The endoplasmic reticulum is a key site for protein production and quality control.More than one-third of proteins are synthesized and folded into the correct three-dimensional conformation in the endoplasmic reticulu...The endoplasmic reticulum is a key site for protein production and quality control.More than one-third of proteins are synthesized and folded into the correct three-dimensional conformation in the endoplasmic reticulum.However,during protein folding,unfolded and/or misfolded proteins are prone to occur,which may lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress.Organisms can monitor the quality of the proteins produced by endoplasmic reticulum quality control(ERQC)and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation(ERAD),which maintain endoplasmic reticulum protein homeostasis by degrading abnormally folded proteins.The underlying mechanisms of protein folding and ERAD in mammals have not yet been fully explored.Therefore,this paper reviews the process and function of protein folding and ERAD in mammalian cells,in order to help clinicians better understand the mechanism of ERAD and to provide a scientific reference for the treatment of diseases caused by abnormal ERAD.展开更多
A carbon‐doped TiO2/fly ash support(C‐TiO2/FAS)composite photocatalyst was successfully synthesized through sol impregnation and subsequent carbonization.The carbon dopants were derived from the organic species gene...A carbon‐doped TiO2/fly ash support(C‐TiO2/FAS)composite photocatalyst was successfully synthesized through sol impregnation and subsequent carbonization.The carbon dopants were derived from the organic species generated during the synthesis of the C‐TiO2/FAS composite.A series of analytical techniques,such as scanning electron microscopy(SEM),attenuated total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared(ATR‐FTIR)spectroscopy,X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and ultraviolet‐visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(UV‐Vis DRS),were used to characterize the properties of the prepared samples.The results indicated that C‐TiO2 was successfully coated on the FAS surface.Coupling between C‐TiO2 and FAS resulted in the formation of Si–O–C and Al–O–Ti bonds at their interface.The formation of Si–O–C and Al–O–Ti bonds gave rise to a positive shift of the valence band edge of C‐TiO2 and enhanced its oxidation capability of photogenerated holes as well as photodegradation efficiency of methyl orange.Moreover,the C‐TiO2/FAS photocatalyst exhibited favorable reusability and separability.This work may provide a new route for tuning the electronic band structure of TiO2.展开更多
We experimentally demonstrate a qubit-efficient variational quantum eigensolver(VQE)algorithm using a superconducting quantum processor,employing minimal quantum resources with only a transmon qubit coupled to a high-...We experimentally demonstrate a qubit-efficient variational quantum eigensolver(VQE)algorithm using a superconducting quantum processor,employing minimal quantum resources with only a transmon qubit coupled to a high-coherence photonic qubit.By leveraging matrix product states to compress the quantum state representation,we simulate an N+1-spin circular Ising model with a transverse field.Furthermore,we develop an analog error mitigation approach through zero-noise extrapolation by introducing a precise noise injection technique for the transmon qubit.As a validation,we apply our error-mitigated qubit-efficient VQE in determining the ground state energies of a 4-spin Ising model.Our results demonstrate the feasibility of performing quantum algorithms with minimal quantum resources while effectively mitigating the impact of noise,offering a promising pathway to bridge the gap between theoretical advances and practical implementations on current noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices.展开更多
Interfacial conjugation was employed to engineering preparation of TiO2@NH2-MIL-101(Fe)heterojunction photocataysts through carboxylate bidentate linkage with TiO2 and NH2-MIL-101(Fe),which can enhance the electron tr...Interfacial conjugation was employed to engineering preparation of TiO2@NH2-MIL-101(Fe)heterojunction photocataysts through carboxylate bidentate linkage with TiO2 and NH2-MIL-101(Fe),which can enhance the electron transfer capability from metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)to TiO2 and photocatalytic activity.The carbon nanospheres derived from glucose act as reducing agent and template to synthesize oxygen vacancies TiO2 hollow nanospheres.Then,the oxygen vacancies were employed as antennas to connect 2-aminoterephtalic acid as bidentate carboxylate chelating linkage on TiO2,which have been proved by the density functional theory(DFT)calculations.Subsequently,NH2-MIL-101(Fe)was coordinatingly formed on the surface of TiO2.The conjugation effects between TiO2 and NH2-MIL-101(Fe)enhanced the electron transfer capability and could also induce the band tail states to narrow bandgap of the composites.Thus,the photodegradability of methylene blue was remarkably enhanced under visible light irradiation.The degradation rate of TiO2@17%NH2-MIL-101(Fe)was 0.131 min-1,which was about 3.5 and 65 times higher than that of NH2-MIL-101(Fe)and TiO2,respectively.展开更多
Universal control of quantum systems is a major goal to be achieved for quantum information processing,which demands thorough understanding of fundamental quantum mechanics and promises applications of quantum technol...Universal control of quantum systems is a major goal to be achieved for quantum information processing,which demands thorough understanding of fundamental quantum mechanics and promises applications of quantum technologies. So far, most studies concentrate on ideally isolated quantum systems governed by unitary evolutions, while practical quantum systems are open and described by quantum channels due to their inevitable coupling to environment. Here, we experimentally simulate arbitrary quantum channels for an open quantum system, i.e. a single photonic qubit in a superconducting quantum circuit.The arbitrary channel simulation is achieved with minimum resource of only one ancilla qubit and measurement-based adaptive control. By repetitively implementing the quantum channel simulation,we realize an arbitrary Liouvillian for a continuous evolution of an open quantum system for the first time. Our experiment provides not only a testbed for understanding quantum noise and decoherence,but also a powerful tool for full control of practical open quantum systems.展开更多
Quantum information is vulnerable to environmental noise and experimental imperfections,hindering the reli-ability of practical quantum information processors.Therefore,quantum error correction(QEC)that can pro-tect q...Quantum information is vulnerable to environmental noise and experimental imperfections,hindering the reli-ability of practical quantum information processors.Therefore,quantum error correction(QEC)that can pro-tect quantum information against noise is vital for universal and scalable quantum computation.Among many different experimental platforms,superconducting quantum circuits and bosonic encodings in superconducting microwave modes are appealing for their unprecedented potential in QEC.During the last few years,bosonic QEC is demonstrated to reach the break-even point,i.e.the lifetime of a logical qubit is enhanced to exceed that of any individual components composing the experimental system.Beyond that,universal gate sets and fault-tolerant operations on the bosonic codes are also realized,pushing quantum information processing towards the QEC era.In this article,we review the recent progress of the bosonic codes,including the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill codes,cat codes,and binomial codes,and discuss the opportunities of bosonic codes in various quantum applications,ranging from fault-tolerant quantum computation to quantum metrology.We also summarize the challenges associated with the bosonic codes and provide an outlook for the potential research directions in the long terms.展开更多
Bilayer graphene provides a versatile platform for exploring a variety of intriguing phenomena and shows much promise for applications in electronics,optoelectronics,etc.Controlled growth of large-area bilayer graphen...Bilayer graphene provides a versatile platform for exploring a variety of intriguing phenomena and shows much promise for applications in electronics,optoelectronics,etc.Controlled growth of large-area bilayer graphene is therefore highly desired yet still suffers from a slow growth rate and poor layer uniformity.Meanwhile,graphene wrinkles,including folds and ripples,form during cooling due to the thermal contraction mismatch between graphene and the metal substrates,and have been far from suppressed or eliminated,especially in bilayer graphene,which would greatly degrade the extraordinary properties of graphene.Here we report the ultrafast growth of wafer-scale fold-free bilayer graphene by chemical vapor deposition.Through well-tuning the alloy thickness and strain regulation of the single-crystal CuNi(111)/sapphire,the full coverage of a 2-inch fold-free bilayer graphene wafer via mainly isothermal segregation has been achieved as fast as 30 s.The tensile-strained CuNi(111)film reduces the thermal contraction mismatch and suppresses the formation of graphene folds during cooling,which is directly observed through in situ optical microscopy.The ultraflat bilayer graphene exhibits wafer-scale uniformity in electrical performance and enhanced mechanical property comparable to the exfoliated ones.Our results offer a promising route for largescale production of bilayer graphene and enable its various applications.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82071762)the Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance(Shanghai University of Sport)(No.11DZ2261100)the 2021 Capacity Building of Shanghai Universities(No.21010503600),China。
文摘The endoplasmic reticulum is a key site for protein production and quality control.More than one-third of proteins are synthesized and folded into the correct three-dimensional conformation in the endoplasmic reticulum.However,during protein folding,unfolded and/or misfolded proteins are prone to occur,which may lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress.Organisms can monitor the quality of the proteins produced by endoplasmic reticulum quality control(ERQC)and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation(ERAD),which maintain endoplasmic reticulum protein homeostasis by degrading abnormally folded proteins.The underlying mechanisms of protein folding and ERAD in mammals have not yet been fully explored.Therefore,this paper reviews the process and function of protein folding and ERAD in mammalian cells,in order to help clinicians better understand the mechanism of ERAD and to provide a scientific reference for the treatment of diseases caused by abnormal ERAD.
文摘A carbon‐doped TiO2/fly ash support(C‐TiO2/FAS)composite photocatalyst was successfully synthesized through sol impregnation and subsequent carbonization.The carbon dopants were derived from the organic species generated during the synthesis of the C‐TiO2/FAS composite.A series of analytical techniques,such as scanning electron microscopy(SEM),attenuated total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared(ATR‐FTIR)spectroscopy,X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and ultraviolet‐visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(UV‐Vis DRS),were used to characterize the properties of the prepared samples.The results indicated that C‐TiO2 was successfully coated on the FAS surface.Coupling between C‐TiO2 and FAS resulted in the formation of Si–O–C and Al–O–Ti bonds at their interface.The formation of Si–O–C and Al–O–Ti bonds gave rise to a positive shift of the valence band edge of C‐TiO2 and enhanced its oxidation capability of photogenerated holes as well as photodegradation efficiency of methyl orange.Moreover,the C‐TiO2/FAS photocatalyst exhibited favorable reusability and separability.This work may provide a new route for tuning the electronic band structure of TiO2.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12172005,11988102,and 11890681)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFB3806100 and 2020YFE0204200).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants Nos.11925404,92165209,92365301,92265210,11890704,92365206,12474498,T2225018,92270107,12188101,T2121001,and 62173201)the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(Grant Nos.2021ZD0300200,and 2021ZD0301800)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program(Grants No.2017YFA0304303)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesUSTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative。
文摘We experimentally demonstrate a qubit-efficient variational quantum eigensolver(VQE)algorithm using a superconducting quantum processor,employing minimal quantum resources with only a transmon qubit coupled to a high-coherence photonic qubit.By leveraging matrix product states to compress the quantum state representation,we simulate an N+1-spin circular Ising model with a transverse field.Furthermore,we develop an analog error mitigation approach through zero-noise extrapolation by introducing a precise noise injection technique for the transmon qubit.As a validation,we apply our error-mitigated qubit-efficient VQE in determining the ground state energies of a 4-spin Ising model.Our results demonstrate the feasibility of performing quantum algorithms with minimal quantum resources while effectively mitigating the impact of noise,offering a promising pathway to bridge the gap between theoretical advances and practical implementations on current noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51572022 and 51872025)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016 YFB0701100)the National Key Research and Development H863 Program of China(18H86303ZT0032702)。
文摘Interfacial conjugation was employed to engineering preparation of TiO2@NH2-MIL-101(Fe)heterojunction photocataysts through carboxylate bidentate linkage with TiO2 and NH2-MIL-101(Fe),which can enhance the electron transfer capability from metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)to TiO2 and photocatalytic activity.The carbon nanospheres derived from glucose act as reducing agent and template to synthesize oxygen vacancies TiO2 hollow nanospheres.Then,the oxygen vacancies were employed as antennas to connect 2-aminoterephtalic acid as bidentate carboxylate chelating linkage on TiO2,which have been proved by the density functional theory(DFT)calculations.Subsequently,NH2-MIL-101(Fe)was coordinatingly formed on the surface of TiO2.The conjugation effects between TiO2 and NH2-MIL-101(Fe)enhanced the electron transfer capability and could also induce the band tail states to narrow bandgap of the composites.Thus,the photodegradability of methylene blue was remarkably enhanced under visible light irradiation.The degradation rate of TiO2@17%NH2-MIL-101(Fe)was 0.131 min-1,which was about 3.5 and 65 times higher than that of NH2-MIL-101(Fe)and TiO2,respectively.
基金the support from National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0304303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11474177)C.L. Zou is supported by Anhui Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies (AHY130000)
文摘Universal control of quantum systems is a major goal to be achieved for quantum information processing,which demands thorough understanding of fundamental quantum mechanics and promises applications of quantum technologies. So far, most studies concentrate on ideally isolated quantum systems governed by unitary evolutions, while practical quantum systems are open and described by quantum channels due to their inevitable coupling to environment. Here, we experimentally simulate arbitrary quantum channels for an open quantum system, i.e. a single photonic qubit in a superconducting quantum circuit.The arbitrary channel simulation is achieved with minimum resource of only one ancilla qubit and measurement-based adaptive control. By repetitively implementing the quantum channel simulation,we realize an arbitrary Liouvillian for a continuous evolution of an open quantum system for the first time. Our experiment provides not only a testbed for understanding quantum noise and decoherence,but also a powerful tool for full control of practical open quantum systems.
基金This work was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0304303)the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11925404 and 11874235,11874342 and 11922411)+1 种基金Anhui Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies(AHY130200)a grant from the Institute for Guo Qiang(No.2019GQG1024),Tsinghua University.
文摘Quantum information is vulnerable to environmental noise and experimental imperfections,hindering the reli-ability of practical quantum information processors.Therefore,quantum error correction(QEC)that can pro-tect quantum information against noise is vital for universal and scalable quantum computation.Among many different experimental platforms,superconducting quantum circuits and bosonic encodings in superconducting microwave modes are appealing for their unprecedented potential in QEC.During the last few years,bosonic QEC is demonstrated to reach the break-even point,i.e.the lifetime of a logical qubit is enhanced to exceed that of any individual components composing the experimental system.Beyond that,universal gate sets and fault-tolerant operations on the bosonic codes are also realized,pushing quantum information processing towards the QEC era.In this article,we review the recent progress of the bosonic codes,including the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill codes,cat codes,and binomial codes,and discuss the opportunities of bosonic codes in various quantum applications,ranging from fault-tolerant quantum computation to quantum metrology.We also summarize the challenges associated with the bosonic codes and provide an outlook for the potential research directions in the long terms.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52021006,T2188101,and 22105009)Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences(No.BNLMSCXTD-202001)+1 种基金the Tencent Foundation(No.XPLORER PRIZE)We acknowledge Molecular Materials and Nanofabrication Laboratory(MMNL)in the College of Chemistry at Peking University for the use of instruments.
文摘Bilayer graphene provides a versatile platform for exploring a variety of intriguing phenomena and shows much promise for applications in electronics,optoelectronics,etc.Controlled growth of large-area bilayer graphene is therefore highly desired yet still suffers from a slow growth rate and poor layer uniformity.Meanwhile,graphene wrinkles,including folds and ripples,form during cooling due to the thermal contraction mismatch between graphene and the metal substrates,and have been far from suppressed or eliminated,especially in bilayer graphene,which would greatly degrade the extraordinary properties of graphene.Here we report the ultrafast growth of wafer-scale fold-free bilayer graphene by chemical vapor deposition.Through well-tuning the alloy thickness and strain regulation of the single-crystal CuNi(111)/sapphire,the full coverage of a 2-inch fold-free bilayer graphene wafer via mainly isothermal segregation has been achieved as fast as 30 s.The tensile-strained CuNi(111)film reduces the thermal contraction mismatch and suppresses the formation of graphene folds during cooling,which is directly observed through in situ optical microscopy.The ultraflat bilayer graphene exhibits wafer-scale uniformity in electrical performance and enhanced mechanical property comparable to the exfoliated ones.Our results offer a promising route for largescale production of bilayer graphene and enable its various applications.
