In-memory computing(IMC)based on spin-logic devices is regarded as an advantageous way to optimize the Von Neumann bottleneck.However,performing complete Boolean logic with spintronic devices typi-cally requires an in...In-memory computing(IMC)based on spin-logic devices is regarded as an advantageous way to optimize the Von Neumann bottleneck.However,performing complete Boolean logic with spintronic devices typi-cally requires an initialization operation,which can reduce processing speed.In this work,we conceptu-alize and experimentally demonstrate a programmable and initialization-free spin-logic gate,leveraging spin-orbit torque(SOT)to effectuate magnetization switching,assisted by in-plane Oersted field gener-ated by an integrated bias-field Au line.This spin-logic gate,fabricated as a Hall bar,allows complete Boolean logic operations without initialization.A current flowing through the bias-field line,which is electrically isolated from the device by a dielectric,generates an in-plane magnetic field that can invert the SOT-induced switching chirality,enabling on-the-fly complete Boolean logic operations.Additionally,the device demonstrated good reliability,repeatability,and reproducibility during logic operations.Our work demonstrates programmable and scalable spin-logic functions in a single device,offering a new approach for spin-logic operations in an IMC architecture.展开更多
AIM: To investigate whether expression of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers is associated with recurrence and survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients.
AIM: To investigate whether an elevated preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR) can predict poor survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 526 patients with ...AIM: To investigate whether an elevated preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR) can predict poor survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 526 patients with HCC who underwent surgery between 2004 and 2011.RESULTS: Preoperative NLR ≥ 2.81 was an independent predictor of poor disease-free survival(DFS, P < 0.001) and overall survival(OS, P = 0.044). Compared with patients who showed a preoperative NLR < 2.81 and postoperative increase, patients who showed preoperative NLR ≥ 2.81 and postoperative decrease had worse survival(DFS, P < 0.001; OS, P < 0.001). Among patients with preoperative NLR ≥ 2.81, survival was significantly higher among those showing a postoperative decrease in NLR than among those showing an increase(DFS, P < 0.001; OS, P < 0.001). When elevated, alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) provided no prognostic information, and so preoperative NLR ≥ 2.81 may be a good complementary indicator of poor OS whenever AFP levels are low or high.CONCLUSION: Preoperative NLR ≥ 2.81 may be an indicator of poor DFS and OS in patients with HCC undergoing surgery. Preoperative NLR ≥ 2.81 may be a good complementary indicator of poor OS when elevated AFP levels provide no prognostic information.展开更多
AIM to determine whether cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) and prostaglandin E1 receptor(EP1) contribute to disease and whether they help predict prognosis.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 116 patients with he...AIM to determine whether cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) and prostaglandin E1 receptor(EP1) contribute to disease and whether they help predict prognosis.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 116 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) who underwent surgery between 2008 and 2011 at our hospital. Expression of COX-2 and EP1 receptor was examined by immunohistochemistry of formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded tissues using polyclonal antibodies. Possible associations between immunohistochemical scores and survival were determined.RESULTS Factors associated with poor overall survival(OS) were alpha-fetoprotein > 400 ng/m L, tumor size ≥ 5 cm, and high EP1 receptor expression, but not high COX-2 expression. Disease-free survival was not significantly different between patients with low or high levels of COX-2 or EP1. COX-2 immunoreactivity was significantly higher in well-differentiated HCC tissues(Edmondson grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ) than in poorly differentiated tissues(Edmondson grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ)(P = 0.003). EP1 receptor immunoreactivity was significantly higher in poorly differentiated tissue than in well-differentiated tissue(P = 0.001).CONCLUSION COX-2 expression appears to be linked to early HCC events(initiation), while EP1 receptor expression may participate in tumor progression and predict survival.展开更多
AIM:To compare survival and recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)patients who did or did not receive adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization(TACE).METHODS:A consecutive sample of 229 patients who underwent cura...AIM:To compare survival and recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)patients who did or did not receive adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization(TACE).METHODS:A consecutive sample of 229 patients who underwent curative resection between March 2007 and March 2010 in our hospital was included.Of these 229 patients,91(39.7%)underwent curative resection followed by adjuvant TACE and 138(60.3%)underwent curative resection alone.In order to minimize confounds due to baseline differences between the two patient groups,comparisons were conducted between propensity score-matched patients.Survival data and recurrence rates were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method.Independent predictors of overall survival and recurrence were identified using Cox proportional hazard regression.RESULTS:Among 61 pairs of propensity scorematched patients,the 1-,2-,and 3-year overall survival rates were 95.1%,86.7%,and 76.4%in the TACE group and 86.9%,78.5%,and 73.2%in the control group,respectively.At the same time,the TACE and control groups also showed similar recurrence rates at 1 year(13.4%vs 24.8%),2 years(30.6%vs 32.1%),and 3 years(40.1%vs 34.0%).Multivariate Cox regression identified serum alpha-fetoprotein level≥400 ng/mL and tumor size>5 cm as independent risk factors of mortality(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:As postoperative adjuvant TACE does not improve overall survival or reduce recurrence in HCC patients,further study is needed to clarify its clinical benefit.展开更多
In this study,current-induced partial magnetization-based switching was realized through the spin–orbit torque(SOT)in single-layer L1_(0) FePt with a perpendicular anisotropy(K_(u⊥))of 1.19×10^(7) erg·cm^(...In this study,current-induced partial magnetization-based switching was realized through the spin–orbit torque(SOT)in single-layer L1_(0) FePt with a perpendicular anisotropy(K_(u⊥))of 1.19×10^(7) erg·cm^(-3)(1 erg·cm^(-3)=0.1 J·m^(-3)),and its corresponding SOT efficiency(βDL)was 8×10^(-6) Oe·(A·cm^(-2))^(-1)(1 Oe=79.57747 A·m^(-1)),which is several times higher than that of the traditional Ta/CoFeB/MgO structure reported in past work.The SOT in the FePt films originated from the structural inversion asymmetry in the FePt films since the dislocations and defects were inhomogeneously distributed within the samples.Furthermore,the FePt grown on MgO with a granular structure had a larger effective SOT field and effi-ciency than that grown on SrTiO_(3)(STO)with a continuous structure.The SOT efficiency was found to be considerably dependent on not only the sputtering temperature-induced chemical ordering but also the lattice mismatch-induced evolution of the microstructure.Our findings can provide a useful means of efficiently electrically controlling a magnetic bit that is highly thermally stable via SOT.展开更多
This paper introduces a new approach for the determination of the source region of beat wave(BW)modulation.This type of modulation is achieved by transmitting high-frequency(HF)continuous waves with a frequency differ...This paper introduces a new approach for the determination of the source region of beat wave(BW)modulation.This type of modulation is achieved by transmitting high-frequency(HF)continuous waves with a frequency difference f,where f is the frequency of modulated ELF/VLF(extremely low frequency/very low frequency)waves from two sub-arrays of a high power HF transmitter.Despite the advantages of BW modulation in terms of generating more stable ELF/VLF signal and high modulation efficiency,there exists a controversy on the physical mechanism of BW and its source region.In this paper,the two controversial theories,i.e.,BW based on D-E region thermal nonlinearity and BW based on F region ponderomotive nonlinearity are examined for cases where each of these two theories exists exclusively or both of them exist simultaneously.According to the analysis and simulation results presented in this paper,it is found that the generated VLF signal amplitude exhibits significant variation as a function of HF frequency in different source regions.Therefore,this characteristic can be utilized as a potential new approach to determine the physical mechanism and source location of BW.展开更多
In response to the lack of objective evaluation criteria for interpreting the spatial scales of historical streets,as well as the problem of fragmented and complex textures,this research proposes an analysis method fo...In response to the lack of objective evaluation criteria for interpreting the spatial scales of historical streets,as well as the problem of fragmented and complex textures,this research proposes an analysis method for assessing the spatial scaling effects using the Ping Ge type map.Drawing on the Ping Ge cartographic methods from the Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),it connects ancient measurement systems with objective evaluation criteria based on object relations and utilizes surveying maps from the Republic of China(1912-1949)to clarify temporal attributes of texture.The study employs a typical case study to demonstrate the feasibility of using the Ping Ge type map in interpreting historical streets.By creating the Ping Ge type map of the East-West Street in Quanzhou Ancient City and utilizing form diagrams,it reveals patterns such as scale multiplications within respective plots,transformations in linear sequences of streets,and increases or decreases in plot series scales.The case analysis indicates that the Ping Ge type map effectively uncover the spatial scaling characteristics of historical street layouts in China and can transform them into design resources that preserve the inner order of cities,thereby promoting spatial scaling awareness in the planning and design of regional architectural clusters.展开更多
To the Editor:Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that poses a significant threat to global health,and its early diagnosis is critical for reducing mortality rates.However,current biomarkers exhibit limited efficac...To the Editor:Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that poses a significant threat to global health,and its early diagnosis is critical for reducing mortality rates.However,current biomarkers exhibit limited efficacy in early detection.Extracellular vesicles(EVs),which carry a diverse array of cell-derived bioactive components,offer an integrated,effective,and accessible approach to assessing the risk of sepsis progression in patients.Therefore,we examine the applications of EVs in the early diagnosis of sepsis and highlight their advantages over conventional biomarkers.展开更多
Polydimethylsiloxane-ladder like phenylsilsesquioxane copolymer as a novel membrane material has good film-forming ability, high mechanical properties and low swelling capacity. The copolymer membrane displays the per...Polydimethylsiloxane-ladder like phenylsilsesquioxane copolymer as a novel membrane material has good film-forming ability, high mechanical properties and low swelling capacity. The copolymer membrane displays the permselectivity of organic liquid for the pervaporation of organic liquid/water mixtures. The pervaporation of aqueous solution of ethanol through the membrane has been investigated. High separation factor can be obtained in the range of low ethanol concentration. The flux of ethanol increases and the flux of water keeps constant as the concentration of ethanol in feed increases. The membrane shows good stability of separation at room temperature to 70℃. The comparison of the pervaporation behavior of the aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, acetone, THF reveals that the magnitude of the separation factors and the fluxes increases in the following order: methanol<ethanol<2-propanol<acetone<THF, in spite of the size of the permeating molecules.展开更多
Equilibrium pricing of credit default swaps(CDS)promotes efficient identification of credit risk in the market,which in turn leads to efficient allocation of resources.However,even when CDS have been priced in equilib...Equilibrium pricing of credit default swaps(CDS)promotes efficient identification of credit risk in the market,which in turn leads to efficient allocation of resources.However,even when CDS have been priced in equilibrium,i.e.,when premiums are equal to anticipated payments,the moral hazard incentives of CDS buyers increase with CDS transactions.Consequentially,it becomes an interesting research direction to study the impact of moral hazard incentives on the trading mechanism or pricing of derivatives(CDS).Most of the existing literature on the impact of moral hazard incentives in CDS pricing on derivatives trading mechanisms takes a macro perspective and focuses on the agreement risk effect.The literature exploring the analysis of the impact of moral hazard on the probability of agreement default from a micro perspective is not yet available.With this in mind,this paper focuses on the mechanisms by which“fraud”,an extreme manifestation of micro-moral hazard incentives,affects the probability of default.This paper introduces for the first time the concept of“claiming fraud”by credit protection buyers,which is different from the macro perspective of moral hazard incentives,and thus defines a specific extreme form of moral hazard incentives.Meanwhile,to address the intrinsic feature of the lack of economic explanatory power of the reduce-form model,this paper introduces a moral hazard incentive factor into the reduce-form model,and proposes a moral hazard state variable as a function of the asset value of the reference entity,which gives the reduce-form model strong economic explanatory power,and the default predictability is reduced by the description of the reduce-form model.In terms of the object of study,this paper considers the issue of moral hazard incentives in the presence of claiming fraud in two reference entities to further explore the impact of moral hazard incentives on default protection at the micro level in terms of cyclic default.Finally,based on the analysis of the results of the numerical simulation experiments,it is proposed that increasing the number of reference assets for CDS buyers will help to reduce the moral hazard incentives of the buyer,and thus the anticipated payments to the buyer,i.e.,we attempt to endogenize the credit risk of an asset by allowing the asset holder to choose the probability of the asset going up or down,which helps to understand the phenomenon of moral hazard incentives in CDS trading.展开更多
Background：The hedgehog signaling system （HHS） plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation during the embryonic phases.However,little is known about the involvement of HHS in...Background：The hedgehog signaling system （HHS） plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation during the embryonic phases.However,little is known about the involvement of HHS in the malignant transformation of cells.This study aimed to detect the role of HHS in the malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial （16HBE） cells.Methods：In this study,two microfluidic chips were designed to investigate cigarette smoke extract （CSE）-induced malignant transformation of cells.Chip A contained a concentration gradient generator,while chip B had four cell chambers with a central channel.The 16HBE cells cultured in chip A were used to determine the optimal concentration of CSE for inducing malignant transformation.The 16HBE cells in chip B were cultured with 12.25% CSE （Group A）,12.25% CSE ± 5 μmol/L cyclopamine （Group B）,or normal complete medium as control for 8 months （Group C）,to establish the in vitro lung inflammatory-cancer transformation model.The transformed cells were inoculated into 20 nude mice as cells alone （Group 1） or cells with cyclopamine （Group 2） for tumorigenesis testing.Expression of HHS proteins was detected by Western blot.Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation.The t-test was used for paired samples,and the difference among groups was analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance.Results：The optimal concentration of CSE was 12.25%.Expression of HHS proteins increased during the process of malignant transformation （Group B vs.Group A,F =7.65,P 〈 0.05）.After CSE exposure for 8 months,there were significant changes in cellular morphology,which allowed the transformed cells to grow into tumors in 40 days after being inoculated into nude mice.Cyclopamine could effectively depress the expression of HHS proteins （Group C vs.Group B,F =6.47,P 〈 0.05） and prevent tumor growth in nude mice （Group 2 vs.Group 1,t=31.59,P〈 0.01）.Conclusions：The activity of HHS is upregulated during the CSE-induced malignant transformation of 16HBE cells.Cyclopamine can effectively depress expression of HHS proteins in vitro and prevent tumor growth of the transformed cells in vivo.展开更多
A 3D face recognition approach which uses principal axes registration(PAR)and three face representation features from the re-sampling depth image:Eigenfaces,Fisherfaces and Zernike moments is presented.The approach ad...A 3D face recognition approach which uses principal axes registration(PAR)and three face representation features from the re-sampling depth image:Eigenfaces,Fisherfaces and Zernike moments is presented.The approach addresses the issue of 3D face registration instantly achieved by PAR.Because each facial feature has its own advantages,limitations and scope of use,different features will complement each other.Thus the fusing features can learn more expressive characterizations than a single feature.The support vector machine(SVM)is applied for classification.In this method,based on the complementarity between different features,weighted decision-level fusion makes the recognition system have certain fault tolerance.Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves superior performance with the rank-1 recognition rate of 98.36%for GavabDB database.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project(2020AAA0109005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62374055,12327806,62304083,62074063,61821003,61904060,61904051,61674062)+4 种基金the Interdisciplinary Program of Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center(WHMFC202119)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program Award(JCYJ20220818103410022)the Shenzhen Virtual University Park(2021Szvup091)the Natural Science Foundation of Wuhan(2024040701010049)Shuai Zhang acknowledges support from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M721237).
文摘In-memory computing(IMC)based on spin-logic devices is regarded as an advantageous way to optimize the Von Neumann bottleneck.However,performing complete Boolean logic with spintronic devices typi-cally requires an initialization operation,which can reduce processing speed.In this work,we conceptu-alize and experimentally demonstrate a programmable and initialization-free spin-logic gate,leveraging spin-orbit torque(SOT)to effectuate magnetization switching,assisted by in-plane Oersted field gener-ated by an integrated bias-field Au line.This spin-logic gate,fabricated as a Hall bar,allows complete Boolean logic operations without initialization.A current flowing through the bias-field line,which is electrically isolated from the device by a dielectric,generates an in-plane magnetic field that can invert the SOT-induced switching chirality,enabling on-the-fly complete Boolean logic operations.Additionally,the device demonstrated good reliability,repeatability,and reproducibility during logic operations.Our work demonstrates programmable and scalable spin-logic functions in a single device,offering a new approach for spin-logic operations in an IMC architecture.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Chi-na,No.81260331the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China,No.2012ZX10002010001009the Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education,No.2011105981002M232
文摘AIM: To investigate whether expression of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers is associated with recurrence and survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81260331the Key Laboratory for High-Incidence Tumor Prevention and Treatment,Ministry of Education,No.GKE2015-ZZ05
文摘AIM: To investigate whether an elevated preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR) can predict poor survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 526 patients with HCC who underwent surgery between 2004 and 2011.RESULTS: Preoperative NLR ≥ 2.81 was an independent predictor of poor disease-free survival(DFS, P < 0.001) and overall survival(OS, P = 0.044). Compared with patients who showed a preoperative NLR < 2.81 and postoperative increase, patients who showed preoperative NLR ≥ 2.81 and postoperative decrease had worse survival(DFS, P < 0.001; OS, P < 0.001). Among patients with preoperative NLR ≥ 2.81, survival was significantly higher among those showing a postoperative decrease in NLR than among those showing an increase(DFS, P < 0.001; OS, P < 0.001). When elevated, alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) provided no prognostic information, and so preoperative NLR ≥ 2.81 may be a good complementary indicator of poor OS whenever AFP levels are low or high.CONCLUSION: Preoperative NLR ≥ 2.81 may be an indicator of poor DFS and OS in patients with HCC undergoing surgery. Preoperative NLR ≥ 2.81 may be a good complementary indicator of poor OS when elevated AFP levels provide no prognostic information.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81260331Key Laboratory for High-Incidence Tumor Prevention and Treatment,Ministry of Education,No.GKE2015-ZZ05
文摘AIM to determine whether cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) and prostaglandin E1 receptor(EP1) contribute to disease and whether they help predict prognosis.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 116 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) who underwent surgery between 2008 and 2011 at our hospital. Expression of COX-2 and EP1 receptor was examined by immunohistochemistry of formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded tissues using polyclonal antibodies. Possible associations between immunohistochemical scores and survival were determined.RESULTS Factors associated with poor overall survival(OS) were alpha-fetoprotein > 400 ng/m L, tumor size ≥ 5 cm, and high EP1 receptor expression, but not high COX-2 expression. Disease-free survival was not significantly different between patients with low or high levels of COX-2 or EP1. COX-2 immunoreactivity was significantly higher in well-differentiated HCC tissues(Edmondson grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ) than in poorly differentiated tissues(Edmondson grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ)(P = 0.003). EP1 receptor immunoreactivity was significantly higher in poorly differentiated tissue than in well-differentiated tissue(P = 0.001).CONCLUSION COX-2 expression appears to be linked to early HCC events(initiation), while EP1 receptor expression may participate in tumor progression and predict survival.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81260331 and No.81360312the Graduate Innovational Foundation of Guangxi,No.YCSZ2014108the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China,No.2012ZX10002010001009.
文摘AIM:To compare survival and recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)patients who did or did not receive adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization(TACE).METHODS:A consecutive sample of 229 patients who underwent curative resection between March 2007 and March 2010 in our hospital was included.Of these 229 patients,91(39.7%)underwent curative resection followed by adjuvant TACE and 138(60.3%)underwent curative resection alone.In order to minimize confounds due to baseline differences between the two patient groups,comparisons were conducted between propensity score-matched patients.Survival data and recurrence rates were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method.Independent predictors of overall survival and recurrence were identified using Cox proportional hazard regression.RESULTS:Among 61 pairs of propensity scorematched patients,the 1-,2-,and 3-year overall survival rates were 95.1%,86.7%,and 76.4%in the TACE group and 86.9%,78.5%,and 73.2%in the control group,respectively.At the same time,the TACE and control groups also showed similar recurrence rates at 1 year(13.4%vs 24.8%),2 years(30.6%vs 32.1%),and 3 years(40.1%vs 34.0%).Multivariate Cox regression identified serum alpha-fetoprotein level≥400 ng/mL and tumor size>5 cm as independent risk factors of mortality(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:As postoperative adjuvant TACE does not improve overall survival or reduce recurrence in HCC patients,further study is needed to clarify its clinical benefit.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020AAA0109005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61674062, 51501168, 41574175, and 41204083)+3 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of the China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) (CUG150632 and CUGL160414)the Fundamental Research Funds for National Universities of the China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)the Interdisciplinary program of Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center (WHMFC202119)Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and Fund from Shenzhen Virtual University Park (2021Szvup091)
文摘In this study,current-induced partial magnetization-based switching was realized through the spin–orbit torque(SOT)in single-layer L1_(0) FePt with a perpendicular anisotropy(K_(u⊥))of 1.19×10^(7) erg·cm^(-3)(1 erg·cm^(-3)=0.1 J·m^(-3)),and its corresponding SOT efficiency(βDL)was 8×10^(-6) Oe·(A·cm^(-2))^(-1)(1 Oe=79.57747 A·m^(-1)),which is several times higher than that of the traditional Ta/CoFeB/MgO structure reported in past work.The SOT in the FePt films originated from the structural inversion asymmetry in the FePt films since the dislocations and defects were inhomogeneously distributed within the samples.Furthermore,the FePt grown on MgO with a granular structure had a larger effective SOT field and effi-ciency than that grown on SrTiO_(3)(STO)with a continuous structure.The SOT efficiency was found to be considerably dependent on not only the sputtering temperature-induced chemical ordering but also the lattice mismatch-induced evolution of the microstructure.Our findings can provide a useful means of efficiently electrically controlling a magnetic bit that is highly thermally stable via SOT.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41804149)China Scholarship Council。
文摘This paper introduces a new approach for the determination of the source region of beat wave(BW)modulation.This type of modulation is achieved by transmitting high-frequency(HF)continuous waves with a frequency difference f,where f is the frequency of modulated ELF/VLF(extremely low frequency/very low frequency)waves from two sub-arrays of a high power HF transmitter.Despite the advantages of BW modulation in terms of generating more stable ELF/VLF signal and high modulation efficiency,there exists a controversy on the physical mechanism of BW and its source region.In this paper,the two controversial theories,i.e.,BW based on D-E region thermal nonlinearity and BW based on F region ponderomotive nonlinearity are examined for cases where each of these two theories exists exclusively or both of them exist simultaneously.According to the analysis and simulation results presented in this paper,it is found that the generated VLF signal amplitude exhibits significant variation as a function of HF frequency in different source regions.Therefore,this characteristic can be utilized as a potential new approach to determine the physical mechanism and source location of BW.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Key Program(Grant No.52038007)。
文摘In response to the lack of objective evaluation criteria for interpreting the spatial scales of historical streets,as well as the problem of fragmented and complex textures,this research proposes an analysis method for assessing the spatial scaling effects using the Ping Ge type map.Drawing on the Ping Ge cartographic methods from the Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),it connects ancient measurement systems with objective evaluation criteria based on object relations and utilizes surveying maps from the Republic of China(1912-1949)to clarify temporal attributes of texture.The study employs a typical case study to demonstrate the feasibility of using the Ping Ge type map in interpreting historical streets.By creating the Ping Ge type map of the East-West Street in Quanzhou Ancient City and utilizing form diagrams,it reveals patterns such as scale multiplications within respective plots,transformations in linear sequences of streets,and increases or decreases in plot series scales.The case analysis indicates that the Ping Ge type map effectively uncover the spatial scaling characteristics of historical street layouts in China and can transform them into design resources that preserve the inner order of cities,thereby promoting spatial scaling awareness in the planning and design of regional architectural clusters.
文摘To the Editor:Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that poses a significant threat to global health,and its early diagnosis is critical for reducing mortality rates.However,current biomarkers exhibit limited efficacy in early detection.Extracellular vesicles(EVs),which carry a diverse array of cell-derived bioactive components,offer an integrated,effective,and accessible approach to assessing the risk of sepsis progression in patients.Therefore,we examine the applications of EVs in the early diagnosis of sepsis and highlight their advantages over conventional biomarkers.
文摘Polydimethylsiloxane-ladder like phenylsilsesquioxane copolymer as a novel membrane material has good film-forming ability, high mechanical properties and low swelling capacity. The copolymer membrane displays the permselectivity of organic liquid for the pervaporation of organic liquid/water mixtures. The pervaporation of aqueous solution of ethanol through the membrane has been investigated. High separation factor can be obtained in the range of low ethanol concentration. The flux of ethanol increases and the flux of water keeps constant as the concentration of ethanol in feed increases. The membrane shows good stability of separation at room temperature to 70℃. The comparison of the pervaporation behavior of the aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, acetone, THF reveals that the magnitude of the separation factors and the fluxes increases in the following order: methanol<ethanol<2-propanol<acetone<THF, in spite of the size of the permeating molecules.
文摘Equilibrium pricing of credit default swaps(CDS)promotes efficient identification of credit risk in the market,which in turn leads to efficient allocation of resources.However,even when CDS have been priced in equilibrium,i.e.,when premiums are equal to anticipated payments,the moral hazard incentives of CDS buyers increase with CDS transactions.Consequentially,it becomes an interesting research direction to study the impact of moral hazard incentives on the trading mechanism or pricing of derivatives(CDS).Most of the existing literature on the impact of moral hazard incentives in CDS pricing on derivatives trading mechanisms takes a macro perspective and focuses on the agreement risk effect.The literature exploring the analysis of the impact of moral hazard on the probability of agreement default from a micro perspective is not yet available.With this in mind,this paper focuses on the mechanisms by which“fraud”,an extreme manifestation of micro-moral hazard incentives,affects the probability of default.This paper introduces for the first time the concept of“claiming fraud”by credit protection buyers,which is different from the macro perspective of moral hazard incentives,and thus defines a specific extreme form of moral hazard incentives.Meanwhile,to address the intrinsic feature of the lack of economic explanatory power of the reduce-form model,this paper introduces a moral hazard incentive factor into the reduce-form model,and proposes a moral hazard state variable as a function of the asset value of the reference entity,which gives the reduce-form model strong economic explanatory power,and the default predictability is reduced by the description of the reduce-form model.In terms of the object of study,this paper considers the issue of moral hazard incentives in the presence of claiming fraud in two reference entities to further explore the impact of moral hazard incentives on default protection at the micro level in terms of cyclic default.Finally,based on the analysis of the results of the numerical simulation experiments,it is proposed that increasing the number of reference assets for CDS buyers will help to reduce the moral hazard incentives of the buyer,and thus the anticipated payments to the buyer,i.e.,we attempt to endogenize the credit risk of an asset by allowing the asset holder to choose the probability of the asset going up or down,which helps to understand the phenomenon of moral hazard incentives in CDS trading.
基金This study was supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 91129733, No. 81071228, and No. 81330060） and the Special Fund for Health-Scientific Research in the Public Interest Program from National Health and Family Planning Commission （No. 201202011）.
文摘Background：The hedgehog signaling system （HHS） plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation during the embryonic phases.However,little is known about the involvement of HHS in the malignant transformation of cells.This study aimed to detect the role of HHS in the malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial （16HBE） cells.Methods：In this study,two microfluidic chips were designed to investigate cigarette smoke extract （CSE）-induced malignant transformation of cells.Chip A contained a concentration gradient generator,while chip B had four cell chambers with a central channel.The 16HBE cells cultured in chip A were used to determine the optimal concentration of CSE for inducing malignant transformation.The 16HBE cells in chip B were cultured with 12.25% CSE （Group A）,12.25% CSE ± 5 μmol/L cyclopamine （Group B）,or normal complete medium as control for 8 months （Group C）,to establish the in vitro lung inflammatory-cancer transformation model.The transformed cells were inoculated into 20 nude mice as cells alone （Group 1） or cells with cyclopamine （Group 2） for tumorigenesis testing.Expression of HHS proteins was detected by Western blot.Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation.The t-test was used for paired samples,and the difference among groups was analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance.Results：The optimal concentration of CSE was 12.25%.Expression of HHS proteins increased during the process of malignant transformation （Group B vs.Group A,F =7.65,P 〈 0.05）.After CSE exposure for 8 months,there were significant changes in cellular morphology,which allowed the transformed cells to grow into tumors in 40 days after being inoculated into nude mice.Cyclopamine could effectively depress the expression of HHS proteins （Group C vs.Group B,F =6.47,P 〈 0.05） and prevent tumor growth in nude mice （Group 2 vs.Group 1,t=31.59,P〈 0.01）.Conclusions：The activity of HHS is upregulated during the CSE-induced malignant transformation of 16HBE cells.Cyclopamine can effectively depress expression of HHS proteins in vitro and prevent tumor growth of the transformed cells in vivo.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the use of the GavabDB face database in this paper due to Moreno and Sanchez.This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.60872145)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2009AA01Z315)the Cultivation Fund of the Key Scientific and Technical Innovation Project,Ministry of Education of China(No.708085).
文摘A 3D face recognition approach which uses principal axes registration(PAR)and three face representation features from the re-sampling depth image:Eigenfaces,Fisherfaces and Zernike moments is presented.The approach addresses the issue of 3D face registration instantly achieved by PAR.Because each facial feature has its own advantages,limitations and scope of use,different features will complement each other.Thus the fusing features can learn more expressive characterizations than a single feature.The support vector machine(SVM)is applied for classification.In this method,based on the complementarity between different features,weighted decision-level fusion makes the recognition system have certain fault tolerance.Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves superior performance with the rank-1 recognition rate of 98.36%for GavabDB database.
