Photocatalysis is considered as one of the most promising technologies to generate renewable energy and degrade environmental pollutants.Tremendous efforts have been made to improve photocatalytic efficiency.Among the...Photocatalysis is considered as one of the most promising technologies to generate renewable energy and degrade environmental pollutants.Tremendous efforts have been made to improve photocatalytic efficiency.Among these,tuning spin polarization and introducing an external magnetic field are considered two promising strategies to boost photocatalytic performance.Herein this review highlights the recent breakthroughs through manipulating spin states and applying external magnetic fields for enhancing photocatalytic reactions.The relevant characterization techniques and fundamental mechanisms are summarized.Spin polarization states of photocatalysts have received considerable attention due to their unique roles,including inhibiting the recombination of photoexcited carriers owing to spin orientation constraint,enhancing the reaction product selectivity,and reducing the reaction barriers via optimizing the absorption energy and binding strength.As for the effects of external magnetic field on photocatalytic performance,we mainly discuss the separation enhancement of photoinduced carriers under static and time-varying magnetic fields and the magneto-hydrodynamic effect of charged particles.Lastly,the negative magnetoresistance effect is discussed due to the synergistic effects of the electron spin state and an external magnetic field.These discussions in this review may provide new insights into designing new semiconductors for boosting photocatalytic performance in internal and external magnetic fields.展开更多
Rice is the staple food for more than half of the population in China.Therefore,enhancing the grain yield of rice is the core of ensuring food security.In recent decades,the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(...Rice is the staple food for more than half of the population in China.Therefore,enhancing the grain yield of rice is the core of ensuring food security.In recent decades,the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2))concentration generally increases the photosynthetic rate of rice and then the rice yield.This phenomenon is generally termed the CO_(2)fertilization effect(CFE),which plays a pivotal role in sustaining global rice yield in the context of climate change.In order to accurately understand the impact of elevated CO_(2)on rice productivity and yield,this study first presents the mechanisms of CFE impacts on rice yield at the foliar and canopy levels.Elevated CO_(2)will promote the net photosynthetic rate,reduce the stomatal conductance,and thus increase the water use efficiency.Currently,at foliar,canopy,regional and global scales,controlled experiments,process-based models and statistical attribution models are the main approaches to estimate CFE.Based on these methods,at the leaf and canopy scales,elevated CO_(2)will lead to an increase in the number of panicles per unit area and the spikelet number per panicle of rice,finally resulting in the enhancement of grain yield.State-of-the-art crop models suggested that the global averaged CFE on rice yield is about 24%per 100 ppm increase in CO_(2),albeit with large differences between different models.Rice varieties,nutrient management,water regimes,planting density and temperature are the main factors that affect the CFE.Finally,based on the existing research basis and existing problems,we proposed several future research directions including the understanding of the mechanism of CFE from the perspective of rice roots,soil microbes,key genes and rice breeding,and also the upscaling of the results from site-level to regional-and global-level through the integration between experiments and models.By systematically reviewing the response of rice physiology and yield to elevated CO_(2)using multiple methods at various scales,this study will be beneficial for the formulation of adaptive cultivation strategies to enhance the rice yield and thus to sustain global food security in the context of climate change.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61774055,51871138,and U2102212)the Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai(No.19010500400)。
文摘Photocatalysis is considered as one of the most promising technologies to generate renewable energy and degrade environmental pollutants.Tremendous efforts have been made to improve photocatalytic efficiency.Among these,tuning spin polarization and introducing an external magnetic field are considered two promising strategies to boost photocatalytic performance.Herein this review highlights the recent breakthroughs through manipulating spin states and applying external magnetic fields for enhancing photocatalytic reactions.The relevant characterization techniques and fundamental mechanisms are summarized.Spin polarization states of photocatalysts have received considerable attention due to their unique roles,including inhibiting the recombination of photoexcited carriers owing to spin orientation constraint,enhancing the reaction product selectivity,and reducing the reaction barriers via optimizing the absorption energy and binding strength.As for the effects of external magnetic field on photocatalytic performance,we mainly discuss the separation enhancement of photoinduced carriers under static and time-varying magnetic fields and the magneto-hydrodynamic effect of charged particles.Lastly,the negative magnetoresistance effect is discussed due to the synergistic effects of the electron spin state and an external magnetic field.These discussions in this review may provide new insights into designing new semiconductors for boosting photocatalytic performance in internal and external magnetic fields.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foun- dation of China ( 32322064 , 32471675, 42071050 & 32101340 )the Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars ( BK20220083 )+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Cen- tral Universities ( KJJQ2024002 )the Carbon Peak and Carbon Neu- tralization Key Science and technology Program of Suzhou (ST202228)SHW acknowledges financial support from the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program of the China Association for Science and Technol- ogy ( 2021QNRC001 ).
文摘Rice is the staple food for more than half of the population in China.Therefore,enhancing the grain yield of rice is the core of ensuring food security.In recent decades,the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2))concentration generally increases the photosynthetic rate of rice and then the rice yield.This phenomenon is generally termed the CO_(2)fertilization effect(CFE),which plays a pivotal role in sustaining global rice yield in the context of climate change.In order to accurately understand the impact of elevated CO_(2)on rice productivity and yield,this study first presents the mechanisms of CFE impacts on rice yield at the foliar and canopy levels.Elevated CO_(2)will promote the net photosynthetic rate,reduce the stomatal conductance,and thus increase the water use efficiency.Currently,at foliar,canopy,regional and global scales,controlled experiments,process-based models and statistical attribution models are the main approaches to estimate CFE.Based on these methods,at the leaf and canopy scales,elevated CO_(2)will lead to an increase in the number of panicles per unit area and the spikelet number per panicle of rice,finally resulting in the enhancement of grain yield.State-of-the-art crop models suggested that the global averaged CFE on rice yield is about 24%per 100 ppm increase in CO_(2),albeit with large differences between different models.Rice varieties,nutrient management,water regimes,planting density and temperature are the main factors that affect the CFE.Finally,based on the existing research basis and existing problems,we proposed several future research directions including the understanding of the mechanism of CFE from the perspective of rice roots,soil microbes,key genes and rice breeding,and also the upscaling of the results from site-level to regional-and global-level through the integration between experiments and models.By systematically reviewing the response of rice physiology and yield to elevated CO_(2)using multiple methods at various scales,this study will be beneficial for the formulation of adaptive cultivation strategies to enhance the rice yield and thus to sustain global food security in the context of climate change.
