Living Related Liver Transplantation(LRLT)is a new strateg y, which offers the option of a lifesaving procedure to patients suffering from end- stage liver disease, and the experience indicates that the results are be...Living Related Liver Transplantation(LRLT)is a new strateg y, which offers the option of a lifesaving procedure to patients suffering from end- stage liver disease, and the experience indicates that the results are bet ter than cadaveric liver transplantation. It promises to decrease the waiting ti me for liver transplantation significantly and to reduce the number of patients dying on the waiting list. The selection of a suitable donor and the techniques of operation are of paramount importance for LRLT to minimize the risk for the r ecipient and the donor, and achieve better outcome for patient. 1- year recipie nt survival rate of LRLT is over 90% and 5- year recipient survival rate of L RLT is about 80% . LRLT has been becoming standard and normal operation in many western transplant centers.展开更多
Ammonia serves as an irreplaceable raw material for nitrogen fertilizers,which is essential for global food production.In addition,it has been recently endowed with a new function as a carrier of renewable energy,demo...Ammonia serves as an irreplaceable raw material for nitrogen fertilizers,which is essential for global food production.In addition,it has been recently endowed with a new function as a carrier of renewable energy,demonstrating significant research prospects.However,the highly developed ammonia industry results in abundant nitrogenous wastes in nature,thus causing severe nitrogen pollution and disrupting the global nitrogen cycle.The environmentally friendly electrocatalytic technologies for upcycling nitrogenous wastes to green ammonia represent a highly valuable transformation strategy.In this review,we present three effective pathways for the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrogenous wastes to green ammonia,including nitrate reduction reaction(NO_(3)RR),nitrite reduction reaction(NO_(2)RR),and nitric oxide reduction reaction(NORR).Furthermore,achievements and challenges associated with electrocatalysts for green ammonia synthesis are discussed in terms of noble metal-based electrocatalysts,non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts,and metal-free electrocatalysts.Moreover,this review provides a systematic perspective on reaction mechanisms,catalyst design,and future developments,offering new insights and prospects for the value-upgrading cycle of nitrogenous substances.By exploring the potential of green ammonia synthesis,we aim to contribute to the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly ammonia production.展开更多
文摘Living Related Liver Transplantation(LRLT)is a new strateg y, which offers the option of a lifesaving procedure to patients suffering from end- stage liver disease, and the experience indicates that the results are bet ter than cadaveric liver transplantation. It promises to decrease the waiting ti me for liver transplantation significantly and to reduce the number of patients dying on the waiting list. The selection of a suitable donor and the techniques of operation are of paramount importance for LRLT to minimize the risk for the r ecipient and the donor, and achieve better outcome for patient. 1- year recipie nt survival rate of LRLT is over 90% and 5- year recipient survival rate of L RLT is about 80% . LRLT has been becoming standard and normal operation in many western transplant centers.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(52202372)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2023NSFSC0436,2023NSFSC0089)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Project(2022YFA1505300)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(YJ2021151).
文摘Ammonia serves as an irreplaceable raw material for nitrogen fertilizers,which is essential for global food production.In addition,it has been recently endowed with a new function as a carrier of renewable energy,demonstrating significant research prospects.However,the highly developed ammonia industry results in abundant nitrogenous wastes in nature,thus causing severe nitrogen pollution and disrupting the global nitrogen cycle.The environmentally friendly electrocatalytic technologies for upcycling nitrogenous wastes to green ammonia represent a highly valuable transformation strategy.In this review,we present three effective pathways for the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrogenous wastes to green ammonia,including nitrate reduction reaction(NO_(3)RR),nitrite reduction reaction(NO_(2)RR),and nitric oxide reduction reaction(NORR).Furthermore,achievements and challenges associated with electrocatalysts for green ammonia synthesis are discussed in terms of noble metal-based electrocatalysts,non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts,and metal-free electrocatalysts.Moreover,this review provides a systematic perspective on reaction mechanisms,catalyst design,and future developments,offering new insights and prospects for the value-upgrading cycle of nitrogenous substances.By exploring the potential of green ammonia synthesis,we aim to contribute to the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly ammonia production.
