Currently,the number of lightning casualties and casualty rates have significantly reduced in developed countries,but there has been no significant reduction in developing countries.On the one hand,this is due to the ...Currently,the number of lightning casualties and casualty rates have significantly reduced in developed countries,but there has been no significant reduction in developing countries.On the one hand,this is due to the high frequency of lightning;on the other hand,the vulnerability of people in developing countries is also an influencing factor.Through case analysis and summary,this paper expounds on lightning injury s mechanism and clinical manifestations.It points out that lightning injury is mainly related to heart problems and the impact on the nervous system,rather than burns,which usually cause fewer consequences.Medical treatment needs to pay attention to the order and principles of treatment.Implementing CPR and auxiliary AED is the most effective way to save lives.Attention should be paid to the practical and effective treatment and nursing of lightning stroke sequelae.Finally,combined with the situation of lightning casualties in China,the existing problems are put forward during the process of early treatment,post-hospital treatment,and nursing observation,which provides an objective basis for the cognition of the scientific nature of the lightning injury.展开更多
Nanoparticles(NPs)are widely used for their special physical properties and released into the natural environment.When two types of NPs exist in the same environment,the presence of one type of NP may affect the prope...Nanoparticles(NPs)are widely used for their special physical properties and released into the natural environment.When two types of NPs exist in the same environment,the presence of one type of NP may affect the properties of the other type of NP.This study investigated the toxic effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)and copper oxide nanoparticles(Cu O NPs)on Tetradesmus obliquus.Both NPs had toxic effects on algae,and the toxic effects of MWCNTs were significantly stronger than Cu O NPs which the 96-hr median effective concentration to algae were 33.8 and 169.2 mg/L,respectively.Oxidative stress and cell membrane damage were the main reasons for the toxicity of NPs to algae,and they were concentration-dependent,and the existence of Cu O NPs in some groups reduced cell membrane damage caused by MWCNTs which may because that Cu O NPs formed heteroaggregation with MWCNTs,reducing the contact of nanoparticles with cell membranes,then reducing physical damage.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscope(TEM)results indicated cell damage,the heteroaggregation of MWCNTs-Cu O NPs and obvious nanoparticles internalization.In some groups,the presence of Cu O NPs significantly reduced reactive oxygen species(ROS)level induced by MWCNTs.However,for the highest concentration group,the ROS level was much higher than that of the two NPs alone treatment groups,which might be related to the high concentration of MWCNTs promoting the internalization of Cu O NPs.MWCNTs and Cu O NPs affected and interacted with each other,causing more complex toxic effects on aquatic organisms.展开更多
Background:Guben Zhike decoction(GBZKD)is derived from the experience of Professor Enxiang Chao,an esteemed master of Chinese medicine,while treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).GBZKD reinforces the he...Background:Guben Zhike decoction(GBZKD)is derived from the experience of Professor Enxiang Chao,an esteemed master of Chinese medicine,while treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).GBZKD reinforces the healthy qi and consolidates defensive qi.This study explored the efficacy and potential mechanism of action of GBZKD in a COPD mouse model using proteomics.Methods:A COPD mouse model was established through cigarette smoke exposure and intranasal lipopolysaccharide administration.The model was verified through lung function test and lung histopathological observation.Label-free quantitative proteomics was used to detect the lung tissue proteins of mice from the GBZKD,COPD,and control groups.Results:GBZKD markedly improved the lung function and associated pathological conditions in the COPD mouse model.Proteomic analysis identified 4316 proteins,of which 3696 were quantitative proteins.We highlighted 287 and 184 proteins with significant regulatory roles in the lung tissues of COPD mice and GBZKD-treated mice,respectively.These proteins participated in multiple functions,including complement/coagulation cascade,immune response,and metabolic pathways.Conclusion:GBZKD exhibits multitarget and multipathway therapeutic effects in a COPD mouse model.展开更多
Rice is a major food crop and is planted worldwide. Climatic deterioration, population growth, farmland shrinkage, and other factors have necessitated the application of cutting-edge technology to achieve accurate and...Rice is a major food crop and is planted worldwide. Climatic deterioration, population growth, farmland shrinkage, and other factors have necessitated the application of cutting-edge technology to achieve accurate and efficient rice production. In this study, we mainly focus on the precise counting of rice plants in paddy field and design a novel deep learning network, RPNet, consisting of four modules: feature encoder, attention block, initial density map generator, and attention map generator. Additionally, we propose a novel loss function called RPloss. This loss function considers the magnitude relationship between different sub-loss functions and ensures the validity of the designed network. To verify the proposed method, we conducted experiments on our recently presented URC dataset, which is an unmanned aerial vehicle dataset that is quite challenged at counting rice plants. For experimental comparison, we chose some popular or recently proposed counting methods, namely MCNN, CSRNet, SANet, TasselNetV2, and FIDTM. In the experiment, the mean absolute error(MAE), root mean squared error(RMSE), relative MAE(rMAE) and relative RMSE(rRMSE) of the proposed RPNet were 8.3, 11.2, 1.2% and 1.6%, respectively,for the URC dataset. RPNet surpasses state-of-the-art methods in plant counting. To verify the universality of the proposed method, we conducted experiments on the well-know MTC and WED datasets. The final results on these datasets showed that our network achieved the best results compared with excellent previous approaches. The experiments showed that the proposed RPNet can be utilized to count rice plants in paddy fields and replace traditional methods.展开更多
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a common benign gynecological disease that causes dysmenorrhea in women of childbearing age.Malignant tumors derived from endometriosis are rarely reported and are found in only 1%of all pa...BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a common benign gynecological disease that causes dysmenorrhea in women of childbearing age.Malignant tumors derived from endometriosis are rarely reported and are found in only 1%of all patients with endometriosis.Here,we report a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma(SCC)caused by squamous metaplasia of endometriosis that co-occurred in the uterus and ovaries.CASE SUMMARY A 57-year-old postmenopausal woman had a 6-month history of irregular uterine bleeding.The uterus and adnexa were examined by computed tomography,and there were two solid cystic masses in the pelvis and right adnexa.Histological findings of surgical specimens showed well-differentiated SCC arising from squamous metaplasia of ectopic endometrial glands in the uterus and ovaries.The patient received chemotherapy after surgery and was followed up for 3 mo without metastasis.CONCLUSION The continuity between ectopic endometrial glands and SCC supports that SCC originates from ectopic endometrial glands with metaplasia towards squamous epithelium.展开更多
The skin of patients with atopic dermatitis （AD） has a unique predisposition for colonization by Staphylococcus aureus （S. aureus）, which contributes to the inflammation and grim prognosis of AD. Although the mech...The skin of patients with atopic dermatitis （AD） has a unique predisposition for colonization by Staphylococcus aureus （S. aureus）, which contributes to the inflammation and grim prognosis of AD. Although the mechanism underlying the S. aureus-induced exacerbation of AD remains unclear, recent studies have found a pivotal role for pattern recognition receptors in regulating the inflammatory responses in S. aureus infection. In the present study, we used a typical mouse model of AD-like skin inflammation and found that S. aureus-associated nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 （NOD2） and toll-like receptor 2 （TLR2） ligands exacerbated AD-like symptoms, which were further deteriorated by the in vivo expansion of basophils and eosinophils. Subsequent histological analyses revealed that dermal fibroblasts were pervasive in the AD-like skin lesions, Co-culture of human dermal fibroblasts with basophils and eosinophils resulted in a vigorous cytokine/chemokine response to the NOD2/TLR2 ligands and the enhanced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on the dermal fibroblasts. Basophils and eosinophils were primarily responsible for the AD-related cytokine/chemokine expression in the co-cultures. Direct intercellular contact was necessary for the crosstalk between basophils and dermal fibroblasts, while soluble mediators were sufficient to mediate the eosinophil-fibroblast interactions. Moreover, the intracellular p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathways were essential for NOD2/TLR2 ligand-mediated activation of basophils, eosinophils, and dermal fibroblasts in AD-related inflammation. This study provides the evidence of NOD2/TLR2-mediated exacerbation of AD through activation of innate immune cells and therefore sheds light on a novel mechanistic pathway bv which S. aureus contributes to the DathoDhvsiology of AD.展开更多
It is of critical importance for our understanding of speciation process to determine the forms of reproductive isolation and their relative importance in species divergence. Oryza nivara and O. rufipogon are direct a...It is of critical importance for our understanding of speciation process to determine the forms of reproductive isolation and their relative importance in species divergence. Oryza nivara and O. rufipogon are direct ancestors of Asian cultivated rice and a progenitor-daughter species pair. Investigating the reproductive isolation between them provides insights into plant speciation and helps understanding of the rice domestication. Here, we quantitatively measured the major components of reproductive isolation between the two species based on common garden and crossing experiments for three pairs of sympatric populations in Nepal, Cambodia and Laos.We revealed significant differences in the flowering times between species pairs, with O. nivara flowering much earlier than O. rufipogon. A very weak reduction in seed set but no reduction in F1 viability and fertility were detected for the crosses between species relative to those within species. Moreover, we detected asymmetrical compatibility between species and found that emasculation significantly decreased pollination success in O. nivara but not in O. rufipogon.Our study demonstrates that the divergence between O. nivara and O. rufipogon is maintained almost entirely by the difference in flowering times and suggests that differential flowering times contribute to both habitat preferences and reproductive isolation between species.展开更多
Rice plant counting is crucial for many applications in rice production,such as yield estimation,growth diagnosis,disaster loss assessment,etc.Currently,rice counting still heavily relies on tedious and time-consuming...Rice plant counting is crucial for many applications in rice production,such as yield estimation,growth diagnosis,disaster loss assessment,etc.Currently,rice counting still heavily relies on tedious and time-consuming manual operation.To alleviate the workload of rice counting,we employed an UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle)to collect the RGB images of the paddy field.Then,we proposed a new rice plant counting,locating,and sizing method(RiceNet),which consists of one feature extractor frontend and 3 feature decoder modules,namely,density map estimator,plant location detector,and plant size estimator.In RiceNet,rice plant attention mechanism and positive–negative loss are designed to improve the ability to distinguish plants from background and the quality of the estimated density maps.To verify the validity of our method,we propose a new UAV-based rice counting dataset,which contains 355 images and 257,793 manual labeled points.Experiment results show that the mean absolute error and root mean square error of the proposed RiceNet are 8.6 and 11.2,respectively.Moreover,we validated the performance of our method with two other popular crop datasets.On these three datasets,our method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods.Results suggest that RiceNet can accurately and efficiently estimate the number of rice plants and replace the traditional manual method.展开更多
Studies of plants have been instrumental for revealing how new species originate.For several decades,botanical research has complemented and,in some cases,challenged concepts on speciation developed via the study of o...Studies of plants have been instrumental for revealing how new species originate.For several decades,botanical research has complemented and,in some cases,challenged concepts on speciation developed via the study of other organisms while also revealing additional ways in which species can form.Now,the ability to sequence genomes at an unprecedented pace and scale has allowed biologists to settle decades-long debates and tackle other emerging challenges in speciation research.Here,we review these recent genome-enabled developments in plant speciation.We discuss complications related to identification of reproductive isolation(RI)loci using analyses of the landscape of genomic divergence and highlight the important role that structural variants have in speciation,as increasingly revealed by new sequencing technologies.Further,we review how genomics has advanced what we know of some routes to new species formation,like hybridization or whole-genome duplication,while casting doubt on others,like population bottlenecks and genetic drift.While genomics can fast-track identification of genes and mutations that confer RI,we emphasize that follow-up molecular and field experiments remain critical.Nonetheless,genomics has clarified the outsized role of ancient variants rather than new mutations,particularly early during speciation.We conclude by highlighting promising avenues of future study.These include expanding what we know so far about the role of epigenetic and structural changes during speciation,broadening the scope and taxonomic breadth of plant speciation genomics studies,and synthesizing information from extensive genomic data that have already been generated by the plant speciation community.展开更多
The aim of this study is to performance of a centralized open-loop evaluate the ground-water heat pump （GWHP） system for climate conditioning in Beijing with a cold climate in China. Thus, a long-time test was condu...The aim of this study is to performance of a centralized open-loop evaluate the ground-water heat pump （GWHP） system for climate conditioning in Beijing with a cold climate in China. Thus, a long-time test was conducted on a running GWHP system for the heating season from December 2011 to March 2012. The analysis of the testing data indicates that the average heat-pump coefficient of performance （COP） and the COP of the system （COPs） are 4.27 and 2.59. The low value and large fluctuation in the range of COP are found to be caused by the heat transfixion in the aquifer and the bypass in the circulation loop. Therefore, some suggestions are proposed to improve the performance for GWHPs in the cold climate region in China.展开更多
文摘Currently,the number of lightning casualties and casualty rates have significantly reduced in developed countries,but there has been no significant reduction in developing countries.On the one hand,this is due to the high frequency of lightning;on the other hand,the vulnerability of people in developing countries is also an influencing factor.Through case analysis and summary,this paper expounds on lightning injury s mechanism and clinical manifestations.It points out that lightning injury is mainly related to heart problems and the impact on the nervous system,rather than burns,which usually cause fewer consequences.Medical treatment needs to pay attention to the order and principles of treatment.Implementing CPR and auxiliary AED is the most effective way to save lives.Attention should be paid to the practical and effective treatment and nursing of lightning stroke sequelae.Finally,combined with the situation of lightning casualties in China,the existing problems are put forward during the process of early treatment,post-hospital treatment,and nursing observation,which provides an objective basis for the cognition of the scientific nature of the lightning injury.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51521006,51579095,51378190)Ecology and Environment Department of Hunan,the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(No.IRT-13R17)。
文摘Nanoparticles(NPs)are widely used for their special physical properties and released into the natural environment.When two types of NPs exist in the same environment,the presence of one type of NP may affect the properties of the other type of NP.This study investigated the toxic effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)and copper oxide nanoparticles(Cu O NPs)on Tetradesmus obliquus.Both NPs had toxic effects on algae,and the toxic effects of MWCNTs were significantly stronger than Cu O NPs which the 96-hr median effective concentration to algae were 33.8 and 169.2 mg/L,respectively.Oxidative stress and cell membrane damage were the main reasons for the toxicity of NPs to algae,and they were concentration-dependent,and the existence of Cu O NPs in some groups reduced cell membrane damage caused by MWCNTs which may because that Cu O NPs formed heteroaggregation with MWCNTs,reducing the contact of nanoparticles with cell membranes,then reducing physical damage.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscope(TEM)results indicated cell damage,the heteroaggregation of MWCNTs-Cu O NPs and obvious nanoparticles internalization.In some groups,the presence of Cu O NPs significantly reduced reactive oxygen species(ROS)level induced by MWCNTs.However,for the highest concentration group,the ROS level was much higher than that of the two NPs alone treatment groups,which might be related to the high concentration of MWCNTs promoting the internalization of Cu O NPs.MWCNTs and Cu O NPs affected and interacted with each other,causing more complex toxic effects on aquatic organisms.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82074367).
文摘Background:Guben Zhike decoction(GBZKD)is derived from the experience of Professor Enxiang Chao,an esteemed master of Chinese medicine,while treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).GBZKD reinforces the healthy qi and consolidates defensive qi.This study explored the efficacy and potential mechanism of action of GBZKD in a COPD mouse model using proteomics.Methods:A COPD mouse model was established through cigarette smoke exposure and intranasal lipopolysaccharide administration.The model was verified through lung function test and lung histopathological observation.Label-free quantitative proteomics was used to detect the lung tissue proteins of mice from the GBZKD,COPD,and control groups.Results:GBZKD markedly improved the lung function and associated pathological conditions in the COPD mouse model.Proteomic analysis identified 4316 proteins,of which 3696 were quantitative proteins.We highlighted 287 and 184 proteins with significant regulatory roles in the lung tissues of COPD mice and GBZKD-treated mice,respectively.These proteins participated in multiple functions,including complement/coagulation cascade,immune response,and metabolic pathways.Conclusion:GBZKD exhibits multitarget and multipathway therapeutic effects in a COPD mouse model.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61701260 and 62271266)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (SJCX21_0255)the Postdoctoral Research Program of Jiangsu Province(2019K287)。
文摘Rice is a major food crop and is planted worldwide. Climatic deterioration, population growth, farmland shrinkage, and other factors have necessitated the application of cutting-edge technology to achieve accurate and efficient rice production. In this study, we mainly focus on the precise counting of rice plants in paddy field and design a novel deep learning network, RPNet, consisting of four modules: feature encoder, attention block, initial density map generator, and attention map generator. Additionally, we propose a novel loss function called RPloss. This loss function considers the magnitude relationship between different sub-loss functions and ensures the validity of the designed network. To verify the proposed method, we conducted experiments on our recently presented URC dataset, which is an unmanned aerial vehicle dataset that is quite challenged at counting rice plants. For experimental comparison, we chose some popular or recently proposed counting methods, namely MCNN, CSRNet, SANet, TasselNetV2, and FIDTM. In the experiment, the mean absolute error(MAE), root mean squared error(RMSE), relative MAE(rMAE) and relative RMSE(rRMSE) of the proposed RPNet were 8.3, 11.2, 1.2% and 1.6%, respectively,for the URC dataset. RPNet surpasses state-of-the-art methods in plant counting. To verify the universality of the proposed method, we conducted experiments on the well-know MTC and WED datasets. The final results on these datasets showed that our network achieved the best results compared with excellent previous approaches. The experiments showed that the proposed RPNet can be utilized to count rice plants in paddy fields and replace traditional methods.
文摘BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a common benign gynecological disease that causes dysmenorrhea in women of childbearing age.Malignant tumors derived from endometriosis are rarely reported and are found in only 1%of all patients with endometriosis.Here,we report a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma(SCC)caused by squamous metaplasia of endometriosis that co-occurred in the uterus and ovaries.CASE SUMMARY A 57-year-old postmenopausal woman had a 6-month history of irregular uterine bleeding.The uterus and adnexa were examined by computed tomography,and there were two solid cystic masses in the pelvis and right adnexa.Histological findings of surgical specimens showed well-differentiated SCC arising from squamous metaplasia of ectopic endometrial glands in the uterus and ovaries.The patient received chemotherapy after surgery and was followed up for 3 mo without metastasis.CONCLUSION The continuity between ectopic endometrial glands and SCC supports that SCC originates from ectopic endometrial glands with metaplasia towards squamous epithelium.
文摘The skin of patients with atopic dermatitis （AD） has a unique predisposition for colonization by Staphylococcus aureus （S. aureus）, which contributes to the inflammation and grim prognosis of AD. Although the mechanism underlying the S. aureus-induced exacerbation of AD remains unclear, recent studies have found a pivotal role for pattern recognition receptors in regulating the inflammatory responses in S. aureus infection. In the present study, we used a typical mouse model of AD-like skin inflammation and found that S. aureus-associated nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 （NOD2） and toll-like receptor 2 （TLR2） ligands exacerbated AD-like symptoms, which were further deteriorated by the in vivo expansion of basophils and eosinophils. Subsequent histological analyses revealed that dermal fibroblasts were pervasive in the AD-like skin lesions, Co-culture of human dermal fibroblasts with basophils and eosinophils resulted in a vigorous cytokine/chemokine response to the NOD2/TLR2 ligands and the enhanced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on the dermal fibroblasts. Basophils and eosinophils were primarily responsible for the AD-related cytokine/chemokine expression in the co-cultures. Direct intercellular contact was necessary for the crosstalk between basophils and dermal fibroblasts, while soluble mediators were sufficient to mediate the eosinophil-fibroblast interactions. Moreover, the intracellular p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathways were essential for NOD2/TLR2 ligand-mediated activation of basophils, eosinophils, and dermal fibroblasts in AD-related inflammation. This study provides the evidence of NOD2/TLR2-mediated exacerbation of AD through activation of innate immune cells and therefore sheds light on a novel mechanistic pathway bv which S. aureus contributes to the DathoDhvsiology of AD.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91731301)the grants from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB31000000, XDA08020103)CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams。
文摘It is of critical importance for our understanding of speciation process to determine the forms of reproductive isolation and their relative importance in species divergence. Oryza nivara and O. rufipogon are direct ancestors of Asian cultivated rice and a progenitor-daughter species pair. Investigating the reproductive isolation between them provides insights into plant speciation and helps understanding of the rice domestication. Here, we quantitatively measured the major components of reproductive isolation between the two species based on common garden and crossing experiments for three pairs of sympatric populations in Nepal, Cambodia and Laos.We revealed significant differences in the flowering times between species pairs, with O. nivara flowering much earlier than O. rufipogon. A very weak reduction in seed set but no reduction in F1 viability and fertility were detected for the crosses between species relative to those within species. Moreover, we detected asymmetrical compatibility between species and found that emasculation significantly decreased pollination success in O. nivara but not in O. rufipogon.Our study demonstrates that the divergence between O. nivara and O. rufipogon is maintained almost entirely by the difference in flowering times and suggests that differential flowering times contribute to both habitat preferences and reproductive isolation between species.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.61701260,61876211,and 62271266)the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(grant no.SJCX21_0255)the Postdoctoral Research Program of Jiangsu Province(grant no.2019K287).
文摘Rice plant counting is crucial for many applications in rice production,such as yield estimation,growth diagnosis,disaster loss assessment,etc.Currently,rice counting still heavily relies on tedious and time-consuming manual operation.To alleviate the workload of rice counting,we employed an UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle)to collect the RGB images of the paddy field.Then,we proposed a new rice plant counting,locating,and sizing method(RiceNet),which consists of one feature extractor frontend and 3 feature decoder modules,namely,density map estimator,plant location detector,and plant size estimator.In RiceNet,rice plant attention mechanism and positive–negative loss are designed to improve the ability to distinguish plants from background and the quality of the estimated density maps.To verify the validity of our method,we propose a new UAV-based rice counting dataset,which contains 355 images and 257,793 manual labeled points.Experiment results show that the mean absolute error and root mean square error of the proposed RiceNet are 8.6 and 11.2,respectively.Moreover,we validated the performance of our method with two other popular crop datasets.On these three datasets,our method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods.Results suggest that RiceNet can accurately and efficiently estimate the number of rice plants and replace the traditional manual method.
基金supported by Discovery grants from the Natural SciencesEngineering Research Council of Canada.
文摘Studies of plants have been instrumental for revealing how new species originate.For several decades,botanical research has complemented and,in some cases,challenged concepts on speciation developed via the study of other organisms while also revealing additional ways in which species can form.Now,the ability to sequence genomes at an unprecedented pace and scale has allowed biologists to settle decades-long debates and tackle other emerging challenges in speciation research.Here,we review these recent genome-enabled developments in plant speciation.We discuss complications related to identification of reproductive isolation(RI)loci using analyses of the landscape of genomic divergence and highlight the important role that structural variants have in speciation,as increasingly revealed by new sequencing technologies.Further,we review how genomics has advanced what we know of some routes to new species formation,like hybridization or whole-genome duplication,while casting doubt on others,like population bottlenecks and genetic drift.While genomics can fast-track identification of genes and mutations that confer RI,we emphasize that follow-up molecular and field experiments remain critical.Nonetheless,genomics has clarified the outsized role of ancient variants rather than new mutations,particularly early during speciation.We conclude by highlighting promising avenues of future study.These include expanding what we know so far about the role of epigenetic and structural changes during speciation,broadening the scope and taxonomic breadth of plant speciation genomics studies,and synthesizing information from extensive genomic data that have already been generated by the plant speciation community.
文摘The aim of this study is to performance of a centralized open-loop evaluate the ground-water heat pump （GWHP） system for climate conditioning in Beijing with a cold climate in China. Thus, a long-time test was conducted on a running GWHP system for the heating season from December 2011 to March 2012. The analysis of the testing data indicates that the average heat-pump coefficient of performance （COP） and the COP of the system （COPs） are 4.27 and 2.59. The low value and large fluctuation in the range of COP are found to be caused by the heat transfixion in the aquifer and the bypass in the circulation loop. Therefore, some suggestions are proposed to improve the performance for GWHPs in the cold climate region in China.
