Due to the discharge of industrialwastewater,urban domestic sewage,and intensive marine aquaculture tailwater,nitrate(NO_(3)^(−))pollution has emerged as a significant issue in offshore waters.Nitrate pollution affect...Due to the discharge of industrialwastewater,urban domestic sewage,and intensive marine aquaculture tailwater,nitrate(NO_(3)^(−))pollution has emerged as a significant issue in offshore waters.Nitrate pollution affects aquatic life and may interact with other pollutants,leading to comprehensive toxicity.Cadmium(Cd^(2+))is the most widespread metal contaminant,adversely affecting aquatic life in the coastal waters of China.Despite this,few studies have focused on the synergistic toxicity of NO_(3)^(−)and Cd^(2+)in marine organisms.This study conducted a 30-day exposure experiment on marine Japanese flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus)to explore the synergistic toxicity of NO_(3)^(−)and Cd^(2+).Our results demonstrated that the exposure to Cd^(2+)alone induced slight histopathological changes in the liver.However,malformations such as hepatic vacuolar degeneration and sinusoid dilatationwere exacerbated under co-exposure.Moreover,co-exposure induced the downregulation of antioxidants and the upregulation of the product malonaldehyde(MDA)from lipid peroxidation,indicating potent oxidative stress in the liver.The increased mRNA expression of IL-8,TNF-α,and IL-1β,along with the decreased expression level of TGF-β,indicated a synergistic inflammatory response in the organisms.Furthermore,the co-exposure led to an abnormal expression of P53,caspase-3,caspase-9,Bcl-2,and Bax,and disturbed the apoptosis in the liver through TUNEL staining analysis.Overall,our results imply that co-exposure synergistically affects inflammation,redox status,and apoptosis in flounders.Therefore,the findings from this study provide valuable perspectives on the ecological risk assessment of marine teleosts co-exposure to NO_(3)^(−)and Cd^(2+).展开更多
Based on the structure of natural product 2-aryl-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid,a series of novel(R)-2-aryl-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid derivatives were designed and synthesized.Their structures were ...Based on the structure of natural product 2-aryl-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid,a series of novel(R)-2-aryl-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid derivatives were designed and synthesized.Their structures were characterized by^1H NMR,^13C NMR and HRMS.The single crystal structure of compound 9b was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.The antifungal activities were evaluated for the first time.The bioassay results indicated that most compounds exhibited moderate to good antifungal activities.The antifungal activities of compound 13a(against Cercospora arachidicola Hori),13d(against Alternaria solani),and 16e(against Cercospora arachidieola Hori)were 61.9%,67.3%and 61.9%,respectively,which are higher than those of the commercial fungicides chlorothalonil and carbendazim.Moreover,compound 13d exhibited excellent antifungal activities against 7 kinds of the fungi tested(66.7%,77.3%,63.0%,87.9%,70.0%,70.0%and 80.0%at 50μg/mL).Therefore,13d can be used as a new lead structure for the development of antifungal agents.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32202963)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20220681)+3 种基金the Doctoral Program of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Jiangsu Province(No.JSSCBS20221625)the Scientific Research Foundation Program of Jiangsu Ocean University(No.KQ22009)the Undergraduate Innovation&Entrepreneurship Training Program of Jiangsu Province,China(No.SY202411641631001)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.KYCX2023-112).
文摘Due to the discharge of industrialwastewater,urban domestic sewage,and intensive marine aquaculture tailwater,nitrate(NO_(3)^(−))pollution has emerged as a significant issue in offshore waters.Nitrate pollution affects aquatic life and may interact with other pollutants,leading to comprehensive toxicity.Cadmium(Cd^(2+))is the most widespread metal contaminant,adversely affecting aquatic life in the coastal waters of China.Despite this,few studies have focused on the synergistic toxicity of NO_(3)^(−)and Cd^(2+)in marine organisms.This study conducted a 30-day exposure experiment on marine Japanese flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus)to explore the synergistic toxicity of NO_(3)^(−)and Cd^(2+).Our results demonstrated that the exposure to Cd^(2+)alone induced slight histopathological changes in the liver.However,malformations such as hepatic vacuolar degeneration and sinusoid dilatationwere exacerbated under co-exposure.Moreover,co-exposure induced the downregulation of antioxidants and the upregulation of the product malonaldehyde(MDA)from lipid peroxidation,indicating potent oxidative stress in the liver.The increased mRNA expression of IL-8,TNF-α,and IL-1β,along with the decreased expression level of TGF-β,indicated a synergistic inflammatory response in the organisms.Furthermore,the co-exposure led to an abnormal expression of P53,caspase-3,caspase-9,Bcl-2,and Bax,and disturbed the apoptosis in the liver through TUNEL staining analysis.Overall,our results imply that co-exposure synergistically affects inflammation,redox status,and apoptosis in flounders.Therefore,the findings from this study provide valuable perspectives on the ecological risk assessment of marine teleosts co-exposure to NO_(3)^(−)and Cd^(2+).
基金We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of this work by the"111"Project of Ministry of Education of China(No.B06005)the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31370039).
文摘Based on the structure of natural product 2-aryl-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid,a series of novel(R)-2-aryl-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid derivatives were designed and synthesized.Their structures were characterized by^1H NMR,^13C NMR and HRMS.The single crystal structure of compound 9b was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.The antifungal activities were evaluated for the first time.The bioassay results indicated that most compounds exhibited moderate to good antifungal activities.The antifungal activities of compound 13a(against Cercospora arachidicola Hori),13d(against Alternaria solani),and 16e(against Cercospora arachidieola Hori)were 61.9%,67.3%and 61.9%,respectively,which are higher than those of the commercial fungicides chlorothalonil and carbendazim.Moreover,compound 13d exhibited excellent antifungal activities against 7 kinds of the fungi tested(66.7%,77.3%,63.0%,87.9%,70.0%,70.0%and 80.0%at 50μg/mL).Therefore,13d can be used as a new lead structure for the development of antifungal agents.
