China’s“Three Waters”system(water environment,resource,and ecology)forms a critical foundation for achiev-ing Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).However,conventional management tools often treat these compo-nents ...China’s“Three Waters”system(water environment,resource,and ecology)forms a critical foundation for achiev-ing Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).However,conventional management tools often treat these compo-nents in isolation,overlooking their internal and interactive couplings.This study uncovers interactions within and between the“Three Waters”system and sustainable development goals and identifies key policy levers to support water sustainability across 77 counties and districts in the Yellow River Basin of Shandong Province.We construct a complex“Sustainable Water^(3) Space”network that integrates SDG indicators from SDG 1(No Poverty)to SDG 15(Life on Land)to systematically capture synergies and critical nodes.We also introduce an innovative evaluation framework that combines eigenvector centrality and complexity to identify regions and indicators with cascading influences or systemic importance.The network demonstrates a stable four-cluster regional structure(Socioeco-nomic Development,Water Resource,Water Environment,and Water Ecology)from 2015 to 2022,and the emerg-ing“bridges”and complex indicators,such as water usage per unit of GDP,surface water quality,and pesticide application,reflect a shift from isolated growth to coevolution of economy and environment.Based on these find-ings,we propose differentiated regional strategies.For instance,Licheng District can improve water quality and pollutant control by reducing residential wastewater discharge,whereas Wudi County should prioritize curbing industrial pollution and enhance water-use efficiency relative to GDP.This study depicts the systemic evolution of watershed performance at the county level through a network methodology that can serve as a decision-making tool to support differentiated and targeted sustainable development strategies in the Yellow River Basin.展开更多
文摘China’s“Three Waters”system(water environment,resource,and ecology)forms a critical foundation for achiev-ing Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).However,conventional management tools often treat these compo-nents in isolation,overlooking their internal and interactive couplings.This study uncovers interactions within and between the“Three Waters”system and sustainable development goals and identifies key policy levers to support water sustainability across 77 counties and districts in the Yellow River Basin of Shandong Province.We construct a complex“Sustainable Water^(3) Space”network that integrates SDG indicators from SDG 1(No Poverty)to SDG 15(Life on Land)to systematically capture synergies and critical nodes.We also introduce an innovative evaluation framework that combines eigenvector centrality and complexity to identify regions and indicators with cascading influences or systemic importance.The network demonstrates a stable four-cluster regional structure(Socioeco-nomic Development,Water Resource,Water Environment,and Water Ecology)from 2015 to 2022,and the emerg-ing“bridges”and complex indicators,such as water usage per unit of GDP,surface water quality,and pesticide application,reflect a shift from isolated growth to coevolution of economy and environment.Based on these find-ings,we propose differentiated regional strategies.For instance,Licheng District can improve water quality and pollutant control by reducing residential wastewater discharge,whereas Wudi County should prioritize curbing industrial pollution and enhance water-use efficiency relative to GDP.This study depicts the systemic evolution of watershed performance at the county level through a network methodology that can serve as a decision-making tool to support differentiated and targeted sustainable development strategies in the Yellow River Basin.
