This paper introduces a method for modeling the entire aggregated electric vehicle(EV)charging process and analyzing its dispatchable capabilities.The methodology involves developing a model for aggregated EV charging...This paper introduces a method for modeling the entire aggregated electric vehicle(EV)charging process and analyzing its dispatchable capabilities.The methodology involves developing a model for aggregated EV charging at the charging station level,estimating its physical dispatchable capability,determining its economic dispatchable capability under economic incentives,modeling its participation in the grid,and investigating the effects of different scenarios and EV penetration on the aggregated load dispatch and dispatchable capability.The results indicate that using economic dispatchable capability reduces charging prices by 9.7%compared to physical dispatchable capability and 9.3%compared to disorderly charging.Additionally,the peak-to-valley difference is reduced by 64.6%when applying economic dispatchable capability with 20%EV penetration and residential base load,compared to disorderly charging.展开更多
Tribocorrosion readily removes the protective corrosion product,creates new reactive corrosion sites and thus accelerates material loss in metallic materials.This is evidenced by a pronounced or gradual decline in ope...Tribocorrosion readily removes the protective corrosion product,creates new reactive corrosion sites and thus accelerates material loss in metallic materials.This is evidenced by a pronounced or gradual decline in open circuit potential(OCP)during tribocorrosion assessments.Here we report that grain refinement can not only enhance wear resistance in dry conditions,but also induce an anomalously stable OCP variation and fortify tribocorrosion resistance in ultrahigh-purity magnesium during tribocorrosion.The tribocorrosion tests revealed that the fine-grained Mg(FG-Mg)sample exhibited a wear rate(4.56×10^(−4) mm^(3)/(N m))approximately half that of the coarse-grained Mg(CG-Mg)sample(7.87×10^(−4) mm^(3)/(N m)).CG-Mg showed a gradual OCP decrease,associated with a thin,unprotective tribocorrosion layer,even thinner than that resulting from dry sliding.Conversely,FG-Mg exhibited stable OCP evolution and quasi-linear tribocorrosion kinetics over time,attributed to a thick,protective tribocorrosion layer.Transmission electron microscopy data suggest that high-diffusivity pathways for oxygen along grain boundaries at the early tribocorrosion stages facilitate the formation of a continuous,protective MgO layer and an adjacent oxidized layer with a depth-dependent oxygen content gradient,enhancing tribocorrosion resistance in FG-Mg.Our findings offer valuable insights for strategically tailoring tribocorrosion resistance by modulating the OCP variation of highly active metals and alloys.展开更多
The surge of distributed renewable energy resources has given rise to the emergence of prosumers,facilitating the low-carbon transition of distribution networks.However,flexible prosumers introduce bidirectional power...The surge of distributed renewable energy resources has given rise to the emergence of prosumers,facilitating the low-carbon transition of distribution networks.However,flexible prosumers introduce bidirectional power and carbon interaction,increasing the complexity of practical decision-making in distribution networks.To address these challenges,this paper presents a carbon-coupled network charge-guided bi-level interactive optimization method between the distribution system operator and prosumers.In the upper level,a carbon-emission responsibility settlement method that incorporates the impact of peer-to-peer(P2P)trading is proposed,based on a carbon-emission flow model and optimal power flow model,leading to the formulation of carbon-coupled network charges.In the lower level,a decentralized P2P trading mechanism is developed to achieve the clearing of energy and carbon-emission rights.Furthermore,an alternating direction method of multipliers with an adaptive penalty factor is introduced to address the equilibrium of the P2P electricity–carbon coupled market,and an improved bisection method is employed to ensure the convergence of the bi-level interaction.A case study on the modified IEEE 33-bus system demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed model and methodology.展开更多
基金State Grid Henan Power Company Science and Technology Project‘Key Technology and Demonstration Application of Multi-Domain Electric Vehicle Aggregated Charging Load Dispatch’(5217L0240003).
文摘This paper introduces a method for modeling the entire aggregated electric vehicle(EV)charging process and analyzing its dispatchable capabilities.The methodology involves developing a model for aggregated EV charging at the charging station level,estimating its physical dispatchable capability,determining its economic dispatchable capability under economic incentives,modeling its participation in the grid,and investigating the effects of different scenarios and EV penetration on the aggregated load dispatch and dispatchable capability.The results indicate that using economic dispatchable capability reduces charging prices by 9.7%compared to physical dispatchable capability and 9.3%compared to disorderly charging.Additionally,the peak-to-valley difference is reduced by 64.6%when applying economic dispatchable capability with 20%EV penetration and residential base load,compared to disorderly charging.
基金financially supported by the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China(Nos.92366201 and 52371068)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20220965)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.30923010911).
文摘Tribocorrosion readily removes the protective corrosion product,creates new reactive corrosion sites and thus accelerates material loss in metallic materials.This is evidenced by a pronounced or gradual decline in open circuit potential(OCP)during tribocorrosion assessments.Here we report that grain refinement can not only enhance wear resistance in dry conditions,but also induce an anomalously stable OCP variation and fortify tribocorrosion resistance in ultrahigh-purity magnesium during tribocorrosion.The tribocorrosion tests revealed that the fine-grained Mg(FG-Mg)sample exhibited a wear rate(4.56×10^(−4) mm^(3)/(N m))approximately half that of the coarse-grained Mg(CG-Mg)sample(7.87×10^(−4) mm^(3)/(N m)).CG-Mg showed a gradual OCP decrease,associated with a thin,unprotective tribocorrosion layer,even thinner than that resulting from dry sliding.Conversely,FG-Mg exhibited stable OCP evolution and quasi-linear tribocorrosion kinetics over time,attributed to a thick,protective tribocorrosion layer.Transmission electron microscopy data suggest that high-diffusivity pathways for oxygen along grain boundaries at the early tribocorrosion stages facilitate the formation of a continuous,protective MgO layer and an adjacent oxidized layer with a depth-dependent oxygen content gradient,enhancing tribocorrosion resistance in FG-Mg.Our findings offer valuable insights for strategically tailoring tribocorrosion resistance by modulating the OCP variation of highly active metals and alloys.
基金supported by Institutional Research Fund from Sichuan University(0-1 Innovation Research Project,2023SCUH0002)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2024YFHZ0312)+1 种基金the Chengdu Science and Technology Program(2024YF0600012HZ)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2166211 and 52177103).
文摘The surge of distributed renewable energy resources has given rise to the emergence of prosumers,facilitating the low-carbon transition of distribution networks.However,flexible prosumers introduce bidirectional power and carbon interaction,increasing the complexity of practical decision-making in distribution networks.To address these challenges,this paper presents a carbon-coupled network charge-guided bi-level interactive optimization method between the distribution system operator and prosumers.In the upper level,a carbon-emission responsibility settlement method that incorporates the impact of peer-to-peer(P2P)trading is proposed,based on a carbon-emission flow model and optimal power flow model,leading to the formulation of carbon-coupled network charges.In the lower level,a decentralized P2P trading mechanism is developed to achieve the clearing of energy and carbon-emission rights.Furthermore,an alternating direction method of multipliers with an adaptive penalty factor is introduced to address the equilibrium of the P2P electricity–carbon coupled market,and an improved bisection method is employed to ensure the convergence of the bi-level interaction.A case study on the modified IEEE 33-bus system demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed model and methodology.
