Purpose The High Energy Photon Source(HEPS)is designed to be one of the world’s brightest synchrotron light sources.In this paper,we provide an overview of the initial commissioning process of the HEPS storage ring,f...Purpose The High Energy Photon Source(HEPS)is designed to be one of the world’s brightest synchrotron light sources.In this paper,we provide an overview of the initial commissioning process of the HEPS storage ring,from the start of commissioning to the achievement of the first beam storage.We introduce the possible challenges that may arise during this critical phase of commissioning and detail the efforts made to achieve this important milestone in the HEPS storage ring commissioning.Methods The commissioning process began with transportation through the high-energy transfer line BR(Booster-to-Ring),followed by beam injection and the first-turn transportation.This was followed by iterative trajectory correction and optimization,primarily utilizing a self-developed trajectory correction program based on the independently developed high-level application framework,Pyapas.Through iterative manual adjustment of the variable parameters,we successfully advanced the beam further.Subsequently,the RF cavities and sextupole magnets were gradually powered on.Through multi-turn trajectory correction and parameters optimization in a larger variable space,beam storage in the HEPS storage ring was achieved.Results On July 23,the first beam injection and the first-turn beam transportation were achieved within a few hours of starting the storage ring commissioning.By July 29,the beam circulation exceeded 10 turns,and by August 4,the beam circulated in the storage ring more than 1000 turns.On August 6,the first beam storage in the HEPS storage ring was achieved.Furthermore,the storage ring beam current reached approximately 60 microamperes on the same day.Conclusion The successful beam storage is a significant milestone in the HEPS storage ring commissioning and a solid step toward the completion of the HEPS construction.It is hoped that the process to reach this achievement,as presented in this paper,will provide a useful reference for the commissioning of similar facilities both domestically and internationally.展开更多
Correction to:Radiation Detection Technology and Methods(2024)8:1-1105.https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-024-00463-y.In this article all authors name was missing in the springer link.It has been corrected.The original ar...Correction to:Radiation Detection Technology and Methods(2024)8:1-1105.https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-024-00463-y.In this article all authors name was missing in the springer link.It has been corrected.The original article has been corrected.展开更多
The Circular Electron Positron Collider(CEPC)is a large scientific project initiated and hosted by China,fostered through extensive collaboration with international partners.The complex comprises four accelerators:a 3...The Circular Electron Positron Collider(CEPC)is a large scientific project initiated and hosted by China,fostered through extensive collaboration with international partners.The complex comprises four accelerators:a 30 GeV Linac,a 1.1 GeV Damping Ring,a Booster capable of achieving energies up to 180 GeV,and a Collider operating at varying energy modes(Z,W,H,and tt).The Linac and Damping Ring are situated on the surface,while the subterranean Booster and Collider are housed in a 100 km circumference underground tunnel,strategically accommodating future expansion with provisions for a potential Super Proton Proton Collider(SPPC).The CEPC primarily serves as a Higgs factory.In its baseline design with synchrotron radiation(SR)power of 30 MW per beam,it can achieve a luminosity of 5×10^(34)cm^(-2)s^(-1)per interaction point(IP),resulting in an integrated luminosity of 13 ab^(-1)for two IPs over a decade,producing 2.6 million Higgs bosons.Increasing the SR power to 50 MW per beam expands the CEPC's capability to generate 4.3 million Higgs bosons,facilitating precise measurements of Higgs coupling at sub-percent levels,exceeding the precision expected from the HL-LHC by an order of magnitude.This Technical Design Report(TDR)follows the Preliminary Conceptual Design Report(Pre-CDR,2015)and the Conceptual Design Report(CDR,2018),comprehensively detailing the machine's layout,performance metrics,physical design and analysis,technical systems design,R&D and prototyping efforts,and associated civil engineering aspects.Additionally,it includes a cost estimate and a preliminary construction timeline,establishing a framework for forthcoming engineering design phase and site selection procedures.Construction is anticipated to begin around 2027-2028,pending government approval,with an estimated duration of 8 years.The commencement of experiments and data collection could potentially be initiated in the mid-2030s.展开更多
Purpose The high energy photon source(HEPS)is a diffraction-limited storage ring light source being built in China.Along with the deeper studies of booster and the evolution of the lattice design and injection scheme ...Purpose The high energy photon source(HEPS)is a diffraction-limited storage ring light source being built in China.Along with the deeper studies of booster and the evolution of the lattice design and injection scheme of the storage ring,four versions of the booster lattices have been proposed from the project proposal stage.Methods Unlike the design of the storage ring,in the booster design,more effort was made to realize stable and reliable operation rather than advanced performance.A FODO structure lattice and the"high-energy accumulation"scheme was adopted in the HEPS booster design.To find the ultimate performance of the lattice,a multi-objective genetic algorithm(MOGA)and particle swarm optimization(PSO)were used to optimize the emittance and the dynamic aperture.Results In the latest booster lattice design,the emittance was reduced to 16.3 nm rad.At the same time,the single-bunch charge limit was increased by minimizing the average vertical beta function and reducing the chromaticity.Conclusions Through multi iterations with the hardware system,the current lattice was basically frozen and can be used as a basis for related physics studies,hardware and engineering design of the booster.In the future,more detailed physical studies will be performed based on this lattice.展开更多
Purpose The high energy photon source(HEPS),a 6-GeV synchrotron radiation facility with ultralow emittance,is under construction in China.Three transfer lines are designed for HEPS.One low-energy transfer line is used...Purpose The high energy photon source(HEPS),a 6-GeV synchrotron radiation facility with ultralow emittance,is under construction in China.Three transfer lines are designed for HEPS.One low-energy transfer line is used to deliver the 500 MeV beam provided by the linac to the booster.Two high-energy transfer lines are used to connect the booster and the storage ring to realize beam accumulation in the booster at 6 GeV.Method The design of the transfer lines is closely related to the layout and optics design of the storage ring,booster and linac.Based on the physics design of the storage ring,booster and linac,the design of the transfer lines has been adjusted.Results and conclusion In this paper,the considerations and design of the latest lattice of transfer lines are described.The design satisfies the requirements of the high efficiency transmission and injection.展开更多
Purpose The physics design of the High Energy Photon Source(HEPS)was finished after many times of iteration.Hereby,the typical equilibrium electron beam parameters corresponding to the proposed two baseline operation ...Purpose The physics design of the High Energy Photon Source(HEPS)was finished after many times of iteration.Hereby,the typical equilibrium electron beam parameters corresponding to the proposed two baseline operation modes in the baseline design of HEPS are presented.Methods To compute the equilibrium parameters of the electron beam,the lattice parameters,RF parameters,and the parameters of the insertion devices(IDs)were determined first.Furthermore,it is more precise to use the full-current electron beam parameters in the estimations of the performance of the synchrotron light.Therefore,not only the single-particle dynamics but also the current-dependent collective effects need to be considered in the computations of the full-current,equilibrium parameters of the electron beam.Both analytic computations and multi-particle tracking simulations were carried out.Results The full-current,equilibrium parameters of the electron beams in the HEPS storage ring are presented in this paper.Moreover,the main beam parameters in the injector(the booster and the LINAC),corresponding to the two baseline operation modes of the storage ring,are also presented.Conclusion The typical electron beam parameters corresponding to the two baseline operation modes are given in detail in this paper.展开更多
Purpose In the extraction process from booster to storage ring(BTS)for high energy photon source(HEPS),the implementation of four pulse bump magnets plays a crucial role in creating a localized bump.This serves to eff...Purpose In the extraction process from booster to storage ring(BTS)for high energy photon source(HEPS),the implementation of four pulse bump magnets plays a crucial role in creating a localized bump.This serves to effectively reduce the upstream kicker strength and facilitate the extraction procedure.In this paper,the development of four pulse bump magnets is presented,which were meticulously designed and thoroughly discussed,taking into consideration dynamic characteristics of the pulse magnet such as magnetic field,eddy current,induced voltage,and vibration.Methods The magnetic field and eddy currents of the pulse bump magnet were calculated through simulation using OPERA/ELLEKTRA,based on the 3D model.The design of the magnet incorporated the utilization of eddy currents within the vacuum chamber to achieve improved field uniformity.Furthermore,the measurements were performed to validate the magnet's design.Results The central magnetic field,integral magnetic field,effective length,and field uniformity measured for the first magnet meet the design specifications.The temperature measurement of the first magnet indicates that the temperature in the magnet was within acceptable limits.The measurement results for the other three magnets are consistent with those of the first one.Conclusions The magnetic field performances of four pulse bump magnets meet the physical requirements for beam extraction in BTS of HEPS.Additionally,the magnets have demonstrated reliable operation during extended testing periods.展开更多
Purpose The high energy photon source(HEPS)is a 4th generation synchrotron light source under construction by the institute of high energy physics.The accelerator complex consists of a 500-MeV Linac,a full-energy sync...Purpose The high energy photon source(HEPS)is a 4th generation synchrotron light source under construction by the institute of high energy physics.The accelerator complex consists of a 500-MeV Linac,a full-energy synchrotron booster,a 6-GeV synchrotron storage ring(SR),and three e-beam transport lines for injection and extraction among accelerators.A global timing system(GTS)covers the timing needs for all accelerator,beamline,and experiment systems.The GTS is designed to coordinate the injection processes and various measurements and protections.Most systems require that the RMS jitter of the GTS signal is less than 30 ps,while the trigger jitters for the electron gun and SR injection and extraction kickers are less than 10 ps.Method The HEPS GTS is an event-based timing system based on MicroTCA.4 hardware architecture.The MicroTCA.4300 series products from the micro-research Finland Oy are implemented in the HEPS GTS system.Results and conclusions The RMS jitter,integrated from 1 Hz to 10 MHz,of the 166.6 MHz event clock is 5.489 ps.The RMS jitter of TTL outputs is less than 30 ps.This paper reports the design of the HEPS GTS,which satisfies all of the HEPS physics requirements for timing with preliminary test results shown.展开更多
Purpose The High Energy Photon Source(HEPS)is a 6 GeV diffraction-limited storage ring light source being built in China.HEPS booster ramps the beam energy from 500 MeV to 6 GeV with a repetition rate of 1 Hz.For the ...Purpose The High Energy Photon Source(HEPS)is a 6 GeV diffraction-limited storage ring light source being built in China.HEPS booster ramps the beam energy from 500 MeV to 6 GeV with a repetition rate of 1 Hz.For the beam dynamics simulations,the consideration of the fringe field effects is not ignorable.Method To this end,several methods based on one-dimensional and three-dimensional magnetic fields are used to model the dipoles and quadrupoles of booster.Results and conclusion In this paper,we evaluate the impacts of magnetic fringe field effects of dipoles and quadrupoles on the optics of the HEPS booster.展开更多
基金supported by the high-energy photon source(HEPS),a major national science and technology infrastructurethe National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11922512,12375149).
文摘Purpose The High Energy Photon Source(HEPS)is designed to be one of the world’s brightest synchrotron light sources.In this paper,we provide an overview of the initial commissioning process of the HEPS storage ring,from the start of commissioning to the achievement of the first beam storage.We introduce the possible challenges that may arise during this critical phase of commissioning and detail the efforts made to achieve this important milestone in the HEPS storage ring commissioning.Methods The commissioning process began with transportation through the high-energy transfer line BR(Booster-to-Ring),followed by beam injection and the first-turn transportation.This was followed by iterative trajectory correction and optimization,primarily utilizing a self-developed trajectory correction program based on the independently developed high-level application framework,Pyapas.Through iterative manual adjustment of the variable parameters,we successfully advanced the beam further.Subsequently,the RF cavities and sextupole magnets were gradually powered on.Through multi-turn trajectory correction and parameters optimization in a larger variable space,beam storage in the HEPS storage ring was achieved.Results On July 23,the first beam injection and the first-turn beam transportation were achieved within a few hours of starting the storage ring commissioning.By July 29,the beam circulation exceeded 10 turns,and by August 4,the beam circulated in the storage ring more than 1000 turns.On August 6,the first beam storage in the HEPS storage ring was achieved.Furthermore,the storage ring beam current reached approximately 60 microamperes on the same day.Conclusion The successful beam storage is a significant milestone in the HEPS storage ring commissioning and a solid step toward the completion of the HEPS construction.It is hoped that the process to reach this achievement,as presented in this paper,will provide a useful reference for the commissioning of similar facilities both domestically and internationally.
文摘Correction to:Radiation Detection Technology and Methods(2024)8:1-1105.https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-024-00463-y.In this article all authors name was missing in the springer link.It has been corrected.The original article has been corrected.
基金support from diverse funding sources,including the National Key Program for S&T Research and Development of the Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST),Yifang Wang's Science Studio of the Ten Thousand Talents Project,the CAS Key Foreign Cooperation Grant,the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission,the CAS Focused Science Grant,the IHEP Innovation Grant,the CAS Lead Special Training Programthe CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics,the CAS International Partnership Program,and the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams.
文摘The Circular Electron Positron Collider(CEPC)is a large scientific project initiated and hosted by China,fostered through extensive collaboration with international partners.The complex comprises four accelerators:a 30 GeV Linac,a 1.1 GeV Damping Ring,a Booster capable of achieving energies up to 180 GeV,and a Collider operating at varying energy modes(Z,W,H,and tt).The Linac and Damping Ring are situated on the surface,while the subterranean Booster and Collider are housed in a 100 km circumference underground tunnel,strategically accommodating future expansion with provisions for a potential Super Proton Proton Collider(SPPC).The CEPC primarily serves as a Higgs factory.In its baseline design with synchrotron radiation(SR)power of 30 MW per beam,it can achieve a luminosity of 5×10^(34)cm^(-2)s^(-1)per interaction point(IP),resulting in an integrated luminosity of 13 ab^(-1)for two IPs over a decade,producing 2.6 million Higgs bosons.Increasing the SR power to 50 MW per beam expands the CEPC's capability to generate 4.3 million Higgs bosons,facilitating precise measurements of Higgs coupling at sub-percent levels,exceeding the precision expected from the HL-LHC by an order of magnitude.This Technical Design Report(TDR)follows the Preliminary Conceptual Design Report(Pre-CDR,2015)and the Conceptual Design Report(CDR,2018),comprehensively detailing the machine's layout,performance metrics,physical design and analysis,technical systems design,R&D and prototyping efforts,and associated civil engineering aspects.Additionally,it includes a cost estimate and a preliminary construction timeline,establishing a framework for forthcoming engineering design phase and site selection procedures.Construction is anticipated to begin around 2027-2028,pending government approval,with an estimated duration of 8 years.The commencement of experiments and data collection could potentially be initiated in the mid-2030s.
基金supported by High Energy Photon Source(HEPS),a major national science and technol-ogy infrastructureNational Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11805217,11922512)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.Y201904).
文摘Purpose The high energy photon source(HEPS)is a diffraction-limited storage ring light source being built in China.Along with the deeper studies of booster and the evolution of the lattice design and injection scheme of the storage ring,four versions of the booster lattices have been proposed from the project proposal stage.Methods Unlike the design of the storage ring,in the booster design,more effort was made to realize stable and reliable operation rather than advanced performance.A FODO structure lattice and the"high-energy accumulation"scheme was adopted in the HEPS booster design.To find the ultimate performance of the lattice,a multi-objective genetic algorithm(MOGA)and particle swarm optimization(PSO)were used to optimize the emittance and the dynamic aperture.Results In the latest booster lattice design,the emittance was reduced to 16.3 nm rad.At the same time,the single-bunch charge limit was increased by minimizing the average vertical beta function and reducing the chromaticity.Conclusions Through multi iterations with the hardware system,the current lattice was basically frozen and can be used as a basis for related physics studies,hardware and engineering design of the booster.In the future,more detailed physical studies will be performed based on this lattice.
基金supported by high-energy photon source(HEPS),a major national science and technology infrastruc-tureNational Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11805217,11922512)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.Y201904)
文摘Purpose The high energy photon source(HEPS),a 6-GeV synchrotron radiation facility with ultralow emittance,is under construction in China.Three transfer lines are designed for HEPS.One low-energy transfer line is used to deliver the 500 MeV beam provided by the linac to the booster.Two high-energy transfer lines are used to connect the booster and the storage ring to realize beam accumulation in the booster at 6 GeV.Method The design of the transfer lines is closely related to the layout and optics design of the storage ring,booster and linac.Based on the physics design of the storage ring,booster and linac,the design of the transfer lines has been adjusted.Results and conclusion In this paper,the considerations and design of the latest lattice of transfer lines are described.The design satisfies the requirements of the high efficiency transmission and injection.
基金supported by the High Energy Photon Source(HEPS),a major national science and technology infrastructurethe National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11922512).
文摘Purpose The physics design of the High Energy Photon Source(HEPS)was finished after many times of iteration.Hereby,the typical equilibrium electron beam parameters corresponding to the proposed two baseline operation modes in the baseline design of HEPS are presented.Methods To compute the equilibrium parameters of the electron beam,the lattice parameters,RF parameters,and the parameters of the insertion devices(IDs)were determined first.Furthermore,it is more precise to use the full-current electron beam parameters in the estimations of the performance of the synchrotron light.Therefore,not only the single-particle dynamics but also the current-dependent collective effects need to be considered in the computations of the full-current,equilibrium parameters of the electron beam.Both analytic computations and multi-particle tracking simulations were carried out.Results The full-current,equilibrium parameters of the electron beams in the HEPS storage ring are presented in this paper.Moreover,the main beam parameters in the injector(the booster and the LINAC),corresponding to the two baseline operation modes of the storage ring,are also presented.Conclusion The typical electron beam parameters corresponding to the two baseline operation modes are given in detail in this paper.
文摘Purpose In the extraction process from booster to storage ring(BTS)for high energy photon source(HEPS),the implementation of four pulse bump magnets plays a crucial role in creating a localized bump.This serves to effectively reduce the upstream kicker strength and facilitate the extraction procedure.In this paper,the development of four pulse bump magnets is presented,which were meticulously designed and thoroughly discussed,taking into consideration dynamic characteristics of the pulse magnet such as magnetic field,eddy current,induced voltage,and vibration.Methods The magnetic field and eddy currents of the pulse bump magnet were calculated through simulation using OPERA/ELLEKTRA,based on the 3D model.The design of the magnet incorporated the utilization of eddy currents within the vacuum chamber to achieve improved field uniformity.Furthermore,the measurements were performed to validate the magnet's design.Results The central magnetic field,integral magnetic field,effective length,and field uniformity measured for the first magnet meet the design specifications.The temperature measurement of the first magnet indicates that the temperature in the magnet was within acceptable limits.The measurement results for the other three magnets are consistent with those of the first one.Conclusions The magnetic field performances of four pulse bump magnets meet the physical requirements for beam extraction in BTS of HEPS.Additionally,the magnets have demonstrated reliable operation during extended testing periods.
基金This work was supported by the High Energy Photon Source(HEPS)project,a major national science and technology infrastructure in Chinasupported by the fund of JSQ2018ZZ03 of the Key Laboratory of Particle Acceleration Physics&Technology,Institute of High Energy Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(2019016).
文摘Purpose The high energy photon source(HEPS)is a 4th generation synchrotron light source under construction by the institute of high energy physics.The accelerator complex consists of a 500-MeV Linac,a full-energy synchrotron booster,a 6-GeV synchrotron storage ring(SR),and three e-beam transport lines for injection and extraction among accelerators.A global timing system(GTS)covers the timing needs for all accelerator,beamline,and experiment systems.The GTS is designed to coordinate the injection processes and various measurements and protections.Most systems require that the RMS jitter of the GTS signal is less than 30 ps,while the trigger jitters for the electron gun and SR injection and extraction kickers are less than 10 ps.Method The HEPS GTS is an event-based timing system based on MicroTCA.4 hardware architecture.The MicroTCA.4300 series products from the micro-research Finland Oy are implemented in the HEPS GTS system.Results and conclusions The RMS jitter,integrated from 1 Hz to 10 MHz,of the 166.6 MHz event clock is 5.489 ps.The RMS jitter of TTL outputs is less than 30 ps.This paper reports the design of the HEPS GTS,which satisfies all of the HEPS physics requirements for timing with preliminary test results shown.
基金The authors would like to thank their colleagues in the HEPS accelerator physics system for the fruitful suggestions and comments.This work is supported by High Energy Photon Source(HEPS)a major national science and technology infrastructure,National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11922512,12275284)+1 种基金Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.Y201904)Key Laboratory of Particle Acceleration Physics and Technology,CAS(No.JSQ2021ZZ01).
文摘Purpose The High Energy Photon Source(HEPS)is a 6 GeV diffraction-limited storage ring light source being built in China.HEPS booster ramps the beam energy from 500 MeV to 6 GeV with a repetition rate of 1 Hz.For the beam dynamics simulations,the consideration of the fringe field effects is not ignorable.Method To this end,several methods based on one-dimensional and three-dimensional magnetic fields are used to model the dipoles and quadrupoles of booster.Results and conclusion In this paper,we evaluate the impacts of magnetic fringe field effects of dipoles and quadrupoles on the optics of the HEPS booster.
