopting a robust estimation method and improving the compatibility between the estimation method and N input dataset to effectively reduce uncertainty. This analysis provides valuable insights for accurately estimating cropland nitrate leaching and contributes to ongoing efforts that address water pollution concerns.展开更多
The implementation of green technologies has facilitated the sustainable development of China’s agriculture.However,the impact of green technologies in China’s major crops production,their mechanisms of action and t...The implementation of green technologies has facilitated the sustainable development of China’s agriculture.However,the impact of green technologies in China’s major crops production,their mechanisms of action and their future potential have not been systematically investigated.This study used national statistics data to summarize the impact of technological innovation on production and efficiency of major grain crops in China,and to identify which technologies have made the most important contributions.National statistics data showed changes in grain production(58% increase),total planting area(8.6%increase)and structure,nutrient input(0.83 Mt decrease)and reactive nitrogen losses,and optimized planting and fertilizer structure in 2022 compared to 2000.Of these,the proposal of integrated soilcrop system management significantly decreased reactive nitrogen losses and greenhouse gas emissions by 30% and 11%,respectively.Root zone nutrient regulation techniques,such as in-season nitrogen management,increased yields by 8%and decreased nitrogen rate by 25%.Rhizosphere nutrient regulation technology increased yield by 20.2% and decreased nitrogen rate by 20%-30%.According to predictions,integrated soil-crop system management will demonstrate significant advantages in both unit area yield and total yield by the year 2050.The adoption of integrated soil-crop system management is expected to increase the total production of rice,wheat and maize by 45.8,115 and 360 Mt,respectively.Currently,China’s agriculture is confronted by significant challenges,including rising food demand,excessive inorganic nutrient inputs,and low utilization rates of organic resources.Three key recommendations arise from this study:the implementation of precise management for organic manure;the promotion of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers;and the adoption of new technologies including integrated soil-crop system management combined with rhizosphere nutrient regulation and intelligent nutrient management.These measures will drive the development of green,high-yield and efficient agriculture.展开更多
Crop production is strategic for food security and climate change mitigation,and can provide a temporary soil carbon sink.There is an ongoing debate about how to optimize crop production in China toward carbon-neutral...Crop production is strategic for food security and climate change mitigation,and can provide a temporary soil carbon sink.There is an ongoing debate about how to optimize crop production in China toward carbon-neutral agriculture.This paper summarizes major carbon budgets in staple crop production in China over recent decades,synthesize reported impacts of available and developing field management practices on greenhouse gas emissions reduction and carbon sink increase.According to recent studies,cropland-based GHG emissions(55%N_(2)O and 44%CH_(4))increased at a rate of 4.3 Tg·yr^(-1) CO_(2)-eq from 1990 to 2015 and peaked at 400 Tg CO_(2)-eq in 2015.Subsequently,there was a substantial decrease of 11.6 Tg·yr^(-1) CO_(2)-eq between 2015 and 2021.A similar bell-shape trend has been observed in yieldscaled GHG emission intensity over the years for cereals excluding rice,as rice exhibited a steady decline in yield-scaled emission intensity since 1961.For soil C in Chinese cropland,topsoil C represents a huge C pool,containing 5.5 Pg of soil organic carbon(SOC)and 2.4 Pg of soil inorganic carbon(SIC).However,these densities are relatively low globally,indicating a high C sequestration potential.Soil C in cropland has been a weak sink of 5.3 Tg·yr^(-1) C in China since the 1980s,resulting from the net effect of SOC sequestration(21.3 Tg·yr^(-1) C)and SIC loss(^(-1)6 Tg·yr^(-1) C),which only offsets 5.7% of simultaneous cropland GHG emissions.Hence,cropland remains consistent and significant GHG sources,even when considering soil C sequestration and excluding related industrial and energy sectors.Fortunately,many reliable management practices have positive effects on emission intensity of crop production,in terms of fertilizer application,irrigation and tillage.However,the path to achieving carbon neutrality in China’s cropland is still uncertain and requires further quantitative assessment.Nonetheless,this synthesis highlights that the huge potential,and strong scientific and technical support in low-carbon crop production,for modifying China’s food system.展开更多
Realizing sustainable development has become a global priority.This holds,in particular,for agriculture.Recently,the United Nations launched the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),and the Nineteenth National People’...Realizing sustainable development has become a global priority.This holds,in particular,for agriculture.Recently,the United Nations launched the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),and the Nineteenth National People’s Congress has delivered a national strategy for sustainable development in China—realizing green development.The overall objective of Agriculture Green Development(AGD)is to coordinate"green"with"development"to realize the transformation of current agriculture with high resource consumption and high environmental costs into a green agriculture and countryside with high productivity,high resource use efficiency and low environmental impact.This is a formidable task,requiring joint efforts of government,farmers,industry,educators and researchers.The innovative concept for AGD will focus on reconstructing the whole crop-animal production and food production-consumption system,with the emphasis on high thresholds for environmental standards and food quality as well as enhanced human well-being.This paper addresses the significance,challenges,framework,pathways and potential solutions for realizing AGD in China,and highlights the potential changes that will lead to a more sustainable agriculture in the future.Proposals include interdisciplinary innovations,whole food chain improvement and regional solutions.The implementation of AGD in China will provide important implications for the countries in developmental transition,and contribute to global sustainable development.展开更多
The agricultural sector,a major source of greenhouse gas emissions,and emissions from agriculture must be reduced substantially to achieve carbon(C)neutrality.Based on a literature analysis and other research results,...The agricultural sector,a major source of greenhouse gas emissions,and emissions from agriculture must be reduced substantially to achieve carbon(C)neutrality.Based on a literature analysis and other research results,this study investigated the effects and prospects of C reduction in agricultural systems under different scenarios(i.e.,methods and approaches)in the context of China's dual C goals,as those working in the agricultural sector have yet to reach a consensus on how to move forward.Different views,standards,and countermeasures were analyzed to provide a reference for agricultural action supporting China's C neutrality goal.展开更多
Since the 1980s,the widespread use of N fertilizer has not only resulted in a strong increase in agricultural productivity but also caused a number of environmental problems,induced by excess reactive N emissions.A ra...Since the 1980s,the widespread use of N fertilizer has not only resulted in a strong increase in agricultural productivity but also caused a number of environmental problems,induced by excess reactive N emissions.A range of approaches to improve N management for increased agricultural production together with reduced environmental impacts has been proposed.The 4R principles(right product,right amount,right time and right place)for N fertilizer application have been essential for improving crop productivity and N use efficiency while reducing N losses.For example,site-specific N management(as part of 4R practice)reduced N fertilizer use by 32%and increased yield by 5%in China.However,it has not been enough to overcome the challenge of producing more food with reduced impact on the environment and health.This paper proposes a new framework of food-chainnitrogen-management(FCNM).This involves good N management including the recycling of organic manures,optimized crop and animal production and improved human diets,with the aim of maximizing resource use efficiency and minimizing environmental emissions.FCNM could meet future challenges for food demand,resource sustainability and environmental safety,key issues for green agricultural transformation in China and other countries.展开更多
The challenges of how to simultaneously ensure global food security,improve nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)and protect the environment have received increasing attention.However,the dominant agricultural paradigm still c...The challenges of how to simultaneously ensure global food security,improve nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)and protect the environment have received increasing attention.However,the dominant agricultural paradigm still considers high yield and reducing environmental impacts to be in conflict with one another.Here we examine a Three-Step-Strategy of past 20 years to produce more with less in China,showing that tremendous progress has been made to reduce N fertilizer input without sacrificing crop yield.The first step is to use technology for in-season root-zone nutrient management to significantly increase NUE.The second is to use technology for integrated nutrient management to increase both yield and NUE by 15%–20%.The third step is to use technology for integrated soil-crop system management to increase yield and NUE by 30%–50%simultaneously.These advances can thus be considered an effective agricultural paradigm to ensure food security,while increasing NUE and improving environmental quality.展开更多
Loess Plateau of China is a typical dryland agricultural area.Agriculture there has transformed from food shortage toward green development over the past seven decades,and has achieved world-renowned achievements.Duri...Loess Plateau of China is a typical dryland agricultural area.Agriculture there has transformed from food shortage toward green development over the past seven decades,and has achieved world-renowned achievements.During1950–1980,the population increased from 42 to 77 million,increasing grain production to meet food demand of rapid population growth was the greatest challenge.Engineering measures such as terracing and check-dam were the crucial strategies to increase crop production.From 1981 to 2000,most of agronomic measures played a key role in increasing crops yield,and a series of policy support has benefited millions of smallholders.As expected,these measures and policies greatly increased crop production and basically achieved food security;but,low per capita GDP(only about 620 USD in 2000)was still a big challenge.During 2001–2015,the increase in agricultural and non-agricultural income together supported the increase in farmer income to5781 USD·yr^(–1).Intensive agriculture that relies heavily on chemicals increased crop productivity by 56%.Steadfast policy support such as"Grain for Green Program"had an overwhelming advantage in protecting the natural ecological environment.In the new era,the integration of science and technology innovations,policy support and positive societal factors will be the golden key to further improve food production,protect environment,and increase smallholder income.展开更多
Two virtual joint centers for nitrogen agronomy were established between the UK and China to facilitate collaborative research aimed at improving nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)in agricultural production systems and redu...Two virtual joint centers for nitrogen agronomy were established between the UK and China to facilitate collaborative research aimed at improving nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)in agricultural production systems and reducing losses of reactive N to the environment.Major focus areas were improving fertilizer NUE,use of livestock manures,soil health,and policy development and knowledge exchange.Improvements to fertilizer NUE included attention to application rate in the context of yield potential and economic considerations and the potential of improved practices including enhanced efficiency fertilizers,plastic film mulching and cropping design.Improved utilization of livestock manures requires knowledge of the available nutrient content,appropriate manure processing technologies and integrated nutrient management practices.Soil carbon,acidification and biodiversity were considered as important aspects of soil health.Both centers identified a range of potential actions that could be taken to improve N management,and the research conducted has highlighted the importance of developing a systemslevel approach to assessing improvement in the overall efficiency of N management and avoiding unintended secondary effects from individual interventions.Within this context,the management of fertilizer emissions and livestock manure at the farm and regional scales appear to be particularly important targets for mitigation.展开更多
Soil microbiomes drive the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen and regulate soil N supply and loss,thus,pivotal nitrogen use efficiency(NUE).Meanwhile,there is an increasing awareness that plant associated microbiomes ...Soil microbiomes drive the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen and regulate soil N supply and loss,thus,pivotal nitrogen use efficiency(NUE).Meanwhile,there is an increasing awareness that plant associated microbiomes and soil food web interactions is vital for modulating crop productivity and N uptake.The rapid advances in modern omics-based techniques and biotechnologies make it possible to manipulate soil-plant microbiomes for improving NUE and reducing N environmental impacts.This paper summarizes current progress in research on regulating soil microbial N cycle processes for NUE improvement,plant-microbe interactions benefiting plant N uptake,and the importance of soil microbiomes in promoting soil health and crop productivity.We also proposes a potential holistic(rhizosphere-root-phyllosphere)microbe-based approach to improve NUE and reduce dependence on mineral N fertilizer in agroecosystems,toward nature-based solution for nutrient management in intensive cropping systems.展开更多
Balancing crop productivity with resource use efficiency and beneficial environmental consequences is essential for sustainable agricultural development worldwide.Various strategies and approaches have been proposed a...Balancing crop productivity with resource use efficiency and beneficial environmental consequences is essential for sustainable agricultural development worldwide.Various strategies and approaches have been proposed and debated,but turning the concept into management practices in the field with measurable outcomes over several scales remains a challenge.An innovative approach,Integrated Soil-Crop System Management(ISSM),for producing more grain with greater nutrient use efficiencies and less environmental pollution is presented.The ISSM approach has been used in China,in field experiments as well as in thousands of farmer fields,to substantially increase the yields of maize,rice and wheat while simultaneously increasing nitrogen use efficiency and reducing environmental footprints.The scientific principle,implementation strategy and procedures of ISSM are discussed and examples of its demonstrated successes at local and regional levels across China are given.Perspectives for further development of ISSM and expanding its potential impact are also proposed and discussed.展开更多
A simple‘toy’model of productivity and nitrogen and phosphorus cycling was used to evaluate how the increasing temporal variation in precipitation that is predicted(and observed)to occur as a consequence of greenhou...A simple‘toy’model of productivity and nitrogen and phosphorus cycling was used to evaluate how the increasing temporal variation in precipitation that is predicted(and observed)to occur as a consequence of greenhouse-gasinduced climate change will affect crop yields and losses of reactive N that can cause environmental damage and affect human health.The model predicted that as temporal variability in precipitation increased it progressively reduced yields and increased losses of reactive N by disrupting the synchrony between N supply and plant N uptake.Also,increases in the temporal variation of precipitation increased the frequency of floods and droughts.Predictions of this model indicate that climate-change-driven increases in temporal variation in precipitation in rainfed agricultural ecosystems will make it difficult to sustain cropping systems that are both high-yielding and have small environmental and human-health footprints.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFD1902703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Key Program) (U23A20158)。
文摘Cropland nitrate leaching is the major nitrogen(N) loss pathway, and it contributes significantly to water pollution. However, cropland nitrate leaching estimates show great uncertainty due to variations in input datasets and estimation methods. Here, we presented a re-evaluation of Chinese cropland nitrate leaching, and identified and quantified the sources of uncertainty by integrating three cropland area datasets, three N input datasets, and three estimation methods. The results revealed that nitrate leaching from Chinese cropland averaged 6.7±0.6 Tg N yr^(-1)in 2010, ranging from 2.9 to 15.8 Tg N yr^(-1)across 27 different estimates. The primary contributor to the uncertainty was the estimation method, accounting for 45.1%, followed by the interaction of N input dataset and estimation method at 24.4%. The results of this study emphasize the need for adopting a robust estimation method and improving the compatibility between the estimation method and N input dataset to effectively reduce uncertainty. This analysis provides valuable insights for accurately estimating cropland nitrate leaching and contributes to ongoing efforts that address water pollution concerns.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFD1900600,2022YFD1901500)gratefully supported by the earmarked fund for CARS-02the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32102490)
文摘The implementation of green technologies has facilitated the sustainable development of China’s agriculture.However,the impact of green technologies in China’s major crops production,their mechanisms of action and their future potential have not been systematically investigated.This study used national statistics data to summarize the impact of technological innovation on production and efficiency of major grain crops in China,and to identify which technologies have made the most important contributions.National statistics data showed changes in grain production(58% increase),total planting area(8.6%increase)and structure,nutrient input(0.83 Mt decrease)and reactive nitrogen losses,and optimized planting and fertilizer structure in 2022 compared to 2000.Of these,the proposal of integrated soilcrop system management significantly decreased reactive nitrogen losses and greenhouse gas emissions by 30% and 11%,respectively.Root zone nutrient regulation techniques,such as in-season nitrogen management,increased yields by 8%and decreased nitrogen rate by 25%.Rhizosphere nutrient regulation technology increased yield by 20.2% and decreased nitrogen rate by 20%-30%.According to predictions,integrated soil-crop system management will demonstrate significant advantages in both unit area yield and total yield by the year 2050.The adoption of integrated soil-crop system management is expected to increase the total production of rice,wheat and maize by 45.8,115 and 360 Mt,respectively.Currently,China’s agriculture is confronted by significant challenges,including rising food demand,excessive inorganic nutrient inputs,and low utilization rates of organic resources.Three key recommendations arise from this study:the implementation of precise management for organic manure;the promotion of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers;and the adoption of new technologies including integrated soil-crop system management combined with rhizosphere nutrient regulation and intelligent nutrient management.These measures will drive the development of green,high-yield and efficient agriculture.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(42107111,41425007,31988102)Chinese State Key Special Program on Severe Air Pollution Mitigation(DQGG0208)High-level Team Project of China Agricultural University(Xuejun Liu).
文摘Crop production is strategic for food security and climate change mitigation,and can provide a temporary soil carbon sink.There is an ongoing debate about how to optimize crop production in China toward carbon-neutral agriculture.This paper summarizes major carbon budgets in staple crop production in China over recent decades,synthesize reported impacts of available and developing field management practices on greenhouse gas emissions reduction and carbon sink increase.According to recent studies,cropland-based GHG emissions(55%N_(2)O and 44%CH_(4))increased at a rate of 4.3 Tg·yr^(-1) CO_(2)-eq from 1990 to 2015 and peaked at 400 Tg CO_(2)-eq in 2015.Subsequently,there was a substantial decrease of 11.6 Tg·yr^(-1) CO_(2)-eq between 2015 and 2021.A similar bell-shape trend has been observed in yieldscaled GHG emission intensity over the years for cereals excluding rice,as rice exhibited a steady decline in yield-scaled emission intensity since 1961.For soil C in Chinese cropland,topsoil C represents a huge C pool,containing 5.5 Pg of soil organic carbon(SOC)and 2.4 Pg of soil inorganic carbon(SIC).However,these densities are relatively low globally,indicating a high C sequestration potential.Soil C in cropland has been a weak sink of 5.3 Tg·yr^(-1) C in China since the 1980s,resulting from the net effect of SOC sequestration(21.3 Tg·yr^(-1) C)and SIC loss(^(-1)6 Tg·yr^(-1) C),which only offsets 5.7% of simultaneous cropland GHG emissions.Hence,cropland remains consistent and significant GHG sources,even when considering soil C sequestration and excluding related industrial and energy sectors.Fortunately,many reliable management practices have positive effects on emission intensity of crop production,in terms of fertilizer application,irrigation and tillage.However,the path to achieving carbon neutrality in China’s cropland is still uncertain and requires further quantitative assessment.Nonetheless,this synthesis highlights that the huge potential,and strong scientific and technical support in low-carbon crop production,for modifying China’s food system.
基金supported by the Project of Beijing’s Top-Precision-Advanced Disciplinesthe CSC-AGD Ph D Program from China Scholarship Council(CSC)the Key Consulting Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering。
文摘Realizing sustainable development has become a global priority.This holds,in particular,for agriculture.Recently,the United Nations launched the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),and the Nineteenth National People’s Congress has delivered a national strategy for sustainable development in China—realizing green development.The overall objective of Agriculture Green Development(AGD)is to coordinate"green"with"development"to realize the transformation of current agriculture with high resource consumption and high environmental costs into a green agriculture and countryside with high productivity,high resource use efficiency and low environmental impact.This is a formidable task,requiring joint efforts of government,farmers,industry,educators and researchers.The innovative concept for AGD will focus on reconstructing the whole crop-animal production and food production-consumption system,with the emphasis on high thresholds for environmental standards and food quality as well as enhanced human well-being.This paper addresses the significance,challenges,framework,pathways and potential solutions for realizing AGD in China,and highlights the potential changes that will lead to a more sustainable agriculture in the future.Proposals include interdisciplinary innovations,whole food chain improvement and regional solutions.The implementation of AGD in China will provide important implications for the countries in developmental transition,and contribute to global sustainable development.
基金financially supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(SQ2022YFD2300030)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42201292)+1 种基金National Major Agricultural Science and Technology Project(NK2022180604)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Green and Low Carbon Agriculture in Northeast Plain(LCGANE01)。
文摘The agricultural sector,a major source of greenhouse gas emissions,and emissions from agriculture must be reduced substantially to achieve carbon(C)neutrality.Based on a literature analysis and other research results,this study investigated the effects and prospects of C reduction in agricultural systems under different scenarios(i.e.,methods and approaches)in the context of China's dual C goals,as those working in the agricultural sector have yet to reach a consensus on how to move forward.Different views,standards,and countermeasures were analyzed to provide a reference for agricultural action supporting China's C neutrality goal.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41425007)the National Key R&D Project of China (2018YFC0213302)+3 种基金the UK-China Virtual Joint Centre for Improved Nitrogen AgronomyDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)Sino-German International Research Training Group AMAIZE-P (328017493/GRK 2366)the High-level Team Project of China Agricultural University。
文摘Since the 1980s,the widespread use of N fertilizer has not only resulted in a strong increase in agricultural productivity but also caused a number of environmental problems,induced by excess reactive N emissions.A range of approaches to improve N management for increased agricultural production together with reduced environmental impacts has been proposed.The 4R principles(right product,right amount,right time and right place)for N fertilizer application have been essential for improving crop productivity and N use efficiency while reducing N losses.For example,site-specific N management(as part of 4R practice)reduced N fertilizer use by 32%and increased yield by 5%in China.However,it has not been enough to overcome the challenge of producing more food with reduced impact on the environment and health.This paper proposes a new framework of food-chainnitrogen-management(FCNM).This involves good N management including the recycling of organic manures,optimized crop and animal production and improved human diets,with the aim of maximizing resource use efficiency and minimizing environmental emissions.FCNM could meet future challenges for food demand,resource sustainability and environmental safety,key issues for green agricultural transformation in China and other countries.
基金We thank the National Basic Research Program of China(2009CB118606)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research on the Public Interest(201103003)the Innovative Group Grant of the National Science Foundation of China(31121062)for financial support.
文摘The challenges of how to simultaneously ensure global food security,improve nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)and protect the environment have received increasing attention.However,the dominant agricultural paradigm still considers high yield and reducing environmental impacts to be in conflict with one another.Here we examine a Three-Step-Strategy of past 20 years to produce more with less in China,showing that tremendous progress has been made to reduce N fertilizer input without sacrificing crop yield.The first step is to use technology for in-season root-zone nutrient management to significantly increase NUE.The second is to use technology for integrated nutrient management to increase both yield and NUE by 15%–20%.The third step is to use technology for integrated soil-crop system management to increase yield and NUE by 30%–50%simultaneously.These advances can thus be considered an effective agricultural paradigm to ensure food security,while increasing NUE and improving environmental quality.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31902120)Science and Technology Plan Project of Qinghai Province(2019-NK-A11-02)Fundamental Research Funds for Central University(Northwest A&F University,2452018110)。
文摘Loess Plateau of China is a typical dryland agricultural area.Agriculture there has transformed from food shortage toward green development over the past seven decades,and has achieved world-renowned achievements.During1950–1980,the population increased from 42 to 77 million,increasing grain production to meet food demand of rapid population growth was the greatest challenge.Engineering measures such as terracing and check-dam were the crucial strategies to increase crop production.From 1981 to 2000,most of agronomic measures played a key role in increasing crops yield,and a series of policy support has benefited millions of smallholders.As expected,these measures and policies greatly increased crop production and basically achieved food security;but,low per capita GDP(only about 620 USD in 2000)was still a big challenge.During 2001–2015,the increase in agricultural and non-agricultural income together supported the increase in farmer income to5781 USD·yr^(–1).Intensive agriculture that relies heavily on chemicals increased crop productivity by 56%.Steadfast policy support such as"Grain for Green Program"had an overwhelming advantage in protecting the natural ecological environment.In the new era,the integration of science and technology innovations,policy support and positive societal factors will be the golden key to further improve food production,protect environment,and increase smallholder income.
基金supported through Newton Fund via UK BBSRC/NERC(BB/N013484/1 and BB/N013468/1)。
文摘Two virtual joint centers for nitrogen agronomy were established between the UK and China to facilitate collaborative research aimed at improving nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)in agricultural production systems and reducing losses of reactive N to the environment.Major focus areas were improving fertilizer NUE,use of livestock manures,soil health,and policy development and knowledge exchange.Improvements to fertilizer NUE included attention to application rate in the context of yield potential and economic considerations and the potential of improved practices including enhanced efficiency fertilizers,plastic film mulching and cropping design.Improved utilization of livestock manures requires knowledge of the available nutrient content,appropriate manure processing technologies and integrated nutrient management practices.Soil carbon,acidification and biodiversity were considered as important aspects of soil health.Both centers identified a range of potential actions that could be taken to improve N management,and the research conducted has highlighted the importance of developing a systemslevel approach to assessing improvement in the overall efficiency of N management and avoiding unintended secondary effects from individual interventions.Within this context,the management of fertilizer emissions and livestock manure at the farm and regional scales appear to be particularly important targets for mitigation.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA28020101)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1900100)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51108439 and 42007032)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,China(cstc2014jcyjA20010)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University。
文摘Soil microbiomes drive the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen and regulate soil N supply and loss,thus,pivotal nitrogen use efficiency(NUE).Meanwhile,there is an increasing awareness that plant associated microbiomes and soil food web interactions is vital for modulating crop productivity and N uptake.The rapid advances in modern omics-based techniques and biotechnologies make it possible to manipulate soil-plant microbiomes for improving NUE and reducing N environmental impacts.This paper summarizes current progress in research on regulating soil microbial N cycle processes for NUE improvement,plant-microbe interactions benefiting plant N uptake,and the importance of soil microbiomes in promoting soil health and crop productivity.We also proposes a potential holistic(rhizosphere-root-phyllosphere)microbe-based approach to improve NUE and reduce dependence on mineral N fertilizer in agroecosystems,toward nature-based solution for nutrient management in intensive cropping systems.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2015-CB150400)the Innovative Group Grant of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31421092)。
文摘Balancing crop productivity with resource use efficiency and beneficial environmental consequences is essential for sustainable agricultural development worldwide.Various strategies and approaches have been proposed and debated,but turning the concept into management practices in the field with measurable outcomes over several scales remains a challenge.An innovative approach,Integrated Soil-Crop System Management(ISSM),for producing more grain with greater nutrient use efficiencies and less environmental pollution is presented.The ISSM approach has been used in China,in field experiments as well as in thousands of farmer fields,to substantially increase the yields of maize,rice and wheat while simultaneously increasing nitrogen use efficiency and reducing environmental footprints.The scientific principle,implementation strategy and procedures of ISSM are discussed and examples of its demonstrated successes at local and regional levels across China are given.Perspectives for further development of ISSM and expanding its potential impact are also proposed and discussed.
基金supported by a US National Science Foundation grant(2027290)awarded to Stanford University。
文摘A simple‘toy’model of productivity and nitrogen and phosphorus cycling was used to evaluate how the increasing temporal variation in precipitation that is predicted(and observed)to occur as a consequence of greenhouse-gasinduced climate change will affect crop yields and losses of reactive N that can cause environmental damage and affect human health.The model predicted that as temporal variability in precipitation increased it progressively reduced yields and increased losses of reactive N by disrupting the synchrony between N supply and plant N uptake.Also,increases in the temporal variation of precipitation increased the frequency of floods and droughts.Predictions of this model indicate that climate-change-driven increases in temporal variation in precipitation in rainfed agricultural ecosystems will make it difficult to sustain cropping systems that are both high-yielding and have small environmental and human-health footprints.
