The heat content(HC)of water masses on the Ross Sea continental shelf plays an important role in regulating the circulations and the basal melting of the Ross Ice Shelf(RIS).Yet,the evolution of the HC on the Ross Sea...The heat content(HC)of water masses on the Ross Sea continental shelf plays an important role in regulating the circulations and the basal melting of the Ross Ice Shelf(RIS).Yet,the evolution of the HC on the Ross Sea continental shelf is still not clear due to the sparsity of observations.By employing a coupled regional ocean-sea ice-ice shelf model for the Ross Sea,this study analyzes the heat budget of water masses over the continental shelf and in the RIS cavity.According to the topographic features and the HC density,the continental shelf region is divided into 17 subdomains.The heat budget of the middle layer for every subdomain is analyzed.In addition,the heat budget for the RIS cavity is assessed for the first time.Owing to Modified Circumpolar Deep Water intrusion,water masses over the eastern shelf are warmer than over the western shelf,with the coldest water identified in the southwestern inner shelf.The horizontal heat flux mainly provides heat to the continental shelf,while the atmospheric forcing tends to warm up the ocean during the ice-melting period and cool down the ocean during the ice-freezing period.The vertical heat flux is generally upward and transports heat from the deep layer to the upper layer.In the RIS cavity,the seasonal cycle of the HC is dominated by the horizontal flux across the RIS front rather than the basal thermal forcing of the RIS.展开更多
The oceanic general circulations in the Ross Sea,where the southernmost ocean is located,play an important role in the climate system.Yet,the energy cycle of oceanic circulations in the Ross Sea is still unclear.By em...The oceanic general circulations in the Ross Sea,where the southernmost ocean is located,play an important role in the climate system.Yet,the energy cycle of oceanic circulations in the Ross Sea is still unclear.By employing an eddypermitting coupled regional ocean-sea ice-ice shelf model,this study investigates the oceanic energy cycle in the Ross Sea.Based on the Lorenz Energy Cycle framework,the spatiotemporal distributions of kinetic energy and available potential energy within the Ross Sea are quantitatively analyzed.The power pathways and magnitudes of energy conversion are also quantified.The simulated results show that the Mean Available Potential Energy(MAPE)is the largest energy reservoir of about 527.62 PJ(1 PJ=10^(15) J),followed by the Eddy Available Potential Energy(EAPE),the Mean Kinetic Energy(MKE),and the Eddy Kinetic Energy(EKE)of about 19.20 PJ,1.04 PJ,and 0.82 PJ,respectively.In the sub-ice-shelf cavity,the maximal MAPE is up to about 177.81 PJ,and the EAPE,MKE,and EKE are about 2.58 PJ,39.87 TJ(1 TJ=10^(12) J),and 23.05 TJ,respectively.The inputs to the regional energy reservoirs are mainly from the sea surface momentum and buoyancy fluxes.The baroclinic pathway plays a dominant role in the conversion of energy to EKE,both in the open ocean and in the sub-ice-shelf cavity.The energy conversion from EAPE to EKE in the open ocean and the sub-ice-shelf cavity is about 2.86 GW(1 GW=10^(9) J)and 162.18 MW(1 MW=10^(6) J),respectively.In addition,the kinetic energy is directed from EKE to MKE in the Ross Sea,and such an energy flow in the barotropic pathway is opposite from that in the Southern Ocean.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2024YFF0506603)the Independent Research Foundation of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) (Grant Nos. SML2023SP201 and SML2021SP306)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2024A1515012717)the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) (Grant Nos. 313021004, 313022009 and 313022001)the Program of Innovation 2030 on Smart Ocean, Zhejiang University
文摘The heat content(HC)of water masses on the Ross Sea continental shelf plays an important role in regulating the circulations and the basal melting of the Ross Ice Shelf(RIS).Yet,the evolution of the HC on the Ross Sea continental shelf is still not clear due to the sparsity of observations.By employing a coupled regional ocean-sea ice-ice shelf model for the Ross Sea,this study analyzes the heat budget of water masses over the continental shelf and in the RIS cavity.According to the topographic features and the HC density,the continental shelf region is divided into 17 subdomains.The heat budget of the middle layer for every subdomain is analyzed.In addition,the heat budget for the RIS cavity is assessed for the first time.Owing to Modified Circumpolar Deep Water intrusion,water masses over the eastern shelf are warmer than over the western shelf,with the coldest water identified in the southwestern inner shelf.The horizontal heat flux mainly provides heat to the continental shelf,while the atmospheric forcing tends to warm up the ocean during the ice-melting period and cool down the ocean during the ice-freezing period.The vertical heat flux is generally upward and transports heat from the deep layer to the upper layer.In the RIS cavity,the seasonal cycle of the HC is dominated by the horizontal flux across the RIS front rather than the basal thermal forcing of the RIS.
基金The Independent Research Foundation of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)under contract No.SML2023SP201the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China under contract No.2024A1515012717+3 种基金the Funds of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)under contract Nos 313021004 and 313022009the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41806216the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under contract No.BK20211015the Program of Innovation 2030 on Smart Ocean,Zhejiang University.
文摘The oceanic general circulations in the Ross Sea,where the southernmost ocean is located,play an important role in the climate system.Yet,the energy cycle of oceanic circulations in the Ross Sea is still unclear.By employing an eddypermitting coupled regional ocean-sea ice-ice shelf model,this study investigates the oceanic energy cycle in the Ross Sea.Based on the Lorenz Energy Cycle framework,the spatiotemporal distributions of kinetic energy and available potential energy within the Ross Sea are quantitatively analyzed.The power pathways and magnitudes of energy conversion are also quantified.The simulated results show that the Mean Available Potential Energy(MAPE)is the largest energy reservoir of about 527.62 PJ(1 PJ=10^(15) J),followed by the Eddy Available Potential Energy(EAPE),the Mean Kinetic Energy(MKE),and the Eddy Kinetic Energy(EKE)of about 19.20 PJ,1.04 PJ,and 0.82 PJ,respectively.In the sub-ice-shelf cavity,the maximal MAPE is up to about 177.81 PJ,and the EAPE,MKE,and EKE are about 2.58 PJ,39.87 TJ(1 TJ=10^(12) J),and 23.05 TJ,respectively.The inputs to the regional energy reservoirs are mainly from the sea surface momentum and buoyancy fluxes.The baroclinic pathway plays a dominant role in the conversion of energy to EKE,both in the open ocean and in the sub-ice-shelf cavity.The energy conversion from EAPE to EKE in the open ocean and the sub-ice-shelf cavity is about 2.86 GW(1 GW=10^(9) J)and 162.18 MW(1 MW=10^(6) J),respectively.In addition,the kinetic energy is directed from EKE to MKE in the Ross Sea,and such an energy flow in the barotropic pathway is opposite from that in the Southern Ocean.
