This paper firstly described current development situation of China's rural circulation system. In the process of accelerating modernization,the supply and marketing cooperative is always an essential force,but th...This paper firstly described current development situation of China's rural circulation system. In the process of accelerating modernization,the supply and marketing cooperative is always an essential force,but the gap between urban and rural circulation system is still expanding. On the basis of current development situation,it analyzed functions of supply and marketing cooperatives in rural logistics system. Finally,it came up with recommendations for improving China's rural circulation system. In the new period,it is recommended to bring into play advantages of supply and marketing cooperatives,expand the coverage,gradually promote industry upgrade of renewable resource recycling,and constantly strengthen functions of supply and marketing cooperatives in building the rural modern circulation system,to build supply and marketing cooperatives into new forces and comprehensive platform for farmers' production and living services.展开更多
Soil physicochemical properties,climate,and human activities can create barriers to arable land in varying degrees,affecting land quality.The Huanghuaihai Plain(HHHP)is an important agricultural region in China.To cla...Soil physicochemical properties,climate,and human activities can create barriers to arable land in varying degrees,affecting land quality.The Huanghuaihai Plain(HHHP)is an important agricultural region in China.To clarify the factors influencing the formation of barriers to arable land in this area and their spatial distribution characteristics,this study took the northern part of the HHHP as the research object,screened and quantified the factors influencing barriers to arable land,constructed a multifactor-based arable land barrier evaluation index system,and used the index system to spatially classify the barriers to arable land.The results showed that 1)16 evaluation indicators including the five dimensions of chemical indicators,physical indicators,biological indicators,management measures,and plot environment were screened out through the random forest model;2)the average rating of the multifactor barrier for arable land in the northern part of the HHHP was 5.3,exhibiting a medium level,and the area of grade 5 and grade 6 land accounted for the highest percentage,at up to 30%;3)the order of barrier degree of main barrier factors from high to low was organic matter>salt content>available phosphorus>available potassium>irrigation capacity>soil texture class>soil bulk density;and 4)according to the idea of ranking barrier factors,15 types of barriers were obtained and then divided into the three major barrier area categories of organic matter,irrigation capacity,and salinity,and the prioritization of cropland quality improvement was determined according to the sequential order of the combination of barrier factors.A preliminary multifactor barrier index system for croplands was constructed,which can provide a reference for cropland barrier abatement and the precise improvement of cropland quality in the HHHP area.展开更多
Growing green manure,as a sustainable agricultural practice,is widely recognized for its role in improving soil structure and enhancing soil quality.However,despite the significant benefits of green manure,research on...Growing green manure,as a sustainable agricultural practice,is widely recognized for its role in improving soil structure and enhancing soil quality.However,despite the significant benefits of green manure,research on how its application specifically influences soil organic carbon content remains insufficient,especially in the context of complex and ever-changing agricultural management models and ecological environments.In this study,59 papers published from January 1980 to May 2024 were collected,and a database containing 299 groups of comprehensive effects of green manure planting on soil organic carbon content and crop yield,as well as its key regulatory factors,through a meta-analysis system.The research is mainly conducted through several key elements types of green manure,planting seasons,fallow periods of food crops,soil types,climate types,and planting years.The results show that compared with not growing green manure on fallow land,the cultivation of green manure significantly increased the soil organic carbon content(by 6.98%)and the yield of the next staple food crop(by 10.36%).In different planting seasons,both summer and winter planting of green manure can effectively increase the soil organic carbon(SOC)content and crop yield.Among them,the application effect during the fallow period of wheat and rice is particularly significant,while during the fallow period of maize,only the SOC content increases significantly.From the perspective of green manure types,both the single species of leguminous and the mixed species with cruciferous have shown good effects.The research also found that under soil types such as loam and clay loam,as well as climatic conditions like temperate continental climate,temperate monsoon climate,and subtropical monsoon climate,the effect of green manure planting on the increase of SOC and yield is more significant.In addition,the planting years are also an important influencing factor.Green manure planting for≤3 a or>5 a can significantly improve the SOC content and crop yield.These findings provide important theoretical support for the scientific application and promotion of green manure in China.展开更多
Winter wheat and summer maize were planted from 2015-2017 to study the effects of different rotational tillage patterns on soil physicochemical properties,crop yield,water content,and fertilizer utilization.The tillag...Winter wheat and summer maize were planted from 2015-2017 to study the effects of different rotational tillage patterns on soil physicochemical properties,crop yield,water content,and fertilizer utilization.The tillage treatments were designed as wheat subsoiling-maize no tillage(WS-MN),wheat rotary tillage-maize subsoiling(WR-MS),wheat subsoiling-maize subsoiling(WS-MS),and conventional wheat rotary tillage-maize no tillage(WR-MN)as a control.Among the four treatments,WS-MN and WR-MS were single-season subsoiling treatments,and WS-MS was a two-season subsoiling treatment.The average soil bulk density decreased by 7.6%in the single-and double-season subsoiling groups compared to the WR-MN group,and the total porosity and noncapillary porosity increased by 10.7%and 12.2%,respectively.Single-or double-season subsoiling treatment was not conducive to water storage in the 0-20 cm soil layer but increased the water content of the 20-140 cm soil layer,and the average soil water content of the 0-140 cm layer was increased by 11.6%in the two-growing season treatment groups compared with the WR-MN group.In WS-MS and WS-MN groups compared with the WR-MN group,the soil ammonium nitrogen content was increased by an average of 18.6%in 0-20 cm soil and 16.8%in 20-100 cm soil;soil nitrate-nitrogen content was decreased by 13.5%in 0-100 cm soil;total organic carbon and microbial carbon contents in the 15-30 cm soil were increased by 18.1%and 12.7%,respectively;and soil urease,catalase,and alkaline phosphatase activities were increased by 46.1%,15.2%,and 23.1%,respectively.Annual crop yield and water use efficiency increased by 8.9%and 15.0%,respectively,in both the single-and double-season subsoiling treatment groups.This study demonstrated the advantages of subsoiling tillage and suggested that it is suitable for crop cultivation in the Haihe Plain,China.展开更多
Precise and ultrafast control over photo-induced charge currents across nanoscale interfaces could lead to important applications in energy harvesting,ultrafast electronics,and coherent terahertz sources.Recent studie...Precise and ultrafast control over photo-induced charge currents across nanoscale interfaces could lead to important applications in energy harvesting,ultrafast electronics,and coherent terahertz sources.Recent studies have shown that several relativistic mechanisms,including inverse spin-Hall effect,inverse Rashba–Edelstein effect,and inverse spin-orbit-torque effect,can convert longitudinally injected spinpolarized currents from magnetic materials to transverse charge currents,thereby harnessing these currents for terahertz generation.However,these mechanisms typically require external magnetic fields and exhibit limitations in terms of spin-polarization rates and efficiencies of relativistic spin-to-charge conversion.We present a nonrelativistic and nonmagnetic mechanism that directly utilizes the photoexcited high-density charge currents across the interface.We demonstrate that the electrical anisotropy of conductive oxides RuO2 and IrO2 can effectively deflect injected charge currents to the transverse direction,resulting in efficient and broadband terahertz radiation.Importantly,this mechanism has the potential to offer much higher conversion efficiency compared to previous methods,as conductive materials with large electrical anisotropy are readily available,whereas further increasing the spin-Hall angle of heavy-metal materials would be challenging.Our findings offer exciting possibilities for directly utilizing these photoexcited high-density currents across metallic interfaces for ultrafast electronics and terahertz spectroscopy.展开更多
Understanding the physiological processes associated with leaf photosynthetic characteristics and nitrogen(N)assimilation during grain-filling stage are helpful for enhancing nitrogen utilization efficiency(NUtE)of ma...Understanding the physiological processes associated with leaf photosynthetic characteristics and nitrogen(N)assimilation during grain-filling stage are helpful for enhancing nitrogen utilization efficiency(NUtE)of maize.In this study,the leaf photosynthetic and N assimilation parameters in maize,including Zhengdan 958(ZD958),a low-N tolerance cultivar and Huanong 138(HN138),a low-N sensitive cultivar under different N rates were examined.Results showed that ZD958 displayed significant increases on grain yield and NUtE than that in HN138.Analyses on the leaf photosynthetic and N assimilation-associated processes indicated that ZD958 had higher leaf N remobilization(Rem N),net photosynthetic rate(Pn)and photosynthetic N use efficiency(PNUE)with respect to those of HN138 during grain-filling stage.In addition,ZD958 was also shown to be higher activities of leaf nitrate reductase(NR),glutamine synthetase(GS),nitrate reductase(GDH)and glutamine synthetase(GAGOT)than those of HN138.The leaf PNUE was significantly positively correlated with NR,GS,GDH,GOGAT suggesting that leaf PNUE and NR,GS,GDH,GOGAT jointly determined the N remobilization efficiency and the leaf N remobilization during post-silking.These results suggested that ZD958 possessed improved PNUE,NR and GS activities in leaves during grain-filling stage that contributes improve grain weights and yield formation capacities upon under low-N conditions.展开更多
Controlled-release urea(CRU-N)fertilizer application is a solution to improve the utilization rate of nitrogen(N),reduces economic costs and improves crop yields.It is significant to study the effects of release CRU-N...Controlled-release urea(CRU-N)fertilizer application is a solution to improve the utilization rate of nitrogen(N),reduces economic costs and improves crop yields.It is significant to study the effects of release CRU-N reduction and the combined application of conventional urea on soil N control and the large-scale maize planting system.In this study,the effects of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer reduction and postponement on soil nitrogen components,enzyme activities,and yields were investigated.Seven treatments were set up in this study,including no N fertilizer(CK),100%conventional urea(U),100%controlled-release urea(S),30%controlled-release urea(SU_(3/7)),50%controlled-release urea(SU_(5/5)),70%controlled-release urea(SU_(7/3))and Sodium Salt of Polyaspartic Acid(PASP)-N.The results showed that mixed CRU-N and urea increased yields and net benefits compared with conventional urea at the same application rate of N,and reduced N loss.The application of CRU-N at 70%for maize represented the best overall effects.Compared with U treatment,soil ammonium nitrogen(NH_(4)-N),soil nitrate-nitrogen(NO_(3)-N),and microbial biomass nitrogen(SMB-N)of CRU-N at 70%(SU_(7/3))increased by 35.00%,15.53%,and 25.04%.However,soil nitrate reductase(S-NR)and urease(S-UA)were the best in SU_(5/5) and significantly higher than other treatments.The applications of CRU-N would effectively increase soil N;CRU-N in 50%proportion can promote the maize root growth and improve the efficient utilization of N by soil microorganisms.Like the yields(9186.61 kg/hm^(2)),expertly in the proportion of 70%CRU-N(SU_(7/3))plays a vital role in a wheat-maize rotation system,which can potentially be used to improve the yields,nitrogen use efficiency,and net benefit with low N losses.In conclusion,using CRU-N fertilize effectively improves soil nitrogen,and various ratios of CRU-N can ensure the continuous release the nutrients during the growing period.And among the different proportions of CRU-N,it is optimal in SU_(7/3).展开更多
The conventional Hall effect is linearly proportional to the field component or magnetization component perpendicular to a film. Despite the increasing theoretical proposals on the Hall effect to the in-plane field or...The conventional Hall effect is linearly proportional to the field component or magnetization component perpendicular to a film. Despite the increasing theoretical proposals on the Hall effect to the in-plane field or magnetization in various special systems induced by the Berry curvature, such an unconventional Hall effect has only been experimentally reported in Weyl semimetals and in a heterodimensional superlattice. Here, we report an unambiguous experimental observation of the antisymmetric planar Hall effect(APHE) with respect to the in-plane magnetic field in centrosymmetric rutile RuO_(2) and IrO_(2) single-crystal films. The measured Hall resistivity is found to be linearly proportional to the component of the applied in-plane magnetic field along a particular crystal axis and to be independent of the current direction or temperature. Both the experimental observations and theoretical calculations confirm that the APHE in rutile oxide films is induced by the Lorentz force. Our findings can be generalized to ferromagnetic materials for the discovery of anomalous Hall effects and quantum anomalous Hall effects induced by in-plane magnetization. In addition to significantly expanding knowledge of the Hall effect, this work opens the door to explore new members in the Hall effect family.展开更多
文摘This paper firstly described current development situation of China's rural circulation system. In the process of accelerating modernization,the supply and marketing cooperative is always an essential force,but the gap between urban and rural circulation system is still expanding. On the basis of current development situation,it analyzed functions of supply and marketing cooperatives in rural logistics system. Finally,it came up with recommendations for improving China's rural circulation system. In the new period,it is recommended to bring into play advantages of supply and marketing cooperatives,expand the coverage,gradually promote industry upgrade of renewable resource recycling,and constantly strengthen functions of supply and marketing cooperatives in building the rural modern circulation system,to build supply and marketing cooperatives into new forces and comprehensive platform for farmers' production and living services.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFD1901001-02),“Construction of Multifactor Barrier Evaluation Indicator System for Grain Fields in the Huanghuaihai.”。
文摘Soil physicochemical properties,climate,and human activities can create barriers to arable land in varying degrees,affecting land quality.The Huanghuaihai Plain(HHHP)is an important agricultural region in China.To clarify the factors influencing the formation of barriers to arable land in this area and their spatial distribution characteristics,this study took the northern part of the HHHP as the research object,screened and quantified the factors influencing barriers to arable land,constructed a multifactor-based arable land barrier evaluation index system,and used the index system to spatially classify the barriers to arable land.The results showed that 1)16 evaluation indicators including the five dimensions of chemical indicators,physical indicators,biological indicators,management measures,and plot environment were screened out through the random forest model;2)the average rating of the multifactor barrier for arable land in the northern part of the HHHP was 5.3,exhibiting a medium level,and the area of grade 5 and grade 6 land accounted for the highest percentage,at up to 30%;3)the order of barrier degree of main barrier factors from high to low was organic matter>salt content>available phosphorus>available potassium>irrigation capacity>soil texture class>soil bulk density;and 4)according to the idea of ranking barrier factors,15 types of barriers were obtained and then divided into the three major barrier area categories of organic matter,irrigation capacity,and salinity,and the prioritization of cropland quality improvement was determined according to the sequential order of the combination of barrier factors.A preliminary multifactor barrier index system for croplands was constructed,which can provide a reference for cropland barrier abatement and the precise improvement of cropland quality in the HHHP area.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFD2303000).
文摘Growing green manure,as a sustainable agricultural practice,is widely recognized for its role in improving soil structure and enhancing soil quality.However,despite the significant benefits of green manure,research on how its application specifically influences soil organic carbon content remains insufficient,especially in the context of complex and ever-changing agricultural management models and ecological environments.In this study,59 papers published from January 1980 to May 2024 were collected,and a database containing 299 groups of comprehensive effects of green manure planting on soil organic carbon content and crop yield,as well as its key regulatory factors,through a meta-analysis system.The research is mainly conducted through several key elements types of green manure,planting seasons,fallow periods of food crops,soil types,climate types,and planting years.The results show that compared with not growing green manure on fallow land,the cultivation of green manure significantly increased the soil organic carbon content(by 6.98%)and the yield of the next staple food crop(by 10.36%).In different planting seasons,both summer and winter planting of green manure can effectively increase the soil organic carbon(SOC)content and crop yield.Among them,the application effect during the fallow period of wheat and rice is particularly significant,while during the fallow period of maize,only the SOC content increases significantly.From the perspective of green manure types,both the single species of leguminous and the mixed species with cruciferous have shown good effects.The research also found that under soil types such as loam and clay loam,as well as climatic conditions like temperate continental climate,temperate monsoon climate,and subtropical monsoon climate,the effect of green manure planting on the increase of SOC and yield is more significant.In addition,the planting years are also an important influencing factor.Green manure planting for≤3 a or>5 a can significantly improve the SOC content and crop yield.These findings provide important theoretical support for the scientific application and promotion of green manure in China.
基金the Key R&D projects in Hebei Province(Grant No.20326407D)National Key Research and Development Project(Grant No.2017YFD0300906)National Science and Technology Support Project(Grant No.2012BAD04B06).
文摘Winter wheat and summer maize were planted from 2015-2017 to study the effects of different rotational tillage patterns on soil physicochemical properties,crop yield,water content,and fertilizer utilization.The tillage treatments were designed as wheat subsoiling-maize no tillage(WS-MN),wheat rotary tillage-maize subsoiling(WR-MS),wheat subsoiling-maize subsoiling(WS-MS),and conventional wheat rotary tillage-maize no tillage(WR-MN)as a control.Among the four treatments,WS-MN and WR-MS were single-season subsoiling treatments,and WS-MS was a two-season subsoiling treatment.The average soil bulk density decreased by 7.6%in the single-and double-season subsoiling groups compared to the WR-MN group,and the total porosity and noncapillary porosity increased by 10.7%and 12.2%,respectively.Single-or double-season subsoiling treatment was not conducive to water storage in the 0-20 cm soil layer but increased the water content of the 20-140 cm soil layer,and the average soil water content of the 0-140 cm layer was increased by 11.6%in the two-growing season treatment groups compared with the WR-MN group.In WS-MS and WS-MN groups compared with the WR-MN group,the soil ammonium nitrogen content was increased by an average of 18.6%in 0-20 cm soil and 16.8%in 20-100 cm soil;soil nitrate-nitrogen content was decreased by 13.5%in 0-100 cm soil;total organic carbon and microbial carbon contents in the 15-30 cm soil were increased by 18.1%and 12.7%,respectively;and soil urease,catalase,and alkaline phosphatase activities were increased by 46.1%,15.2%,and 23.1%,respectively.Annual crop yield and water use efficiency increased by 8.9%and 15.0%,respectively,in both the single-and double-season subsoiling treatment groups.This study demonstrated the advantages of subsoiling tillage and suggested that it is suitable for crop cultivation in the Haihe Plain,China.
基金the support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFA1404700)the support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFA1400200)+7 种基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12221004)the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12174028)the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12274091)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11974079 and 12274083)the support from the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Basic Research Project (Grant No. 22JC1400200)the support from the National Key Research Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFA1403300)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No. 2019SHZDZX01)the support from the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (Grant No. 20JC1414601)
文摘Precise and ultrafast control over photo-induced charge currents across nanoscale interfaces could lead to important applications in energy harvesting,ultrafast electronics,and coherent terahertz sources.Recent studies have shown that several relativistic mechanisms,including inverse spin-Hall effect,inverse Rashba–Edelstein effect,and inverse spin-orbit-torque effect,can convert longitudinally injected spinpolarized currents from magnetic materials to transverse charge currents,thereby harnessing these currents for terahertz generation.However,these mechanisms typically require external magnetic fields and exhibit limitations in terms of spin-polarization rates and efficiencies of relativistic spin-to-charge conversion.We present a nonrelativistic and nonmagnetic mechanism that directly utilizes the photoexcited high-density charge currents across the interface.We demonstrate that the electrical anisotropy of conductive oxides RuO2 and IrO2 can effectively deflect injected charge currents to the transverse direction,resulting in efficient and broadband terahertz radiation.Importantly,this mechanism has the potential to offer much higher conversion efficiency compared to previous methods,as conductive materials with large electrical anisotropy are readily available,whereas further increasing the spin-Hall angle of heavy-metal materials would be challenging.Our findings offer exciting possibilities for directly utilizing these photoexcited high-density currents across metallic interfaces for ultrafast electronics and terahertz spectroscopy.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFD0300503)We gratefully acknowledge Jianhang Jia and Wei Ma for revising the manuscript.We also sincerely thank the reviewers for the critical comments on our original manuscript.
文摘Understanding the physiological processes associated with leaf photosynthetic characteristics and nitrogen(N)assimilation during grain-filling stage are helpful for enhancing nitrogen utilization efficiency(NUtE)of maize.In this study,the leaf photosynthetic and N assimilation parameters in maize,including Zhengdan 958(ZD958),a low-N tolerance cultivar and Huanong 138(HN138),a low-N sensitive cultivar under different N rates were examined.Results showed that ZD958 displayed significant increases on grain yield and NUtE than that in HN138.Analyses on the leaf photosynthetic and N assimilation-associated processes indicated that ZD958 had higher leaf N remobilization(Rem N),net photosynthetic rate(Pn)and photosynthetic N use efficiency(PNUE)with respect to those of HN138 during grain-filling stage.In addition,ZD958 was also shown to be higher activities of leaf nitrate reductase(NR),glutamine synthetase(GS),nitrate reductase(GDH)and glutamine synthetase(GAGOT)than those of HN138.The leaf PNUE was significantly positively correlated with NR,GS,GDH,GOGAT suggesting that leaf PNUE and NR,GS,GDH,GOGAT jointly determined the N remobilization efficiency and the leaf N remobilization during post-silking.These results suggested that ZD958 possessed improved PNUE,NR and GS activities in leaves during grain-filling stage that contributes improve grain weights and yield formation capacities upon under low-N conditions.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD0300503)。
文摘Controlled-release urea(CRU-N)fertilizer application is a solution to improve the utilization rate of nitrogen(N),reduces economic costs and improves crop yields.It is significant to study the effects of release CRU-N reduction and the combined application of conventional urea on soil N control and the large-scale maize planting system.In this study,the effects of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer reduction and postponement on soil nitrogen components,enzyme activities,and yields were investigated.Seven treatments were set up in this study,including no N fertilizer(CK),100%conventional urea(U),100%controlled-release urea(S),30%controlled-release urea(SU_(3/7)),50%controlled-release urea(SU_(5/5)),70%controlled-release urea(SU_(7/3))and Sodium Salt of Polyaspartic Acid(PASP)-N.The results showed that mixed CRU-N and urea increased yields and net benefits compared with conventional urea at the same application rate of N,and reduced N loss.The application of CRU-N at 70%for maize represented the best overall effects.Compared with U treatment,soil ammonium nitrogen(NH_(4)-N),soil nitrate-nitrogen(NO_(3)-N),and microbial biomass nitrogen(SMB-N)of CRU-N at 70%(SU_(7/3))increased by 35.00%,15.53%,and 25.04%.However,soil nitrate reductase(S-NR)and urease(S-UA)were the best in SU_(5/5) and significantly higher than other treatments.The applications of CRU-N would effectively increase soil N;CRU-N in 50%proportion can promote the maize root growth and improve the efficient utilization of N by soil microorganisms.Like the yields(9186.61 kg/hm^(2)),expertly in the proportion of 70%CRU-N(SU_(7/3))plays a vital role in a wheat-maize rotation system,which can potentially be used to improve the yields,nitrogen use efficiency,and net benefit with low N losses.In conclusion,using CRU-N fertilize effectively improves soil nitrogen,and various ratios of CRU-N can ensure the continuous release the nutrients during the growing period.And among the different proportions of CRU-N,it is optimal in SU_(7/3).
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFA1403300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11974079, 12274083, 12221004, 12174028, 52231007, 51725101, and 11727807)+2 种基金the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2019SHZDZX01)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Basic Research Project (22JC1400200 and 23dz2260100)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFA1200600 and 2018YFA0209100)。
文摘The conventional Hall effect is linearly proportional to the field component or magnetization component perpendicular to a film. Despite the increasing theoretical proposals on the Hall effect to the in-plane field or magnetization in various special systems induced by the Berry curvature, such an unconventional Hall effect has only been experimentally reported in Weyl semimetals and in a heterodimensional superlattice. Here, we report an unambiguous experimental observation of the antisymmetric planar Hall effect(APHE) with respect to the in-plane magnetic field in centrosymmetric rutile RuO_(2) and IrO_(2) single-crystal films. The measured Hall resistivity is found to be linearly proportional to the component of the applied in-plane magnetic field along a particular crystal axis and to be independent of the current direction or temperature. Both the experimental observations and theoretical calculations confirm that the APHE in rutile oxide films is induced by the Lorentz force. Our findings can be generalized to ferromagnetic materials for the discovery of anomalous Hall effects and quantum anomalous Hall effects induced by in-plane magnetization. In addition to significantly expanding knowledge of the Hall effect, this work opens the door to explore new members in the Hall effect family.
