The combination of advanced photoelectric detectors has rendered single-band camouflage materials ineffective,necessitating the development of infrared multispectral camouflage.However,the design and fabrication of ex...The combination of advanced photoelectric detectors has rendered single-band camouflage materials ineffective,necessitating the development of infrared multispectral camouflage.However,the design and fabrication of existing works remain complex as they usually require the integration of multiscale structures.Here,we introduce phase modulation into the infrared camouflage metasurfaces with metal-dielectric-metal configuration,enabling them to achieve camouflage across more bands.Based on this strategy,a simple but effective single-layer cascaded metasurface is demonstrated for the first time to achieve low reflection at multi-wavelength lasers,low infrared radiation in atmospheric windows,and broadband thermal management.As a proof-of-concept,a 4-inch sample with a minimum linewidth of 1.8μm is fabricated using photolithography.The excellent infrared multispectral camouflage performance is verified in experiments,showing low reflectance in 0.9–1.6μm,low infrared emissivity in mid-wavelength infrared(MWIR)and long-wavelength infrared(LWIR)bands,and high absorptance at the wavelength of 10.6μm.Meanwhile,broadband high emissivity in 5–8μm can provide high-performance radiative heat dissipation.When the input power is 1.57 W·cm^(-2),the surface/radiation temperature of the metasurface decreases by 5.3℃/18.7℃ compared to the reference.The proposed metasurface may trigger further innovation in the design and application of compact multispectral optical devices.展开更多
This study presents a breakthrough in flexible strain sensor technology with the development of an ultrahigh sensitivity and wide-range sensor,addressing the critical challenge of reconciling sensitivity with measurem...This study presents a breakthrough in flexible strain sensor technology with the development of an ultrahigh sensitivity and wide-range sensor,addressing the critical challenge of reconciling sensitivity with measurement range.Inspired by the structure of bamboo slips,we introduce a novel approach that utilises liquid metal to modulate the electrical pathways within a cracked platinum fabric electrode.The resulting sensor demonstrates a gauge factor greater than 108 and a strain measurement capability exceeding 100%.The integration of patterned liquid metal enables customisable tuning of the sensor’s response,while the porous fabric structure ensures superior comfort and air permeability for the wearer.Our design not only optimises the sensor’s performance but also enhances the electrical stability that is essential for practical applications.Through systematic investigation,we reveal the intrinsic mechanisms governing the sensor’s response,offering valuable insights for the design of wearable strain sensors.The sensor’s exceptional performance across a spectrum of applications,from micro-strain to large-strain detection,highlights its potential for a wide range of real-world uses,demonstrating a significant advancement in the field of flexible electronics.展开更多
Large,3D curved electronics are a trend of the microelectronic industry due to their unique ability to conformally coexist with complex surfaces while retaining the electronic functions of 2D planar integrated circuit...Large,3D curved electronics are a trend of the microelectronic industry due to their unique ability to conformally coexist with complex surfaces while retaining the electronic functions of 2D planar integrated circuit technologies.However,these curved electronics present great challenges to the fabrication processes.Here,we propose a reconfigurable,mask-free,conformal fabrication strategy with a robot-like system,called robotized‘transfer-and-jet’printing,to assemble diverse electronic devices on complex surfaces.This novel method is a ground-breaking advance with the unique capability to integrate rigid chips,flexible electronics,and conformal circuits on complex surfaces.Critically,each process,including transfer printing,inkjet printing,and plasma treating,are mask-free,digitalized,and programmable.The robotization techniques,including measurement,surface reconstruction and localization,and path programming,break through the fundamental constraints of 2D planar microfabrication in the context of geometric shape and size.The transfer printing begins with the laser lift-off of rigid chips or flexible electronics from donor substrates,which are then transferred onto a curved surface via a dexterous robotic palm.Then the robotic electrohydrodynamic printing directly writes submicrometer structures on the curved surface.Their permutation and combination allow versatile conformal microfabrication.Finally,robotized hybrid printing is utilized to successfully fabricate a conformal heater and antenna on a spherical surface and a flexible smart sensing skin on a winged model,where the curved circuit,flexible capacitive and piezoelectric sensor arrays,and rigid digital–analog conversion chips are assembled.Robotized hybrid printing is an innovative printing technology,enabling additive,noncontact and digital microfabrication for 3D curved electronics.展开更多
Inorganic-based micro light-emitting diodes (microLEDs) offer more fascinating properties and unique demands in next-generation displays. However, the small size of the microLED chip (1–100 µm) makes it extremel...Inorganic-based micro light-emitting diodes (microLEDs) offer more fascinating properties and unique demands in next-generation displays. However, the small size of the microLED chip (1–100 µm) makes it extremely challenging for high efficiency and low cost to accurately, selectively, integrate millions of microLED chips. Recent impressive technological advances have overcome the drawbacks of traditional pick-and-place techniques when they were utilized in the assembly of microLED display, including the most broadly recognized laser lift-off technique, contact micro-transfer printing (µTP) technique, laser non-contact µTP technique, and self-assembly technique. Herein, we firstly review the key developments in mass transfer technique and highlight their potential value, covering both the state-of-the-art devices and requirements for mass transfer in the assembly of the ultra-large-area display and virtual reality glasses. We begin with the significant challenges and the brief history of mass transfer technique, and expand that mass transfer technique is composed of two major techniques, namely, the epitaxial Lift-off technique and the pick-and-place technique. The basic concept and transfer effects for each representative epitaxial Lift-off and pick-and-place technique in mass transfer are then overviewed separately. Finally, the potential challenges and future research directions of mass transfer are discussed.展开更多
Multi-material 3D fabrication at the nanoscale has been a long-sought goal in additive manufacturing,with great potential for the direct construction of functional micro/nanosystems rather than just arbitrary 3D struc...Multi-material 3D fabrication at the nanoscale has been a long-sought goal in additive manufacturing,with great potential for the direct construction of functional micro/nanosystems rather than just arbitrary 3D structures.To achieve this goal,researchers have introduced several nanoscale 3D printing principles,explored various multi-material switching and combination strategies,and demonstrated their potential applications in 3D integrated circuits,optoelectronics,biological devices,micro/nanorobots,etc.Although some progress has been made,it is still at the primary stage,and a serious breakthrough is needed to directly construct functional micro/nano systems.In this perspective,the development,current status and prospects of multi-material 3D nanoprinting are presented.We envision that this 3D printing will unlock innovative solutions and make significant contributions to various technologies and industries in the near future.展开更多
The realization of natural and authentic facial expressions in humanoid robots poses a challenging and prominent research domain,encompassing interdisciplinary facets including mechanical design,sensing and actuation ...The realization of natural and authentic facial expressions in humanoid robots poses a challenging and prominent research domain,encompassing interdisciplinary facets including mechanical design,sensing and actuation control,psychology,cognitive science,flexible electronics,artificial intelligence(AI),etc.We have traced the recent developments of humanoid robot heads for facial expressions,discussed major challenges in embodied AI and flexible electronics for facial expression recognition and generation,and highlighted future trends in this field.Developing humanoid robot heads with natural and authentic facial expressions demands collaboration in interdisciplinary fields such as multi-modal sensing,emotional computing,and human-robot interactions(HRIs)to advance the emotional anthropomorphism of humanoid robots,bridging the gap between humanoid robots and human beings and enabling seamless HRIs.展开更多
Solution-processed organic field-effect transistors(OFETs)are of great interest in both academia and industry because of the potential to reduce the production cost.However,the performance of these devices can be adve...Solution-processed organic field-effect transistors(OFETs)are of great interest in both academia and industry because of the potential to reduce the production cost.However,the performance of these devices can be adversely affected by the interfacial incompatibility between solution-deposited electrodes and organic semiconductors in comparison with conventional methods.To address this critical challenge,we developed all-solution processed OFETs with low contact resistance by utilizing a multifunctional buffer layer inserted on different commercial p-type semiconductors.The buffer layer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)is designed to effectively reduce the large Schottky barriers at the Ag/semiconductor interfaces.PEDOT:PSS also offers the function of proper affinity with Ag,resulting in the formation of hybrid PEDOT:PSS/Ag electrode patterns.High-performance poly[2,5-bis(alkyl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-alt-5,5′-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2,2′-(E)-2-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)vinyl)thiophene](PDVT-10)OFET including low contact resistance of 789Ωcm,high average mobility of 10.5 cm^(2)V^(−1)s^(−1),exceptional operational and bending stability,and a substantial enhancement in performance were realized compared to conventional methods.A pseudo-complementary inverter based on the fully solution-based and buffer layer approach was further developed,showing a voltage gain>260.Our approach can potentially overcome the device performance limitation and advance the development of low-cost,large-scale,flexible all-solution-processed OFETs.展开更多
Artificial intelligence of things systems equipped with flexible sensors can autonomously and intelligently detect the condition of the surroundings.However,current intelligent monitoring systems always rely on an ext...Artificial intelligence of things systems equipped with flexible sensors can autonomously and intelligently detect the condition of the surroundings.However,current intelligent monitoring systems always rely on an external computer with the capability of machine learning rather than integrating it into the sensing device.The computer-assisted intelligent system is hampered by energy inefficiencies,privacy issues,and bandwidth restrictions.Here,a flexible,large-scale sensing array with the capability of low-power in-sensor intelligence based on a compression hypervector encoder is proposed for real-time recognition.The system with in-sensor intelligence can accommodate different individuals and learn new postures without additional computer processing.Both the communication bandwidth requirement and energy consumption of this system are significantly reduced by 1,024 and 500 times,respectively.The capability for in-sensor inference and learning eliminates the necessity to transmit raw data externally,thereby effectively addressing privacy concerns.Furthermore,the system possesses a rapid recognition speed(a few hundred milliseconds)and a high recognition accuracy(about 99%),comparing with support vector machine and other hyperdimensional computing methods.The research holds marked potential for applications in the integration of artificial intelligence of things and flexible electronics.展开更多
Mobility,environmental adaptability,and functionality are essential attributes of robots,but these become challenging for small-scale on-water robots,also referred to as S-aquabots.Herein,we propose a programmable Mar...Mobility,environmental adaptability,and functionality are essential attributes of robots,but these become challenging for small-scale on-water robots,also referred to as S-aquabots.Herein,we propose a programmable Marangoni motor(PM-motor)to propel centimeter-scale S-aquabots with high maneuverability and adaptability.Lightweight,compact,flexible hybrid electronics are used to precisely release ethanol to achieve controllable propulsion,smart sensing,and wireless communication functions.The PM-motor utilizes the surface tension gradient generated by the ethanol,which is released from leaf-inspired veins and improves fuel efficiency by 3.5 times when compared with traditional Marangoni effect-propelled robots.As a result,the device’s endurance is up to~226 s for a navigation distance of~5 m with just 1.2 mL ethanol.Benefiting from the leaf-like shape and negligible noise production,the S-aquabots can also blend well with their surroundings.Autonomous response capability is demonstrated by guiding an S-aquabot with laser spots to complete a butterfly-shaped trajectory.Equipped with a mini-camera or digital sensors,untethered S-aquabots deployed on an outdoor pool can capture real-time videos or monitor long-term environmental conditions.This work is beneficial for inspiring insightful design strategies to develop S-aquabots with high practical potential.展开更多
Flexible sensors have attracted wide attention like never before in the fast-growing flexible electronics era,because they are easily adaptable to curved or soft surfaces based on their inherent flexibility and simult...Flexible sensors have attracted wide attention like never before in the fast-growing flexible electronics era,because they are easily adaptable to curved or soft surfaces based on their inherent flexibility and simultaneously detect multiple external stimuli.In the field of intelligent driving,they utilize novel conductive materials,including conductive polymers,carbon-based nanomaterials,and liquid metals,to construct multifunctional flexible sensor networks,thereby accomplishing seamless integration with curved vehicle surfaces and comprehensive status monitoring.The advantages are that achieving dynamic deformation adaptability through flexible materials and manufacturing,enhancing system redundancy/robustness/real-time performance through a sensor network deployment,and improving perception accuracy through multimodal fusion.Therefore,flexible sensors exhibit great potential in intelligent cockpit interaction,chassis obstacle detection,and vehicle health diagnostics.However,its large-scale commercialization still faces challenges in automotive-grade integration,weather resistance,data security,and power supply.Furthermore,flexible sensors are expected to integrate with AI models,lightweight architectures,and self-healing smart materials in the future,thereby advancing autonomous driving development,facilitating vehicle-road-cloud coordination,and revolutionizing mobility paradigms.展开更多
Micro-cylindrical temperature sensors are crucial components for in-situ physiological signal monitoring in smart healthcare and minimally invasive surgical systems.However,due to the high-curvature complexity of the ...Micro-cylindrical temperature sensors are crucial components for in-situ physiological signal monitoring in smart healthcare and minimally invasive surgical systems.However,due to the high-curvature complexity of the substrates,highprecision microfabrication on micro-cylindrical surfaces still faces significant challenges.This study proposes a microcylindrical electrohydrodynamic printing process to achieve on-demand high-resolution patterning on high-curvature surfaces with diameters ranging from 55μm to 10 mm,addressing issues of mapping errors and stress concentration in array sensors integrated on micro-cylindrical surfaces.A physical model of micro-cylindrical electrohydrodynamic printing is established based on two-phase flow electrohydrodynamics to analyze the factors affecting the formation of stable cone-jets and the deposition of ink droplets on curved surfaces.Considering the elongated and high-curvature characteristics of micro-cylindrical objects,a printing system is designed with four degrees of freedom,coupling object rotation and translation.Numerical simulations reveal the patterns of electric field distortion caused by the horizontal offset of the nozzle relative to the vertical symmetry axis of the object,while experimental results identify the printing windows for inks of varying viscosities,voltages,and printing heights.Finally,a temperature sensor array is fabricated on the micro-cylindrical surface(sensor line width~150μm,lead wire width less than 50μm,sensitivity~0.00106),validating the consistency and stability of the array sensors and enabling temperature measurements in the range of 20℃‒100℃.Additionally,the capability of the sensors array for temperature monitoring in simulated narrow cavity heating environments is demonstrated,exploring a novel method for fabricating advanced minimally invasive surgical instruments.展开更多
Viologen has long been explored as an organic electrochromic material.However,conventional viologen(RV2+)often generates free radicals under photo-irradiation,interfering with the polymerization of monomers during dig...Viologen has long been explored as an organic electrochromic material.However,conventional viologen(RV2+)often generates free radicals under photo-irradiation,interfering with the polymerization of monomers during digital light processing(DLP)three-dimensional(3D)printing when incorporated into ionogels.In this study,we synthesized a phenyl viologen((SPr)2PhMeV)capable of simultaneous two-electron transfer through molecular manipulation,effectively avoiding the formation of photogenerated radicals under illumination.This novel phenyl viologen demonstrated exceptional redox performance and cycle stability and could be seamlessly incorporated into ionogels via 3D printing technology.This innovative approach has facilitated the firsttime acquisition of finely structured viologen-based ionogels,featuring high transparency(transmittance:85%),robust stretchability(17 times),and self-healing capabilities(resistance recovers after contact)simultaneously.Notably,the material demonstrated exceptional visual responses to temperature and strain changes,rendering it ideal for visual temperature(30–90°C,TCR=36.09%°C^(−1))and strain(ΔT=0 at strains of 300%)sensing applications.Additionally,we have designed a viologen ionogel display device that could independently showcase all 26 letters and 10 numbers within seconds.This breakthrough not only enhances the functionality of electrochromic materials but also paves the way for advanced sensory and display applications in the future.展开更多
Flexible transparent electrodes(FTEs)have attracted much attention due to their advantages of excellent optical/electrical conductivities and good mechanical fatigue strength.However,their fabrication presents several...Flexible transparent electrodes(FTEs)have attracted much attention due to their advantages of excellent optical/electrical conductivities and good mechanical fatigue strength.However,their fabrication presents several challenges,including fabricating wires with a high aspect ratio and sufficient tensile resistance.In this study,an embedded Ag/Cu metal-mesh FTE with a high figure of merit 24,708(sheet resistance 0.08Ω/sq and 83.4%optical transmittance)is fabricated through the proposed method called self-confined electrohydrodynamic printing and selective electroplating of Cu.This method employs structured surfaces and patterned hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties to enable highly controllable deposition of solutions(e.g.,positioning,line width,consistency),allowing the complete filling of imprinted microgrooves with a high aspect ratio of 2(e.g.,4μm width and 8μm depth)with Ag/Cu metal.Moreover,the resulting FTEs demonstrate good resistance stability under repetitive bending and stretching and exhibit excellent performance in flexible transparent heaters and electromagnetic shielding films.展开更多
Sensors deployed within the Internet of Things(Io T)require a stable and continuous electrical energy supply[1].The traditional approach to provide an energy supply relies primarily on battery power,which has specific...Sensors deployed within the Internet of Things(Io T)require a stable and continuous electrical energy supply[1].The traditional approach to provide an energy supply relies primarily on battery power,which has specific shortcomings;these include integration difficulties,the need for frequent charging or replacement,and environmental pollution associated with battery production and disposal.To solve the challenge of delivering an energy supply to sensors,researchers have designed self-powered sensors or have produced power for sensors by scavenging mechanical energy from the surrounding environment.Electromagnetic generators[2],piezoelectric generators[3]and triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)[4,5]are common approaches to scavenge mechanical energy.TENGs have been widely used in the development of self-powered sensors and the supply of electrical energy to sensors due to their high performance,low cost,and wide range of potential materials[6].展开更多
Electronic tattoos(e-tattoos),also known as epidermal electronics,are ultra-thin and ultra-soft noninvasive but skin-conformable devices with capabilities including physiological sensing and transdermal stimulation an...Electronic tattoos(e-tattoos),also known as epidermal electronics,are ultra-thin and ultra-soft noninvasive but skin-conformable devices with capabilities including physiological sensing and transdermal stimulation and therapeutics.The fabrication of e-tattoos out of conventional inorganic electronic materials used to be tedious and expensive.Recently developed cut-and-paste method has significantly simplified the process and lowered the cost.However,existing cut-and-paste method entails a medical tape on which the electronic tattoo sensors should be pasted,which increases tattoo thickness and degrades its breathability.To address this problem,here we report a slightly modified cut-and-paste method to fabricate low-cost,open-mesh e-tattoos with a total thickness of just 1.5μm.E-tattoos of such thinness can be directly pasted on human skin and conforms to natural skin texture.We demonstrate that this ultra-thin,tape-free e-tattoo can confidently measure electrocardiogram(ECG),skin temperature,and skin hydration.Heart rate and even respiratory rate can be extracted from the ECG signals.A special advantage of such ultra-thin e-tattoo is that it is capable of high-fidelity sensing with minimized motion artifacts under various body movements.Effects of perspiration are found to be insignificant due to the breathability of such e-tattoos.展开更多
The internal availability of silent speech serves as a translator for people with aphasia and keeps human–machine/human interactions working under various disturbances.This paper develops a silent speech strategy to ...The internal availability of silent speech serves as a translator for people with aphasia and keeps human–machine/human interactions working under various disturbances.This paper develops a silent speech strategy to achieve all-weather,natural interactions.The strategy requires few usage specialized skills like sign language but accurately transfers high-capacity information in complicated and changeable daily environments.In the strategy,the tattoo-like electronics imperceptibly attached on facial skin record high-quality bio-data of various silent speech,and the machine-learning algorithm deployed on the cloud recognizes accurately the silent speech and reduces the weight of the wireless acquisition module.A series of experiments show that the silent speech recognition system(SSRS)can enduringly comply with large deformation(~45%)of faces by virtue of the electricitypreferred tattoo-like electrodes and recognize up to 110 words covering daily vocabularies with a high average accuracy of 92.64%simply by use of small-sample machine learning.We successfully apply the SSRS to 1-day routine life,including daily greeting,running,dining,manipulating industrial robots in deafening noise,and expressing in darkness,which shows great promotion in real-world applications.展开更多
Flexible electronics play a key role in the development of human society and our daily activities.Currently they are expected to revolutionize personal health management.However,it remains challenging to fabricate sma...Flexible electronics play a key role in the development of human society and our daily activities.Currently they are expected to revolutionize personal health management.However,it remains challenging to fabricate smart sensors with high robustness,reliability,and visible readout.Herein,high-performance electrochromic(EC),electro-fluorochromic(EFC),and double-network ionogels with excellent transmissivity,high mechanical robustness,and ultrastable reversibility are prepared by combination of thienoviologen-containing ionic liquids with poly(ethyl acrylate)elastomer.The ionogels exhibit good mechanical properties(1000%stretchability and 3.2 kJ m^(−2) fracture energy).The ionogel-based EC devices have a significantly simplified device fabrication process as well as superior cycling stability in which 88%of the contract ratio is maintained at 88%at 500 cycles,even after being stored for 2 years under ambient atmosphere(relative humidity:30%∼40%,25°C).The conductivity of ionogels showed a fast and reproducible response to strain,and the conductivity decreased with increased strain.By virtue of the EC and EFC properties of the thienoviologen component,the EC and EFC efficiency decreased with the increased strain loaded on the ionogels,and almost no EC or EFC phenomena were observed when the strain was above 300%.This feasible strategy provides an opportunity for the development of visible strain sensors to monitor the body’s movements through color and fluorescence emission.展开更多
The facial expressions are a mirror of the elusive emotion hidden in the mind,and thus,capturing expressions is a crucial way of merging the inward world and virtual world.However,typical facial expression recognition...The facial expressions are a mirror of the elusive emotion hidden in the mind,and thus,capturing expressions is a crucial way of merging the inward world and virtual world.However,typical facial expression recognition(FER)systems are restricted by environments where faces must be clearly seen for computer vision,or rigid devices that are not suitable for the time-dynamic,curvilinear faces.Here,we present a robust,highly wearable FER system that is based on deep-learning-assisted,soft epidermal electronics.The epidermal electronics that can fully conform on faces enable high-fidelity biosignal acquisition without hindering spontaneous facial expressions,releasing the constraint of movement,space,and light.The deep learning method can significantly enhance the recognition accuracy of facial expression types and intensities based on a small sample.The proposed wearable FER system is superior for wide applicability and high accuracy.The FER system is suitable for the individual and shows essential robustness to different light,occlusion,and various face poses.It is totally different from but complementary to the computer vision technology that is merely suitable for simultaneous FER of multiple individuals in a specific place.This wearable FER system is successfully applied to human-avatar emotion interaction and verbal communication disambiguation in a real-life environment,enabling promising human-computer interaction applications.展开更多
Six chest leads are the standardized clinical devices of diagnosing cardiac diseases.Emerging epidermal electronics technology shift the dangling wires and bulky devices to imperceptible wearing,achieving both comfort...Six chest leads are the standardized clinical devices of diagnosing cardiac diseases.Emerging epidermal electronics technology shift the dangling wires and bulky devices to imperceptible wearing,achieving both comfortable experience and high-fidelity measuring.Extending small areas of current epidermal electronics to the chest scale requires eliminating interference from long epidermal interconnects and rendering the data acquisition(DAQ)portable.Herein,we developed a chest-scale epidermal electronic system(EES)for standard precordial-lead ECG and hydration monitoring,including the onlyμm-thick substrate-free epidermal sensing module and the soft wireless DAQ module.An electrical compensation strategy using double channels within the DAQ module and epidermal compensated branches(ECB)is proposed to eliminate unwanted signals from the long epidermal interconnects and to achieve the desired ECG.In this way,the EES works stably and precisely under different levels of exercise.Patients with sinus arrhythmias have been tested,demonstrating the prospect of EES in cardiac diseases.展开更多
基金financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51925503&52105575)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.QTZX23063)+2 种基金the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2022Z073081001)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(Grant No.GZC20232028)the Open Research Funds of State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology(Grant No.IMETKF2024008).
文摘The combination of advanced photoelectric detectors has rendered single-band camouflage materials ineffective,necessitating the development of infrared multispectral camouflage.However,the design and fabrication of existing works remain complex as they usually require the integration of multiscale structures.Here,we introduce phase modulation into the infrared camouflage metasurfaces with metal-dielectric-metal configuration,enabling them to achieve camouflage across more bands.Based on this strategy,a simple but effective single-layer cascaded metasurface is demonstrated for the first time to achieve low reflection at multi-wavelength lasers,low infrared radiation in atmospheric windows,and broadband thermal management.As a proof-of-concept,a 4-inch sample with a minimum linewidth of 1.8μm is fabricated using photolithography.The excellent infrared multispectral camouflage performance is verified in experiments,showing low reflectance in 0.9–1.6μm,low infrared emissivity in mid-wavelength infrared(MWIR)and long-wavelength infrared(LWIR)bands,and high absorptance at the wavelength of 10.6μm.Meanwhile,broadband high emissivity in 5–8μm can provide high-performance radiative heat dissipation.When the input power is 1.57 W·cm^(-2),the surface/radiation temperature of the metasurface decreases by 5.3℃/18.7℃ compared to the reference.The proposed metasurface may trigger further innovation in the design and application of compact multispectral optical devices.
基金support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB3200700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.0214100221,51925503).
文摘This study presents a breakthrough in flexible strain sensor technology with the development of an ultrahigh sensitivity and wide-range sensor,addressing the critical challenge of reconciling sensitivity with measurement range.Inspired by the structure of bamboo slips,we introduce a novel approach that utilises liquid metal to modulate the electrical pathways within a cracked platinum fabric electrode.The resulting sensor demonstrates a gauge factor greater than 108 and a strain measurement capability exceeding 100%.The integration of patterned liquid metal enables customisable tuning of the sensor’s response,while the porous fabric structure ensures superior comfort and air permeability for the wearer.Our design not only optimises the sensor’s performance but also enhances the electrical stability that is essential for practical applications.Through systematic investigation,we reveal the intrinsic mechanisms governing the sensor’s response,offering valuable insights for the design of wearable strain sensors.The sensor’s exceptional performance across a spectrum of applications,from micro-strain to large-strain detection,highlights its potential for a wide range of real-world uses,demonstrating a significant advancement in the field of flexible electronics.
基金The authors acknowledge support from the National Nat-ural Science Foundation of China(51635007,51925503,51705179)Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China(2020CFA028).
文摘Large,3D curved electronics are a trend of the microelectronic industry due to their unique ability to conformally coexist with complex surfaces while retaining the electronic functions of 2D planar integrated circuit technologies.However,these curved electronics present great challenges to the fabrication processes.Here,we propose a reconfigurable,mask-free,conformal fabrication strategy with a robot-like system,called robotized‘transfer-and-jet’printing,to assemble diverse electronic devices on complex surfaces.This novel method is a ground-breaking advance with the unique capability to integrate rigid chips,flexible electronics,and conformal circuits on complex surfaces.Critically,each process,including transfer printing,inkjet printing,and plasma treating,are mask-free,digitalized,and programmable.The robotization techniques,including measurement,surface reconstruction and localization,and path programming,break through the fundamental constraints of 2D planar microfabrication in the context of geometric shape and size.The transfer printing begins with the laser lift-off of rigid chips or flexible electronics from donor substrates,which are then transferred onto a curved surface via a dexterous robotic palm.Then the robotic electrohydrodynamic printing directly writes submicrometer structures on the curved surface.Their permutation and combination allow versatile conformal microfabrication.Finally,robotized hybrid printing is utilized to successfully fabricate a conformal heater and antenna on a spherical surface and a flexible smart sensing skin on a winged model,where the curved circuit,flexible capacitive and piezoelectric sensor arrays,and rigid digital–analog conversion chips are assembled.Robotized hybrid printing is an innovative printing technology,enabling additive,noncontact and digital microfabrication for 3D curved electronics.
文摘Inorganic-based micro light-emitting diodes (microLEDs) offer more fascinating properties and unique demands in next-generation displays. However, the small size of the microLED chip (1–100 µm) makes it extremely challenging for high efficiency and low cost to accurately, selectively, integrate millions of microLED chips. Recent impressive technological advances have overcome the drawbacks of traditional pick-and-place techniques when they were utilized in the assembly of microLED display, including the most broadly recognized laser lift-off technique, contact micro-transfer printing (µTP) technique, laser non-contact µTP technique, and self-assembly technique. Herein, we firstly review the key developments in mass transfer technique and highlight their potential value, covering both the state-of-the-art devices and requirements for mass transfer in the assembly of the ultra-large-area display and virtual reality glasses. We begin with the significant challenges and the brief history of mass transfer technique, and expand that mass transfer technique is composed of two major techniques, namely, the epitaxial Lift-off technique and the pick-and-place technique. The basic concept and transfer effects for each representative epitaxial Lift-off and pick-and-place technique in mass transfer are then overviewed separately. Finally, the potential challenges and future research directions of mass transfer are discussed.
基金financially National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52075209 and 51925503)Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hubei province of China(No.2022CFA066)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology(No.2021QNRC001)。
文摘Multi-material 3D fabrication at the nanoscale has been a long-sought goal in additive manufacturing,with great potential for the direct construction of functional micro/nanosystems rather than just arbitrary 3D structures.To achieve this goal,researchers have introduced several nanoscale 3D printing principles,explored various multi-material switching and combination strategies,and demonstrated their potential applications in 3D integrated circuits,optoelectronics,biological devices,micro/nanorobots,etc.Although some progress has been made,it is still at the primary stage,and a serious breakthrough is needed to directly construct functional micro/nano systems.In this perspective,the development,current status and prospects of multi-material 3D nanoprinting are presented.We envision that this 3D printing will unlock innovative solutions and make significant contributions to various technologies and industries in the near future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.52188102 and 51925503)the Science and Technology Development Fund of Macao SAR(file na.0117/2024/AMJ)+1 种基金Zhuhai UM Science&Technology Research Institute(CP-009-2024)the State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Tech-nology(IMETKF2024003),HUST,Wuhan,China.
文摘The realization of natural and authentic facial expressions in humanoid robots poses a challenging and prominent research domain,encompassing interdisciplinary facets including mechanical design,sensing and actuation control,psychology,cognitive science,flexible electronics,artificial intelligence(AI),etc.We have traced the recent developments of humanoid robot heads for facial expressions,discussed major challenges in embodied AI and flexible electronics for facial expression recognition and generation,and highlighted future trends in this field.Developing humanoid robot heads with natural and authentic facial expressions demands collaboration in interdisciplinary fields such as multi-modal sensing,emotional computing,and human-robot interactions(HRIs)to advance the emotional anthropomorphism of humanoid robots,bridging the gap between humanoid robots and human beings and enabling seamless HRIs.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China through the National Key R&D Plan(2022YFA1205900)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Hundred Talents Plan,Youth Innovation Promotion Association)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of Sciences(XDB0520201)the Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-053)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2225028,22475219,U22A6002,and U21A20497).
文摘Solution-processed organic field-effect transistors(OFETs)are of great interest in both academia and industry because of the potential to reduce the production cost.However,the performance of these devices can be adversely affected by the interfacial incompatibility between solution-deposited electrodes and organic semiconductors in comparison with conventional methods.To address this critical challenge,we developed all-solution processed OFETs with low contact resistance by utilizing a multifunctional buffer layer inserted on different commercial p-type semiconductors.The buffer layer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)is designed to effectively reduce the large Schottky barriers at the Ag/semiconductor interfaces.PEDOT:PSS also offers the function of proper affinity with Ag,resulting in the formation of hybrid PEDOT:PSS/Ag electrode patterns.High-performance poly[2,5-bis(alkyl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-alt-5,5′-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2,2′-(E)-2-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)vinyl)thiophene](PDVT-10)OFET including low contact resistance of 789Ωcm,high average mobility of 10.5 cm^(2)V^(−1)s^(−1),exceptional operational and bending stability,and a substantial enhancement in performance were realized compared to conventional methods.A pseudo-complementary inverter based on the fully solution-based and buffer layer approach was further developed,showing a voltage gain>260.Our approach can potentially overcome the device performance limitation and advance the development of low-cost,large-scale,flexible all-solution-processed OFETs.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(grant no.2020YFA0405700)the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China(grant no.51925503 to Y.H.and grant no.52375568 to F.Z.)+1 种基金the Tencent Foundation(XPLORER Prize to Y.H.)the Science and Technology Innovation Team of Hubei Province.
文摘Artificial intelligence of things systems equipped with flexible sensors can autonomously and intelligently detect the condition of the surroundings.However,current intelligent monitoring systems always rely on an external computer with the capability of machine learning rather than integrating it into the sensing device.The computer-assisted intelligent system is hampered by energy inefficiencies,privacy issues,and bandwidth restrictions.Here,a flexible,large-scale sensing array with the capability of low-power in-sensor intelligence based on a compression hypervector encoder is proposed for real-time recognition.The system with in-sensor intelligence can accommodate different individuals and learn new postures without additional computer processing.Both the communication bandwidth requirement and energy consumption of this system are significantly reduced by 1,024 and 500 times,respectively.The capability for in-sensor inference and learning eliminates the necessity to transmit raw data externally,thereby effectively addressing privacy concerns.Furthermore,the system possesses a rapid recognition speed(a few hundred milliseconds)and a high recognition accuracy(about 99%),comparing with support vector machine and other hyperdimensional computing methods.The research holds marked potential for applications in the integration of artificial intelligence of things and flexible electronics.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Development Fund of Macao SAR(File No.0117/2024/AMJ)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51925503,52188102)+2 种基金the University of Macao(MYRG-GRG2023-00041-FST-UMDF,MYRG-GRG2024-00121-FST,MYRG-CRG2024-00014-FST-ICI)the Xplorer Prize(2020-1036)the Comprehensive Experiment Center for Advanced Manufacturing and Equipment Technology,HUST,Wuhan,China.
文摘Mobility,environmental adaptability,and functionality are essential attributes of robots,but these become challenging for small-scale on-water robots,also referred to as S-aquabots.Herein,we propose a programmable Marangoni motor(PM-motor)to propel centimeter-scale S-aquabots with high maneuverability and adaptability.Lightweight,compact,flexible hybrid electronics are used to precisely release ethanol to achieve controllable propulsion,smart sensing,and wireless communication functions.The PM-motor utilizes the surface tension gradient generated by the ethanol,which is released from leaf-inspired veins and improves fuel efficiency by 3.5 times when compared with traditional Marangoni effect-propelled robots.As a result,the device’s endurance is up to~226 s for a navigation distance of~5 m with just 1.2 mL ethanol.Benefiting from the leaf-like shape and negligible noise production,the S-aquabots can also blend well with their surroundings.Autonomous response capability is demonstrated by guiding an S-aquabot with laser spots to complete a butterfly-shaped trajectory.Equipped with a mini-camera or digital sensors,untethered S-aquabots deployed on an outdoor pool can capture real-time videos or monitor long-term environmental conditions.This work is beneficial for inspiring insightful design strategies to develop S-aquabots with high practical potential.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52525502,No.52205593,No.52427809)the Xidian University Specially Funded Project for Interdisciplinary Exploration(No.TZJH2024061)+1 种基金Proof of Concept Foundation of Xidian University Hangzhou Institute of Technology(Grant No.GNYZ2024QC008)the Special Project of Central Government for Local Science and Technology Development of Hubei Province(No.2024AFE002).
文摘Flexible sensors have attracted wide attention like never before in the fast-growing flexible electronics era,because they are easily adaptable to curved or soft surfaces based on their inherent flexibility and simultaneously detect multiple external stimuli.In the field of intelligent driving,they utilize novel conductive materials,including conductive polymers,carbon-based nanomaterials,and liquid metals,to construct multifunctional flexible sensor networks,thereby accomplishing seamless integration with curved vehicle surfaces and comprehensive status monitoring.The advantages are that achieving dynamic deformation adaptability through flexible materials and manufacturing,enhancing system redundancy/robustness/real-time performance through a sensor network deployment,and improving perception accuracy through multimodal fusion.Therefore,flexible sensors exhibit great potential in intelligent cockpit interaction,chassis obstacle detection,and vehicle health diagnostics.However,its large-scale commercialization still faces challenges in automotive-grade integration,weather resistance,data security,and power supply.Furthermore,flexible sensors are expected to integrate with AI models,lightweight architectures,and self-healing smart materials in the future,thereby advancing autonomous driving development,facilitating vehicle-road-cloud coordination,and revolutionizing mobility paradigms.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB3200700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U23A20111,52175536,52188102).
文摘Micro-cylindrical temperature sensors are crucial components for in-situ physiological signal monitoring in smart healthcare and minimally invasive surgical systems.However,due to the high-curvature complexity of the substrates,highprecision microfabrication on micro-cylindrical surfaces still faces significant challenges.This study proposes a microcylindrical electrohydrodynamic printing process to achieve on-demand high-resolution patterning on high-curvature surfaces with diameters ranging from 55μm to 10 mm,addressing issues of mapping errors and stress concentration in array sensors integrated on micro-cylindrical surfaces.A physical model of micro-cylindrical electrohydrodynamic printing is established based on two-phase flow electrohydrodynamics to analyze the factors affecting the formation of stable cone-jets and the deposition of ink droplets on curved surfaces.Considering the elongated and high-curvature characteristics of micro-cylindrical objects,a printing system is designed with four degrees of freedom,coupling object rotation and translation.Numerical simulations reveal the patterns of electric field distortion caused by the horizontal offset of the nozzle relative to the vertical symmetry axis of the object,while experimental results identify the printing windows for inks of varying viscosities,voltages,and printing heights.Finally,a temperature sensor array is fabricated on the micro-cylindrical surface(sensor line width~150μm,lead wire width less than 50μm,sensitivity~0.00106),validating the consistency and stability of the array sensors and enabling temperature measurements in the range of 20℃‒100℃.Additionally,the capability of the sensors array for temperature monitoring in simulated narrow cavity heating environments is demonstrated,exploring a novel method for fabricating advanced minimally invasive surgical instruments.
基金result of generous grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant no.2021YFB3200700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.22175138,22205172,52203240,and 22201228)+3 种基金the Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi,China(grant no.2021GXLH-Z-023)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(grant nos.xzy022022001,xzy022023009,and xhj032021008-03)the Combined Action Major Project of Shaanxi Provincial Department and City,China(grant no.2022GD-TSLD-16)Shaanxi Province Technological Innovation Guidance Special,China(grant no.2022QFY08-01)and The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities China.
文摘Viologen has long been explored as an organic electrochromic material.However,conventional viologen(RV2+)often generates free radicals under photo-irradiation,interfering with the polymerization of monomers during digital light processing(DLP)three-dimensional(3D)printing when incorporated into ionogels.In this study,we synthesized a phenyl viologen((SPr)2PhMeV)capable of simultaneous two-electron transfer through molecular manipulation,effectively avoiding the formation of photogenerated radicals under illumination.This novel phenyl viologen demonstrated exceptional redox performance and cycle stability and could be seamlessly incorporated into ionogels via 3D printing technology.This innovative approach has facilitated the firsttime acquisition of finely structured viologen-based ionogels,featuring high transparency(transmittance:85%),robust stretchability(17 times),and self-healing capabilities(resistance recovers after contact)simultaneously.Notably,the material demonstrated exceptional visual responses to temperature and strain changes,rendering it ideal for visual temperature(30–90°C,TCR=36.09%°C^(−1))and strain(ΔT=0 at strains of 300%)sensing applications.Additionally,we have designed a viologen ionogel display device that could independently showcase all 26 letters and 10 numbers within seconds.This breakthrough not only enhances the functionality of electrochromic materials but also paves the way for advanced sensory and display applications in the future.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3200700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51925503,52175537).
文摘Flexible transparent electrodes(FTEs)have attracted much attention due to their advantages of excellent optical/electrical conductivities and good mechanical fatigue strength.However,their fabrication presents several challenges,including fabricating wires with a high aspect ratio and sufficient tensile resistance.In this study,an embedded Ag/Cu metal-mesh FTE with a high figure of merit 24,708(sheet resistance 0.08Ω/sq and 83.4%optical transmittance)is fabricated through the proposed method called self-confined electrohydrodynamic printing and selective electroplating of Cu.This method employs structured surfaces and patterned hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties to enable highly controllable deposition of solutions(e.g.,positioning,line width,consistency),allowing the complete filling of imprinted microgrooves with a high aspect ratio of 2(e.g.,4μm width and 8μm depth)with Ag/Cu metal.Moreover,the resulting FTEs demonstrate good resistance stability under repetitive bending and stretching and exhibit excellent performance in flexible transparent heaters and electromagnetic shielding films.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Project from the Minister of Science and Technology in China(2021YFA1201604)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52072041)+7 种基金the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(JQ21007)the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y8540XX2D2)Opening fund of State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics(LNM202207)State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology,Huazhong University of Science and Technology(DMETKF2022014)State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment,Dalian University of Technology(GZ22102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12172359)Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZDBS-LY-JSC014)CAS Interdisciplinary Innovation Team(JCTD-2020-03)。
文摘Sensors deployed within the Internet of Things(Io T)require a stable and continuous electrical energy supply[1].The traditional approach to provide an energy supply relies primarily on battery power,which has specific shortcomings;these include integration difficulties,the need for frequent charging or replacement,and environmental pollution associated with battery production and disposal.To solve the challenge of delivering an energy supply to sensors,researchers have designed self-powered sensors or have produced power for sensors by scavenging mechanical energy from the surrounding environment.Electromagnetic generators[2],piezoelectric generators[3]and triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)[4,5]are common approaches to scavenge mechanical energy.TENGs have been widely used in the development of self-powered sensors and the supply of electrical energy to sensors due to their high performance,low cost,and wide range of potential materials[6].
基金This work is supported by the Young Investigator Program(YIP)of US Office of Naval Research(ONR)under Grant No.N00014-16-1-2044National Natural Science Foundation of China(51635007).
文摘Electronic tattoos(e-tattoos),also known as epidermal electronics,are ultra-thin and ultra-soft noninvasive but skin-conformable devices with capabilities including physiological sensing and transdermal stimulation and therapeutics.The fabrication of e-tattoos out of conventional inorganic electronic materials used to be tedious and expensive.Recently developed cut-and-paste method has significantly simplified the process and lowered the cost.However,existing cut-and-paste method entails a medical tape on which the electronic tattoo sensors should be pasted,which increases tattoo thickness and degrades its breathability.To address this problem,here we report a slightly modified cut-and-paste method to fabricate low-cost,open-mesh e-tattoos with a total thickness of just 1.5μm.E-tattoos of such thinness can be directly pasted on human skin and conforms to natural skin texture.We demonstrate that this ultra-thin,tape-free e-tattoo can confidently measure electrocardiogram(ECG),skin temperature,and skin hydration.Heart rate and even respiratory rate can be extracted from the ECG signals.A special advantage of such ultra-thin e-tattoo is that it is capable of high-fidelity sensing with minimized motion artifacts under various body movements.Effects of perspiration are found to be insignificant due to the breathability of such e-tattoos.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.51925503,U1713218)the Program for HUST Academic Frontier Youth Team.
文摘The internal availability of silent speech serves as a translator for people with aphasia and keeps human–machine/human interactions working under various disturbances.This paper develops a silent speech strategy to achieve all-weather,natural interactions.The strategy requires few usage specialized skills like sign language but accurately transfers high-capacity information in complicated and changeable daily environments.In the strategy,the tattoo-like electronics imperceptibly attached on facial skin record high-quality bio-data of various silent speech,and the machine-learning algorithm deployed on the cloud recognizes accurately the silent speech and reduces the weight of the wireless acquisition module.A series of experiments show that the silent speech recognition system(SSRS)can enduringly comply with large deformation(~45%)of faces by virtue of the electricitypreferred tattoo-like electrodes and recognize up to 110 words covering daily vocabularies with a high average accuracy of 92.64%simply by use of small-sample machine learning.We successfully apply the SSRS to 1-day routine life,including daily greeting,running,dining,manipulating industrial robots in deafening noise,and expressing in darkness,which shows great promotion in real-world applications.
基金research was made possible as a result of generous grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant no.2021YFB3200700)the Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.22175138,21875180,and 52203240)+4 种基金the Independent Innovation Capability Improvement Project of Xi’an Jiaotong University(grant no.PY3A066)the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(grant no.BX2021231)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(grant no.sxjh032021099)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant no.2021M692545)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(grant no.2021JQ-043).
文摘Flexible electronics play a key role in the development of human society and our daily activities.Currently they are expected to revolutionize personal health management.However,it remains challenging to fabricate smart sensors with high robustness,reliability,and visible readout.Herein,high-performance electrochromic(EC),electro-fluorochromic(EFC),and double-network ionogels with excellent transmissivity,high mechanical robustness,and ultrastable reversibility are prepared by combination of thienoviologen-containing ionic liquids with poly(ethyl acrylate)elastomer.The ionogels exhibit good mechanical properties(1000%stretchability and 3.2 kJ m^(−2) fracture energy).The ionogel-based EC devices have a significantly simplified device fabrication process as well as superior cycling stability in which 88%of the contract ratio is maintained at 88%at 500 cycles,even after being stored for 2 years under ambient atmosphere(relative humidity:30%∼40%,25°C).The conductivity of ionogels showed a fast and reproducible response to strain,and the conductivity decreased with increased strain.By virtue of the EC and EFC properties of the thienoviologen component,the EC and EFC efficiency decreased with the increased strain loaded on the ionogels,and almost no EC or EFC phenomena were observed when the strain was above 300%.This feasible strategy provides an opportunity for the development of visible strain sensors to monitor the body’s movements through color and fluorescence emission.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 51925503)the Program for HUST Academic Frontier Youth Teamthe HUST“Qihang Fund.”。
文摘The facial expressions are a mirror of the elusive emotion hidden in the mind,and thus,capturing expressions is a crucial way of merging the inward world and virtual world.However,typical facial expression recognition(FER)systems are restricted by environments where faces must be clearly seen for computer vision,or rigid devices that are not suitable for the time-dynamic,curvilinear faces.Here,we present a robust,highly wearable FER system that is based on deep-learning-assisted,soft epidermal electronics.The epidermal electronics that can fully conform on faces enable high-fidelity biosignal acquisition without hindering spontaneous facial expressions,releasing the constraint of movement,space,and light.The deep learning method can significantly enhance the recognition accuracy of facial expression types and intensities based on a small sample.The proposed wearable FER system is superior for wide applicability and high accuracy.The FER system is suitable for the individual and shows essential robustness to different light,occlusion,and various face poses.It is totally different from but complementary to the computer vision technology that is merely suitable for simultaneous FER of multiple individuals in a specific place.This wearable FER system is successfully applied to human-avatar emotion interaction and verbal communication disambiguation in a real-life environment,enabling promising human-computer interaction applications.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFB3200703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51925503)+2 种基金the Program for HUST Academic Frontier Youth Teamthe HUST“Qihang Fund”“the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities” (HUST:2020JYCXJJ045).
文摘Six chest leads are the standardized clinical devices of diagnosing cardiac diseases.Emerging epidermal electronics technology shift the dangling wires and bulky devices to imperceptible wearing,achieving both comfortable experience and high-fidelity measuring.Extending small areas of current epidermal electronics to the chest scale requires eliminating interference from long epidermal interconnects and rendering the data acquisition(DAQ)portable.Herein,we developed a chest-scale epidermal electronic system(EES)for standard precordial-lead ECG and hydration monitoring,including the onlyμm-thick substrate-free epidermal sensing module and the soft wireless DAQ module.An electrical compensation strategy using double channels within the DAQ module and epidermal compensated branches(ECB)is proposed to eliminate unwanted signals from the long epidermal interconnects and to achieve the desired ECG.In this way,the EES works stably and precisely under different levels of exercise.Patients with sinus arrhythmias have been tested,demonstrating the prospect of EES in cardiac diseases.
