目的构建八年制临床医学专业学生(以下酌情简称八年制医学生)置信职业行为(entrustable professional activities,EPAs)框架,以解决传统的临床胜任力评价抽象、模糊的问题,并弥合胜任力导向教育与临床实践之间的差距。方法基于EPAs理论...目的构建八年制临床医学专业学生(以下酌情简称八年制医学生)置信职业行为(entrustable professional activities,EPAs)框架,以解决传统的临床胜任力评价抽象、模糊的问题,并弥合胜任力导向教育与临床实践之间的差距。方法基于EPAs理论模型,采用文献分析方法和德尔菲专家咨询方法确定八年制医学生EPAs框架核心指标,运用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学处理。结果选择28名临床教学专家和教学管理专家,针对八年制医学生EPAs框架各项指标进行2轮德尔菲函询。2轮专家函询的有效问卷回收率均为100.0%(28/28)。第1轮专家函询针对置信职业行为重要性和可行性评分的W值分别为0.127和0.164(均P<0.05),第2轮专家函询的置信职业行为重要性和可行性评分的W值分别为0.228和0.140(均P<0.05)。经过2轮专家函询后,初步构建了八年制医学生EPAs框架,具体包括19项指标和67个指标内涵的观测评价要点。结论本研究初步构建了八年制医学生EPAs框架,实现了临床任务与能力标准的精准映射,为八年制医学生临床能力培养提供了可量化、可追踪的评价标准,对深化医学教育改革具有参考价值。展开更多
The iron and steel industry,standing as a quintessential manufacture example with high consumption,pollution and emissions,faces significant environmental and sustainable development challenges.Electric arc furnace(EA...The iron and steel industry,standing as a quintessential manufacture example with high consumption,pollution and emissions,faces significant environmental and sustainable development challenges.Electric arc furnace(EAF)steelmaking process mainly uses scrap as raw material and is characterized by environmentally friendly and recyclable process.However,the further development of EAF route in China is limited by the reserve,supply,availability and quality of scrap resource.Direct reduced iron(DRI)is one of typical low-carbon and clean charges,which can effectively make up for the adverse effects caused by the lack of scrap.The physical and chemical properties,classifications,and production technologies of DRI are firstly reviewed.In particular,the reducing gas types,reduction temperature,and reduction mechanism of the DRI production with gas-based shaft furnace(SF)technology are detailed.Considering the crucial role played by DRI application in EAF,the influences of DRI addition on EAF smelting rules and operations including the blending and charging process,heat transfer and melting in molten bath,slag formation operation,refractory corrosion,and slag system evolution are then further discussed.Finally,the comparative analysis and assessment of the consumption level of material and energy as well as the cleaner production both covering the clean chemical composition of molten steel and the clean environment impact in EAF steelmaking with DRI charged are conducted.From perspectives of metallurgical process engineering,a suitable route of hydrogen generation and application(from coke oven gas,methanol,and clean energy power),CO_(2) capture and utilization integrated with SF–EAF process is proposed.In view of the difficulties in large-scale DRI application in EAF,the follow-up work should focus on the investigation of DRI charging and melting,slag system evolution and molten pool reaction rules,as well as the developments of the DRI standardized use technology and intelligent batching and control models.展开更多
文摘目的构建八年制临床医学专业学生(以下酌情简称八年制医学生)置信职业行为(entrustable professional activities,EPAs)框架,以解决传统的临床胜任力评价抽象、模糊的问题,并弥合胜任力导向教育与临床实践之间的差距。方法基于EPAs理论模型,采用文献分析方法和德尔菲专家咨询方法确定八年制医学生EPAs框架核心指标,运用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学处理。结果选择28名临床教学专家和教学管理专家,针对八年制医学生EPAs框架各项指标进行2轮德尔菲函询。2轮专家函询的有效问卷回收率均为100.0%(28/28)。第1轮专家函询针对置信职业行为重要性和可行性评分的W值分别为0.127和0.164(均P<0.05),第2轮专家函询的置信职业行为重要性和可行性评分的W值分别为0.228和0.140(均P<0.05)。经过2轮专家函询后,初步构建了八年制医学生EPAs框架,具体包括19项指标和67个指标内涵的观测评价要点。结论本研究初步构建了八年制医学生EPAs框架,实现了临床任务与能力标准的精准映射,为八年制医学生临床能力培养提供了可量化、可追踪的评价标准,对深化医学教育改革具有参考价值。
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52174328)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University(No.2024ZZTS0062).
文摘The iron and steel industry,standing as a quintessential manufacture example with high consumption,pollution and emissions,faces significant environmental and sustainable development challenges.Electric arc furnace(EAF)steelmaking process mainly uses scrap as raw material and is characterized by environmentally friendly and recyclable process.However,the further development of EAF route in China is limited by the reserve,supply,availability and quality of scrap resource.Direct reduced iron(DRI)is one of typical low-carbon and clean charges,which can effectively make up for the adverse effects caused by the lack of scrap.The physical and chemical properties,classifications,and production technologies of DRI are firstly reviewed.In particular,the reducing gas types,reduction temperature,and reduction mechanism of the DRI production with gas-based shaft furnace(SF)technology are detailed.Considering the crucial role played by DRI application in EAF,the influences of DRI addition on EAF smelting rules and operations including the blending and charging process,heat transfer and melting in molten bath,slag formation operation,refractory corrosion,and slag system evolution are then further discussed.Finally,the comparative analysis and assessment of the consumption level of material and energy as well as the cleaner production both covering the clean chemical composition of molten steel and the clean environment impact in EAF steelmaking with DRI charged are conducted.From perspectives of metallurgical process engineering,a suitable route of hydrogen generation and application(from coke oven gas,methanol,and clean energy power),CO_(2) capture and utilization integrated with SF–EAF process is proposed.In view of the difficulties in large-scale DRI application in EAF,the follow-up work should focus on the investigation of DRI charging and melting,slag system evolution and molten pool reaction rules,as well as the developments of the DRI standardized use technology and intelligent batching and control models.
