Transplant rejection remains a leading cause of graft failure after organ transplantation.Current immunosuppressive therapies can reduce acute rejection,but their lack of specificity often leads to systemic side effec...Transplant rejection remains a leading cause of graft failure after organ transplantation.Current immunosuppressive therapies can reduce acute rejection,but their lack of specificity often leads to systemic side effects and long-term complications.Therefore,novel strategies for localized and durable immune regulation are urgently needed.Nanomedicine offers a promising approach by enabling the precise delivery of therapeutic agents to specific cells or tissues involved in the rejection process.Through rational design,nanoparticles can be engineered to carry immunosuppressive molecules and selectively target transplanted organs,immune organs such as lymph nodes and spleen,or key immune cells,including dendritic cells,macrophages,and T lymphocytes.These delivery systems improve drug bioavailability,reduce off-target effects,and allow controlled or responsive drug release in complex immune environments.In this review,we summarize recent advances in nanoparticle-based interventions for transplant rejection.We discuss the design and classification of nanoparticles,delivery strategies tailored to different graft types,and therapeutic mechanisms targeting various stages and components of the immune response.Examples of both systemic and local administration routes are presented,demonstrating the versatility of nanomedicine in addressing diverse clinical scenarios.Despite encouraging progress in preclinical studies,several challenges continue to limit clinical translation.These include variability in nanoparticle behavior across species,difficulties in large-scale manufacturing,and the lack of standardized regulatory frameworks.Continued efforts in materials innovation,biological validation,and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential to fully realize the clinical potential of nanomedicine in transplantation.展开更多
Cancer is a major global health issue.Effective therapeutic strategies can prolong patients’survival and reduce the costs of treatment.Drug repurposing,which identifies new therapeutic uses for approved drugs,is a pr...Cancer is a major global health issue.Effective therapeutic strategies can prolong patients’survival and reduce the costs of treatment.Drug repurposing,which identifies new therapeutic uses for approved drugs,is a promising approach with the advantages of reducing research costs,shortening development time,and increasing efficiency and safety.Disulfiram(DSF),a Food and Drug Administration(FDA)-approved drug used to treat chronic alcoholism,has a great potential as an anticancer drug by targeting diverse human malignancies.Several studies show the antitumor effects of DSF,particularly the combination of DSF and copper(DSF/Cu),on a wide range of cancers such as glioblastoma(GBM),breast cancer,liver cancer,pancreatic cancer,and melanoma.In this review,we summarize the antitumor mechanisms of DSF/Cu,including induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)and various cell death signaling pathways,and inhibition of proteasome activity,as well as inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)signaling.Furthermore,we highlight the ability of DSF/Cu to target cancer stem cells(CSCs),which provides a new approach to prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis.Strikingly,DSF/Cu inhibits several molecular targets associated with drug resistance,and therefore it is becoming a novel option to increase the sensitivity of chemo-resistant and radio-resistant patients.Studies of DSF/Cu may shed light on its improved application to clinical tumor treatment.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(82151316,82171964,82230066,82202234,12326619)the Natural Science Foundation of Wuhan(2024040801020350)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei(2021CFA046 and 2023AFB753).
文摘Transplant rejection remains a leading cause of graft failure after organ transplantation.Current immunosuppressive therapies can reduce acute rejection,but their lack of specificity often leads to systemic side effects and long-term complications.Therefore,novel strategies for localized and durable immune regulation are urgently needed.Nanomedicine offers a promising approach by enabling the precise delivery of therapeutic agents to specific cells or tissues involved in the rejection process.Through rational design,nanoparticles can be engineered to carry immunosuppressive molecules and selectively target transplanted organs,immune organs such as lymph nodes and spleen,or key immune cells,including dendritic cells,macrophages,and T lymphocytes.These delivery systems improve drug bioavailability,reduce off-target effects,and allow controlled or responsive drug release in complex immune environments.In this review,we summarize recent advances in nanoparticle-based interventions for transplant rejection.We discuss the design and classification of nanoparticles,delivery strategies tailored to different graft types,and therapeutic mechanisms targeting various stages and components of the immune response.Examples of both systemic and local administration routes are presented,demonstrating the versatility of nanomedicine in addressing diverse clinical scenarios.Despite encouraging progress in preclinical studies,several challenges continue to limit clinical translation.These include variability in nanoparticle behavior across species,difficulties in large-scale manufacturing,and the lack of standardized regulatory frameworks.Continued efforts in materials innovation,biological validation,and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential to fully realize the clinical potential of nanomedicine in transplantation.
基金supported by grants from the Undergraduate Research and Innovation Project of University of South China(Nos.X202110555528,S202210555245,and X202210555136)
文摘Cancer is a major global health issue.Effective therapeutic strategies can prolong patients’survival and reduce the costs of treatment.Drug repurposing,which identifies new therapeutic uses for approved drugs,is a promising approach with the advantages of reducing research costs,shortening development time,and increasing efficiency and safety.Disulfiram(DSF),a Food and Drug Administration(FDA)-approved drug used to treat chronic alcoholism,has a great potential as an anticancer drug by targeting diverse human malignancies.Several studies show the antitumor effects of DSF,particularly the combination of DSF and copper(DSF/Cu),on a wide range of cancers such as glioblastoma(GBM),breast cancer,liver cancer,pancreatic cancer,and melanoma.In this review,we summarize the antitumor mechanisms of DSF/Cu,including induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)and various cell death signaling pathways,and inhibition of proteasome activity,as well as inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)signaling.Furthermore,we highlight the ability of DSF/Cu to target cancer stem cells(CSCs),which provides a new approach to prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis.Strikingly,DSF/Cu inhibits several molecular targets associated with drug resistance,and therefore it is becoming a novel option to increase the sensitivity of chemo-resistant and radio-resistant patients.Studies of DSF/Cu may shed light on its improved application to clinical tumor treatment.
