Background Cardiovascular disease(CVD)remains a major health challenge globally,particularly in aging populations.Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS),this study examines the Trig...Background Cardiovascular disease(CVD)remains a major health challenge globally,particularly in aging populations.Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS),this study examines the Triglyceride-glucose(TyG)index dynamics,a marker for insulin resistance,and its relationship with CVD in Chinese adults aged 45 and older.Methods This reanalysis utilized five waves of CHARLS data with multistage sampling.From 17,705 participants,5,625 with TyG index and subsequent CVD data were included,excluding those lacking 2011 and 2015 TyG data.TyG derived from glucose and triglyceride levels,CVD outcomes via self-reports and records.Participants divided into four groups based on TyG changes(2011–2015):low-low,low-high,high-low,high-high TyG groups.Results Adjusting for covariates,stable high group showed a significantly higher risk of incident CVD compared to stable low group,with an HR of 1.18(95%CI:1.03–1.36).Similarly,for stroke risk,stable high group had a HR of 1.45(95%CI:1.11–1.89).Survival curves indicated that individuals with stable high TyG levels had a significantly increased CVD risk compared to controls.The dynamic TyG change showed a greater risk for CVD than abnormal glucose metabolism,notably for stroke.However,there was no statistical difference in single incidence risk of heart disease between stable low and stable high group.Subgroup analyses underscored demographic disparities,with stable high group consistently showing elevated risks,particularly among<65 years individuals,females,and those with higher education,lower BMI,or higher depression scores.Machine learning models,including random forest,XGBoost,CoxBoost,Deepsurv and GBM,underscored the predictive superiority of dynamic TyG over abnormal glucose metabolism for CVD.Conclusions Dynamic TyG change correlate with CVD risks.Monitoring these changes could predict and manage cardiovascular health in middle-aged and older adults.Targeted interventions based on TyG index trends are crucial for reducing CVD risks in this population.展开更多
We study how the decoherence of macroscopic objects originates intrinsically from the relativistic effect. With the degree of freedom of the center of mass(CM) characterizing the collective quantum state of a macrosco...We study how the decoherence of macroscopic objects originates intrinsically from the relativistic effect. With the degree of freedom of the center of mass(CM) characterizing the collective quantum state of a macroscopic object(MO),it is found that an MO consisting of N particles can decohere with a time scale of no more than p (√N)^(-1). Here, the special relativity can induce the coupling of the collective motion mode and the relative motion modes in an order of 1/c^(2), which intrinsically results in the above minimum decoherence.展开更多
The efficiency at the maximum power(EMP)for finite-time Carnot engines established with the low-dissipation model,relies significantly on the assumption of the inverse proportion scaling of the irreversible entropy ge...The efficiency at the maximum power(EMP)for finite-time Carnot engines established with the low-dissipation model,relies significantly on the assumption of the inverse proportion scaling of the irreversible entropy generationΔS^(ir)on the operation timeτ,i.e.ΔS^(ir)∝1/τ.The optimal operation time of the finite-time isothermal process for EMP has to be within the valid regime of the inverse proportion scaling.Yet,such consistency was not tested due to the unknown coefficient of the 1/τ-scaling.In this paper,we reveal that the optimization of the finite-time two-level atomic Carnot engines with the low-dissipation model is consistent only in the regime ofη_(C)<<2(1-δ)/(1+δ),whereη_(C)is the Carnot efficiency,andδis the compression ratio in energy level difference of the heat engine cycle.In the large-η_(C)regime,the operation time for EMP obtained with the low-dissipation model is not within the valid regime of the 1/τ-scaling,and the exact EMP of the engine is found to surpass the well-known boundη_(C)=η_(C)/(2-η_(C)).展开更多
BACKGROUND The validation of various risk scores in elderly patients with comorbid atrial fibrillation(AF)and acute coron-ary syndrome(ACS)has not been reported.The present study compared the predictive performance of...BACKGROUND The validation of various risk scores in elderly patients with comorbid atrial fibrillation(AF)and acute coron-ary syndrome(ACS)has not been reported.The present study compared the predictive performance of existing risk scores in patients.these METHODS A total of 1252 elderly patients with AF and ACS comorbidities(≥65 years old)were consecutively enrolled from January 2015 to December 2019.All patients were followed up for one year.The predictive performance of risk scores in predict-bleeding and thromboembolic events was calculated and compared.ing RESULTS During the 1-year follow-up,183(14.6%)patients had thromboembolic events,198(15.8%)patients had BARC class≥2 bleeding events,and 61(4.9%)patients had BARC class≥3 bleeding events.For the BARC class≥3 bleeding events,discrimina-tion of the existing risk scores was low to moderate,PRECISE-DAPT(C-statistic:0.638,95%CI:0.611-0.665),ATRIA(C-statistic:0.615,95%CI:0.587-0.642),PARIS-MB(C-statistic:0.612,95%CI:0.584-0.639),HAS-BLED(C-statistic:0.597,95%CI:0.569-0.624)and CRUSADE(C-statistic:0.595,95%CI:0.567-0.622).However,the calibration was good.PRECISE-DAPT showed a higher in-tegrated discrimination improvement(IDI)than PARIS-MB,HAS-BLED,ATRIA,and CRUSADE(P<0.05)and the best decision curve analysis(DCA).For thromboembolic events,the discrimination of GRACE(C-statistic:0.636,95%CI:0.608-0.662)was higher than CHA2DS2-VASc(C-statistic:0.612,95%CI:0.584-0.639),OPT-CAD(C-statistic:0.602,95%CI:0.574-0.629)and PARIS-CTE(C-statistic:0.595,95%CI:0.567-0.622).The calibration was good.Compared to OPT-CAD and PARIS-CTE,the IDI of the GRACE score slightly improved(P<0.05).However,NRI analysis showed no significant difference.DCA showed that the clinical practic-of thromboembolic risk scores was similar.ability CONCLUSIONS The discrimination and calibration of existing risk scores in predicting 1-year thromboembolic and bleeding events were unsatisfactory in elderly patients with comorbid AF and ACS.PRECISE-DAPT showed higher IDI and DCA than other risk scores in predicting BARC class≥3 bleeding events.The GRACE score showed a slight advantage in predicting throm-botic events.展开更多
Designing efficient and fast-charging batteries is an important goal in the field of energy,crucial for upgrading new energy vehicles and portable electronic devices such as smartphones.Here,we incorporate the concept...Designing efficient and fast-charging batteries is an important goal in the field of energy,crucial for upgrading new energy vehicles and portable electronic devices such as smartphones.Here,we incorporate the concept of finite-time thermodynamics into studying the resistor-capacitor(RC)series circuit and obtain the time-dependence of charging efficiency and charging power.Through this exploration,essential thermodynamic constraints governing the charging process,including the trade-off relation between charging power and efficiency,are obtained.Moreover,we reveal the lower bound for charging time and the corresponding optimal charging strategy,and further demonstrate the power-efficiency trade-off relation in such an optimized strategy.Our findings shed new light on seeking optimal battery charging methods with nonequilibrium thermodynamics.展开更多
State functions play important roles in thermodynamics.Different from the process function,such as the exchanged heatδQ and the applied workδW,the change of the state function can be expressed as an exact differenti...State functions play important roles in thermodynamics.Different from the process function,such as the exchanged heatδQ and the applied workδW,the change of the state function can be expressed as an exact differential.We prove here that,for a generic thermodynamic system,only the inverse of the temperature,namely 1/T,can serve as the integration factor for the exchanged heatδQ.The uniqueness of the integration factor invalidates any attempt to define other state functions associated with the exchanged heat,and in turn,reveals the incorrectness of defining the entransy E_(vh)=CVT^(2)/2 as a state function by treating T as an integration factor.We further show the errors in the derivation of entransy by treating the heat capacity C_(V)as a temperature-independent constant.展开更多
Quantum walk (QW), which is considered as the quantum counterpart of the classical random walk (CRW), is actually the quantum extension of CRW from the single-coin interpretation. The sequential unitary evolution enge...Quantum walk (QW), which is considered as the quantum counterpart of the classical random walk (CRW), is actually the quantum extension of CRW from the single-coin interpretation. The sequential unitary evolution engenders correlation between different steps in QW and leads to a non-binomial position distribution. In this paper, we propose an alternative quantum extension of CRW from the ensemble interpretation, named quantum random walk (QRW), where the walker has many unrelated coins, modeled as two-level systems, initially prepared in the same state. We calculate the walker's position distribution in QRW for different initial coin states with the coin operator chosen as Hadamard matrix. In one-dimensional case, the walker's position is the asymmetric binomial distribution. We further demonstrate that in QRW, coherence leads the walker to perform directional movement. For an initially decoherenced coin state, the walker's position distribution is exactly the same as that of CRW. Moreover, we study QRW in 2D lattice, where the coherence plays a more diversified role in the walker's position distribution.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 82070434,LYQ)。
文摘Background Cardiovascular disease(CVD)remains a major health challenge globally,particularly in aging populations.Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS),this study examines the Triglyceride-glucose(TyG)index dynamics,a marker for insulin resistance,and its relationship with CVD in Chinese adults aged 45 and older.Methods This reanalysis utilized five waves of CHARLS data with multistage sampling.From 17,705 participants,5,625 with TyG index and subsequent CVD data were included,excluding those lacking 2011 and 2015 TyG data.TyG derived from glucose and triglyceride levels,CVD outcomes via self-reports and records.Participants divided into four groups based on TyG changes(2011–2015):low-low,low-high,high-low,high-high TyG groups.Results Adjusting for covariates,stable high group showed a significantly higher risk of incident CVD compared to stable low group,with an HR of 1.18(95%CI:1.03–1.36).Similarly,for stroke risk,stable high group had a HR of 1.45(95%CI:1.11–1.89).Survival curves indicated that individuals with stable high TyG levels had a significantly increased CVD risk compared to controls.The dynamic TyG change showed a greater risk for CVD than abnormal glucose metabolism,notably for stroke.However,there was no statistical difference in single incidence risk of heart disease between stable low and stable high group.Subgroup analyses underscored demographic disparities,with stable high group consistently showing elevated risks,particularly among<65 years individuals,females,and those with higher education,lower BMI,or higher depression scores.Machine learning models,including random forest,XGBoost,CoxBoost,Deepsurv and GBM,underscored the predictive superiority of dynamic TyG over abnormal glucose metabolism for CVD.Conclusions Dynamic TyG change correlate with CVD risks.Monitoring these changes could predict and manage cardiovascular health in middle-aged and older adults.Targeted interventions based on TyG index trends are crucial for reducing CVD risks in this population.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11421063 and 11534002)the National Key Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2014CB921403)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFA0301201)and the NSAF(Grant No.U1530401)
文摘We study how the decoherence of macroscopic objects originates intrinsically from the relativistic effect. With the degree of freedom of the center of mass(CM) characterizing the collective quantum state of a macroscopic object(MO),it is found that an MO consisting of N particles can decohere with a time scale of no more than p (√N)^(-1). Here, the special relativity can induce the coupling of the collective motion mode and the relative motion modes in an order of 1/c^(2), which intrinsically results in the above minimum decoherence.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grants No.11534002,No.11875049,No.U1730449,No.U1530401,No.U1930403)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2016YFA0301201)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.BX2021030)。
文摘The efficiency at the maximum power(EMP)for finite-time Carnot engines established with the low-dissipation model,relies significantly on the assumption of the inverse proportion scaling of the irreversible entropy generationΔS^(ir)on the operation timeτ,i.e.ΔS^(ir)∝1/τ.The optimal operation time of the finite-time isothermal process for EMP has to be within the valid regime of the inverse proportion scaling.Yet,such consistency was not tested due to the unknown coefficient of the 1/τ-scaling.In this paper,we reveal that the optimization of the finite-time two-level atomic Carnot engines with the low-dissipation model is consistent only in the regime ofη_(C)<<2(1-δ)/(1+δ),whereη_(C)is the Carnot efficiency,andδis the compression ratio in energy level difference of the heat engine cycle.In the large-η_(C)regime,the operation time for EMP obtained with the low-dissipation model is not within the valid regime of the 1/τ-scaling,and the exact EMP of the engine is found to surpass the well-known boundη_(C)=η_(C)/(2-η_(C)).
基金supported by the National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases(No.NCRCGPLAGH-20190003)the Chinese Cardiovascular Health Alliance-Advanced Fund(No.2019-CCAACCESS-054).
文摘BACKGROUND The validation of various risk scores in elderly patients with comorbid atrial fibrillation(AF)and acute coron-ary syndrome(ACS)has not been reported.The present study compared the predictive performance of existing risk scores in patients.these METHODS A total of 1252 elderly patients with AF and ACS comorbidities(≥65 years old)were consecutively enrolled from January 2015 to December 2019.All patients were followed up for one year.The predictive performance of risk scores in predict-bleeding and thromboembolic events was calculated and compared.ing RESULTS During the 1-year follow-up,183(14.6%)patients had thromboembolic events,198(15.8%)patients had BARC class≥2 bleeding events,and 61(4.9%)patients had BARC class≥3 bleeding events.For the BARC class≥3 bleeding events,discrimina-tion of the existing risk scores was low to moderate,PRECISE-DAPT(C-statistic:0.638,95%CI:0.611-0.665),ATRIA(C-statistic:0.615,95%CI:0.587-0.642),PARIS-MB(C-statistic:0.612,95%CI:0.584-0.639),HAS-BLED(C-statistic:0.597,95%CI:0.569-0.624)and CRUSADE(C-statistic:0.595,95%CI:0.567-0.622).However,the calibration was good.PRECISE-DAPT showed a higher in-tegrated discrimination improvement(IDI)than PARIS-MB,HAS-BLED,ATRIA,and CRUSADE(P<0.05)and the best decision curve analysis(DCA).For thromboembolic events,the discrimination of GRACE(C-statistic:0.636,95%CI:0.608-0.662)was higher than CHA2DS2-VASc(C-statistic:0.612,95%CI:0.584-0.639),OPT-CAD(C-statistic:0.602,95%CI:0.574-0.629)and PARIS-CTE(C-statistic:0.595,95%CI:0.567-0.622).The calibration was good.Compared to OPT-CAD and PARIS-CTE,the IDI of the GRACE score slightly improved(P<0.05).However,NRI analysis showed no significant difference.DCA showed that the clinical practic-of thromboembolic risk scores was similar.ability CONCLUSIONS The discrimination and calibration of existing risk scores in predicting 1-year thromboembolic and bleeding events were unsatisfactory in elderly patients with comorbid AF and ACS.PRECISE-DAPT showed higher IDI and DCA than other risk scores in predicting BARC class≥3 bleeding events.The GRACE score showed a slight advantage in predicting throm-botic events.
文摘Designing efficient and fast-charging batteries is an important goal in the field of energy,crucial for upgrading new energy vehicles and portable electronic devices such as smartphones.Here,we incorporate the concept of finite-time thermodynamics into studying the resistor-capacitor(RC)series circuit and obtain the time-dependence of charging efficiency and charging power.Through this exploration,essential thermodynamic constraints governing the charging process,including the trade-off relation between charging power and efficiency,are obtained.Moreover,we reveal the lower bound for charging time and the corresponding optimal charging strategy,and further demonstrate the power-efficiency trade-off relation in such an optimized strategy.Our findings shed new light on seeking optimal battery charging methods with nonequilibrium thermodynamics.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grants No.11534002,No.12088101,No.U1530402,No.U1930403,No.11775001,No.11534002,and No.11825001)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grants No.2016YFA0301201).
文摘State functions play important roles in thermodynamics.Different from the process function,such as the exchanged heatδQ and the applied workδW,the change of the state function can be expressed as an exact differential.We prove here that,for a generic thermodynamic system,only the inverse of the temperature,namely 1/T,can serve as the integration factor for the exchanged heatδQ.The uniqueness of the integration factor invalidates any attempt to define other state functions associated with the exchanged heat,and in turn,reveals the incorrectness of defining the entransy E_(vh)=CVT^(2)/2 as a state function by treating T as an integration factor.We further show the errors in the derivation of entransy by treating the heat capacity C_(V)as a temperature-independent constant.
文摘Quantum walk (QW), which is considered as the quantum counterpart of the classical random walk (CRW), is actually the quantum extension of CRW from the single-coin interpretation. The sequential unitary evolution engenders correlation between different steps in QW and leads to a non-binomial position distribution. In this paper, we propose an alternative quantum extension of CRW from the ensemble interpretation, named quantum random walk (QRW), where the walker has many unrelated coins, modeled as two-level systems, initially prepared in the same state. We calculate the walker's position distribution in QRW for different initial coin states with the coin operator chosen as Hadamard matrix. In one-dimensional case, the walker's position is the asymmetric binomial distribution. We further demonstrate that in QRW, coherence leads the walker to perform directional movement. For an initially decoherenced coin state, the walker's position distribution is exactly the same as that of CRW. Moreover, we study QRW in 2D lattice, where the coherence plays a more diversified role in the walker's position distribution.
