T-cell activation requires the formation of the immunological sy napse(IS)bet ween a T-cll and anantigen-presenting cell(AP C)to control the development of the adaptive immune response.How-ever,calcium release,an init...T-cell activation requires the formation of the immunological sy napse(IS)bet ween a T-cll and anantigen-presenting cell(AP C)to control the development of the adaptive immune response.How-ever,calcium release,an initial signal of T-cell activation,has been found to occur before IS for-mation.The mechanism for triggering the calcium signaling and relationship bet ween calciumrelease and IS format ion remains unclear.Herein,using live-cell imaging,we found that int ercellularadhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1),an essential mdlecule for IS formation,accumulated and then wasdepleted at the center of the synapse before complete IS formation.During the proces of ICAM1depletion,calcium was released.if ICAM-1 failed to be depleted from the center of the synapse,thesustained calcium signaling could not be induced.Moreover,depletion of ICAM-1 in ISs preferen-tially ccurred with the contact of antigen-specific T-cels and dendritic clls(DCs).Blocking thebinding ofICA M-1 and lymphocy te finction-associated antigen 1(LFA-1),ICAM-1 failed to depleteat the center of the synapse,and calcium release in T-clls decreased.In studying the mechanism ofhow the depletion ofiCA M1 could influence calcium release in T-clls,we found that the movementof ICAM-1 was associat ed with the localization of LFA-1 in the IS,which afected the localization ofcalcium microdomains,ORAIl and mitochondria in IS.Therefore,the depletion of ICAM-1 in the center of the synapse is an important factor for an initial sust ained calcium release in T-cells.展开更多
Freeform surfaces are difficult to manufacture due to their lack of rotational symmetry. To reduce the requirements for manufacturing precision, a design method is proposed for freeform reflective-imaging systems with...Freeform surfaces are difficult to manufacture due to their lack of rotational symmetry. To reduce the requirements for manufacturing precision, a design method is proposed for freeform reflective-imaging systems with low surfacefigure-error sensitivity. The method considers both the surface-figure-error sensitivity and optical specifications,which can design initial systems insensitive to surface figure errors. Design starts with an initial planar system;the surface-figure-error sensitivity of the system is reduced during construction. The proposed method and another that is irrelevant to figure-error sensitivity are used to design a freeform off-axis three-mirror imaging system.Comparison of the sensitivities of the two systems indicates the superiority of our proposed method.展开更多
Although spatial charge separation between different facets of semiconductor crystals has been recognized as a general strategy in photocatalysis, the vital role of crystal morphology symmetry in charge separation pro...Although spatial charge separation between different facets of semiconductor crystals has been recognized as a general strategy in photocatalysis, the vital role of crystal morphology symmetry in charge separation properties still remains elusive. Herein,taking monoclinic bismuth vanadate(BiVO_(4)) as a platform, we found distinct charge separation difference via rationally tailoring the morphology symmetry from octahedral to truncated octahedral crystals. For octahedral BiVO_(4), photogenerated electrons and holes can be separated between edges and quasi-equivalent facets. However, as for truncated octahedral crystals,photogenerated electrons tend to transfer to {010} facets while photogenerated holes prefer to accumulate on {120} facets, thus realizing the spatial separation of photogenerated charge between different facets. Morphology tailoring of BiVO_(4) crystals leads to a significantly improved photogenerated charge separation efficiency and photocatalytic water oxidation activity. The built-in electric field for driving the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes is considered to be modulated by tuning the morphology symmetry of BiVO_(4) crystals. This work discloses the significant roles of morphology symmetry in photogenerated charge separation and facilitates the rational design of artificial photocatalysts.展开更多
With the dramatic developments of renewable and environmental-friendly electrochemical energy conversion systems,there is an urgent need to fabricate durable and efficient electrocatalysts to address the limitation of...With the dramatic developments of renewable and environmental-friendly electrochemical energy conversion systems,there is an urgent need to fabricate durable and efficient electrocatalysts to address the limitation of high overpotentials exceeding thermodynamic requirements to facilitate practical applications.Recently,tellurium-based nanomaterials(Te NMs)with unique chemical,electronic,and topological properties,including Te-derived nanostructures and transition metal tellurides(TMTs),have emerged as one of the most promising electrocatalytic materials.In the absence of comprehensive and guiding reviews,this review comprehensively summarizes the main advances in designing emerging Te NMs for electrocatalysis.First,the engineering strategies and principles of Te NMs to enhance their electrocatalytic activity and stability from the nanostructures to the catalytic atoms are discussed in detail,especially on the chemical/physical/multiplex templating strategies,heteroatom doping,vacancy/defect engineering,phase engineering,and the corresponding mechanisms and structure-performance correlations.Then,typical applications of Te NMs in electrocatalysis are also discussed in detail.Finally,the existing key issues and main challenges of Te NMs for electrocatalysis are highlighted,and the development trend of Te NMs as electrocatalysts is expounded.This review provides new concepts to guide future directions for developing Te NMs-based electrocatalysts,thereby promoting their future wide applications in electrochemical energy systems.展开更多
Aquaculture has rapidly developed into one of the most fast-expanding food industries,providing an essential source of protein for humanity worldwide.The rapid growth of the aquaculture industry is closely associated ...Aquaculture has rapidly developed into one of the most fast-expanding food industries,providing an essential source of protein for humanity worldwide.The rapid growth of the aquaculture industry is closely associated with the crucial role of antimicrobials in the prevention and treatment of animal diseases.Nevertheless,the irrational utilization of antimicrobials gives rise to the emergence of pathogen resistance,which poses a potential threat to human health and environmental sustainability.This issue has garnered considerable attention from international organizations and has escalated into a global public health crisis that requires urgent intervention.This paper undertakes a review of the sources of antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture,drawing on data from Microbial Browser for Identification of Genetic and Genomic Elements(MicroBIGG-E)and related literature.The characteristics and distribution patterns of drug resistance genes in pathogenic bacteria of diseased aquatic animals and food-borne bacteria of contaminated aquatic products were elaborated in detail.The emergence of resistant aquatic bacteria is not solely attributable to the utilization of antimicrobials in aquaculture,but rather is closely related to human social activities.Diverse antimicrobial resistance genes related to tetracyclines,aminoglycosides,β-lactams,quinolones,sulfonamides,and amphenicols that coexist in foodborne pathogens might contribute to multidrug resistance in aquaculture.This review also evaluates the potential risks of antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture with respect to human health,food safety,and ecological balance.Government entities,research institutions,and private companies are adopting proactive measures and initiating specific strategies to alleviate the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance,thereby enhancing human and animal health as well as ecological sustainability.展开更多
基金supported by the National Major Scientic Research Program of China(Grant No.2011CB910404)the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61227017,31400772 and 81273215)+3 种基金the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.61425006)the grants of the Project for Laureate of Taishan Scholar(Grant No.ts201511075)the Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences,the Projects of medical and health technology development program in Shandong province(No.2015WS0194)the science and technology program from Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences(No.2015-25).
文摘T-cell activation requires the formation of the immunological sy napse(IS)bet ween a T-cll and anantigen-presenting cell(AP C)to control the development of the adaptive immune response.How-ever,calcium release,an initial signal of T-cell activation,has been found to occur before IS for-mation.The mechanism for triggering the calcium signaling and relationship bet ween calciumrelease and IS format ion remains unclear.Herein,using live-cell imaging,we found that int ercellularadhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1),an essential mdlecule for IS formation,accumulated and then wasdepleted at the center of the synapse before complete IS formation.During the proces of ICAM1depletion,calcium was released.if ICAM-1 failed to be depleted from the center of the synapse,thesustained calcium signaling could not be induced.Moreover,depletion of ICAM-1 in ISs preferen-tially ccurred with the contact of antigen-specific T-cels and dendritic clls(DCs).Blocking thebinding ofICA M-1 and lymphocy te finction-associated antigen 1(LFA-1),ICAM-1 failed to depleteat the center of the synapse,and calcium release in T-clls decreased.In studying the mechanism ofhow the depletion ofiCA M1 could influence calcium release in T-clls,we found that the movementof ICAM-1 was associat ed with the localization of LFA-1 in the IS,which afected the localization ofcalcium microdomains,ORAIl and mitochondria in IS.Therefore,the depletion of ICAM-1 in the center of the synapse is an important factor for an initial sust ained calcium release in T-cells.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61775116)
文摘Freeform surfaces are difficult to manufacture due to their lack of rotational symmetry. To reduce the requirements for manufacturing precision, a design method is proposed for freeform reflective-imaging systems with low surfacefigure-error sensitivity. The method considers both the surface-figure-error sensitivity and optical specifications,which can design initial systems insensitive to surface figure errors. Design starts with an initial planar system;the surface-figure-error sensitivity of the system is reduced during construction. The proposed method and another that is irrelevant to figure-error sensitivity are used to design a freeform off-axis three-mirror imaging system.Comparison of the sensitivities of the two systems indicates the superiority of our proposed method.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFA1502300)by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (20720220011)+3 种基金conducted by the Fundamental Research Center of Artificial Photosynthesis (FReCAP)financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22088102)the support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (22090033, 22272165)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Youth Talent Support Program。
文摘Although spatial charge separation between different facets of semiconductor crystals has been recognized as a general strategy in photocatalysis, the vital role of crystal morphology symmetry in charge separation properties still remains elusive. Herein,taking monoclinic bismuth vanadate(BiVO_(4)) as a platform, we found distinct charge separation difference via rationally tailoring the morphology symmetry from octahedral to truncated octahedral crystals. For octahedral BiVO_(4), photogenerated electrons and holes can be separated between edges and quasi-equivalent facets. However, as for truncated octahedral crystals,photogenerated electrons tend to transfer to {010} facets while photogenerated holes prefer to accumulate on {120} facets, thus realizing the spatial separation of photogenerated charge between different facets. Morphology tailoring of BiVO_(4) crystals leads to a significantly improved photogenerated charge separation efficiency and photocatalytic water oxidation activity. The built-in electric field for driving the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes is considered to be modulated by tuning the morphology symmetry of BiVO_(4) crystals. This work discloses the significant roles of morphology symmetry in photogenerated charge separation and facilitates the rational design of artificial photocatalysts.
基金Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province,Grant/Award Numbers:2022YFH0042,2022YFH0088,2022YFH0111,2022YFH0112National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:82001829,52161145402,52173133+1 种基金State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering,Grant/Award Number:sklpme2021-4-02Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘With the dramatic developments of renewable and environmental-friendly electrochemical energy conversion systems,there is an urgent need to fabricate durable and efficient electrocatalysts to address the limitation of high overpotentials exceeding thermodynamic requirements to facilitate practical applications.Recently,tellurium-based nanomaterials(Te NMs)with unique chemical,electronic,and topological properties,including Te-derived nanostructures and transition metal tellurides(TMTs),have emerged as one of the most promising electrocatalytic materials.In the absence of comprehensive and guiding reviews,this review comprehensively summarizes the main advances in designing emerging Te NMs for electrocatalysis.First,the engineering strategies and principles of Te NMs to enhance their electrocatalytic activity and stability from the nanostructures to the catalytic atoms are discussed in detail,especially on the chemical/physical/multiplex templating strategies,heteroatom doping,vacancy/defect engineering,phase engineering,and the corresponding mechanisms and structure-performance correlations.Then,typical applications of Te NMs in electrocatalysis are also discussed in detail.Finally,the existing key issues and main challenges of Te NMs for electrocatalysis are highlighted,and the development trend of Te NMs as electrocatalysts is expounded.This review provides new concepts to guide future directions for developing Te NMs-based electrocatalysts,thereby promoting their future wide applications in electrochemical energy systems.
基金funded by Guangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project(Grant No.2023B03J1305)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,CAFS(2023TD48 and 2022GH04).
文摘Aquaculture has rapidly developed into one of the most fast-expanding food industries,providing an essential source of protein for humanity worldwide.The rapid growth of the aquaculture industry is closely associated with the crucial role of antimicrobials in the prevention and treatment of animal diseases.Nevertheless,the irrational utilization of antimicrobials gives rise to the emergence of pathogen resistance,which poses a potential threat to human health and environmental sustainability.This issue has garnered considerable attention from international organizations and has escalated into a global public health crisis that requires urgent intervention.This paper undertakes a review of the sources of antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture,drawing on data from Microbial Browser for Identification of Genetic and Genomic Elements(MicroBIGG-E)and related literature.The characteristics and distribution patterns of drug resistance genes in pathogenic bacteria of diseased aquatic animals and food-borne bacteria of contaminated aquatic products were elaborated in detail.The emergence of resistant aquatic bacteria is not solely attributable to the utilization of antimicrobials in aquaculture,but rather is closely related to human social activities.Diverse antimicrobial resistance genes related to tetracyclines,aminoglycosides,β-lactams,quinolones,sulfonamides,and amphenicols that coexist in foodborne pathogens might contribute to multidrug resistance in aquaculture.This review also evaluates the potential risks of antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture with respect to human health,food safety,and ecological balance.Government entities,research institutions,and private companies are adopting proactive measures and initiating specific strategies to alleviate the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance,thereby enhancing human and animal health as well as ecological sustainability.
