Common wheat(Triticum aestivum)is one of the most widely cultivated and consumed crops globally.In the face of limited arable land and climate changes,it is a great challenge to maintain current and increase future wh...Common wheat(Triticum aestivum)is one of the most widely cultivated and consumed crops globally.In the face of limited arable land and climate changes,it is a great challenge to maintain current and increase future wheat production.Enhancing agronomic traits in wheat by introducing mutations across all three homoeologous copies of each gene has proven to be a difficult task due to its large genome with high repetition.However,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associ-ated nuclease(Cas)genome editing technologies offer a powerful means of precisely manipulating the genomes of crop species,thereby opening up new possibilities for biotechnology and breeding.In this review,we first focus on the development and optimization of the current CRISPR-based genome editing tools in wheat,emphasizing recent breakthroughs in precise and multiplex genome editing.We then describe the general procedure of wheat genome editing and highlight different methods to deliver the genome editing reagents into wheat cells.Furthermore,we summarize the recent applications and ad-vancements of CRISPR/Cas technologies for wheat improvement.Lastly,we discuss the remaining chal-lenges specific to wheat genome editing and its future prospects.展开更多
The method and theoretical system of well logging geology have been widely used in the fields of basic geology,petroleum geology and engineering geology,but the different response sensitivity of different well logging...The method and theoretical system of well logging geology have been widely used in the fields of basic geology,petroleum geology and engineering geology,but the different response sensitivity of different well logging series to geological information and the mismatching between geophysical properties of multiple well logs and geological genesis of rocks frequently result in misunderstandings in the research process of well logging geology.Therefore,it is in an urgent need to analyze the typical misunderstanding cases in the research of well logging geology and explore the corresponding scientific ideas and countermeasures.After analyzing the typical misunderstandings in the research of well logging geology,this paper investigates vertical resolution scale of various logging series and its contradiction with detection depth and illustrates the importance of the integration of different scales of data.In addition,the factor inducing“fake logging data”and its influence on interpretation evaluation are clarified and a set of ideas for well logging evaluation of geological interpretation is put forward.And the following research results are obtained.First,the typical misunderstandings in the research of well logging geology can be classified into two categories,namely geological body interpretation misunderstanding and reservoir property parameter calculation misunderstanding.Second,special geological phenomena,such as high-density and high-resistivity mudstone can lead to logging data ambiguity,so attention shall be paid to petrophysical response mechanisms during geological logging interpretation.Third,to carry out well logging evaluation of unconventional oil and gas,it is necessary to integrate new technologies of electric imaging logging,dipole acoustic logging and nuclear magnetic resonance logging,and the calibration of core data and the integration of geological ideas can improve the interpretation accuracy.Fourth,In the process of borehole structural logging analysis,sedimentary response,geostress evaluation and fracture identification,geological ideas shall be integrated to avoid the logging interpretation misunderstanding caused by the same response of different geological phenomena in well logs.In conclusion,the dialectical and systematic thinking from geology to logging and then to geology,from practice to recognition and then to practice and from“a narrow view”to“a broad view”can provide a scientific ideas for the comprehensive research of well logging geology.展开更多
The introduction of Reduced height(Rht)genes into wheat varieties has been pivotal in developing semidwarf plant architectures,significantly improving lodging resistance and harvest indices.Therefore,identifying new R...The introduction of Reduced height(Rht)genes into wheat varieties has been pivotal in developing semidwarf plant architectures,significantly improving lodging resistance and harvest indices.Therefore,identifying new Rht gene resources for breeding semi-dwarf wheat cultivars has been a key strategy for ensuring high and stable grain yields since the 1960s.In this study,we report the map-based cloning of TaERF-A1,which encodes an AP2/ERF(APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor)transcription factor that acts as a positive regulator of wheat stem elongation,as a novel gene that regulates plant height and spike length.The natural variant,TaERF-A1^(JD6),features a Phe(derived from’Nongda3338’)to Ser(derived from’Jingdong6’)substitution at position 178,which significantly reduces the stability of the TaERF-A1 protein.This substitution leads to partially attenuated transcriptional activation of downstream target genes,including TaPIF4(Triticum aestivum Phytochrome Interacting Factor 4),thereby restricting stem and spike elongation.Importantly,the introgression of the semi-dwarfing allele TaERF-A1^(JD6)into wheat can significantly enhance lodging resistance,particularly in dense cropping systems.Therefore,our study identifies TaERF-A1^(JD6)as a new Rht gene resource for breeding semi-dwarf wheat varieties with increased yield stability.展开更多
Awns are important morphological markers for wheat and exert a strong physiological effect on wheat yield.The awn elongation suppressor B1 has recently been cloned through association and linkage analysis in wheat.How...Awns are important morphological markers for wheat and exert a strong physiological effect on wheat yield.The awn elongation suppressor B1 has recently been cloned through association and linkage analysis in wheat.However,the mechanism of awn inhibition centered around B1 remains to be clarified.Here,we identified an allelic variant in the coding region of B1 through analysis of re-sequencing data;this variant causes an amino acid substitution and premature termination,resulting in a long-awn phenotype.Transcriptome analysis indicated that B1 inhibited awn elongation by impeding cytokinin-and auxinpromoted cell division.Moreover,B1 directly repressed the expression of TaRAE2 and TaLks2,whose orthologs have been reported to promote awn development in rice or barley.More importantly,we found that TaTCP4 and TaTCP10 synergistically inhibited the expression of B1,and a G-to-A mutation in the B1 promoter attenuated its inhibition by TaTCP4/10.Taken together,our results reveal novel mechanisms of awn development and provide genetic resources for trait improvement in wheat.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFF1000800)the Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding(No.2022TC152)+1 种基金the Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory(No.B21HJ0504)China Agricultural University Start-up Funding.
文摘Common wheat(Triticum aestivum)is one of the most widely cultivated and consumed crops globally.In the face of limited arable land and climate changes,it is a great challenge to maintain current and increase future wheat production.Enhancing agronomic traits in wheat by introducing mutations across all three homoeologous copies of each gene has proven to be a difficult task due to its large genome with high repetition.However,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associ-ated nuclease(Cas)genome editing technologies offer a powerful means of precisely manipulating the genomes of crop species,thereby opening up new possibilities for biotechnology and breeding.In this review,we first focus on the development and optimization of the current CRISPR-based genome editing tools in wheat,emphasizing recent breakthroughs in precise and multiplex genome editing.We then describe the general procedure of wheat genome editing and highlight different methods to deliver the genome editing reagents into wheat cells.Furthermore,we summarize the recent applications and ad-vancements of CRISPR/Cas technologies for wheat improvement.Lastly,we discuss the remaining chal-lenges specific to wheat genome editing and its future prospects.
文摘The method and theoretical system of well logging geology have been widely used in the fields of basic geology,petroleum geology and engineering geology,but the different response sensitivity of different well logging series to geological information and the mismatching between geophysical properties of multiple well logs and geological genesis of rocks frequently result in misunderstandings in the research process of well logging geology.Therefore,it is in an urgent need to analyze the typical misunderstanding cases in the research of well logging geology and explore the corresponding scientific ideas and countermeasures.After analyzing the typical misunderstandings in the research of well logging geology,this paper investigates vertical resolution scale of various logging series and its contradiction with detection depth and illustrates the importance of the integration of different scales of data.In addition,the factor inducing“fake logging data”and its influence on interpretation evaluation are clarified and a set of ideas for well logging evaluation of geological interpretation is put forward.And the following research results are obtained.First,the typical misunderstandings in the research of well logging geology can be classified into two categories,namely geological body interpretation misunderstanding and reservoir property parameter calculation misunderstanding.Second,special geological phenomena,such as high-density and high-resistivity mudstone can lead to logging data ambiguity,so attention shall be paid to petrophysical response mechanisms during geological logging interpretation.Third,to carry out well logging evaluation of unconventional oil and gas,it is necessary to integrate new technologies of electric imaging logging,dipole acoustic logging and nuclear magnetic resonance logging,and the calibration of core data and the integration of geological ideas can improve the interpretation accuracy.Fourth,In the process of borehole structural logging analysis,sedimentary response,geostress evaluation and fracture identification,geological ideas shall be integrated to avoid the logging interpretation misunderstanding caused by the same response of different geological phenomena in well logs.In conclusion,the dialectical and systematic thinking from geology to logging and then to geology,from practice to recognition and then to practice and from“a narrow view”to“a broad view”can provide a scientific ideas for the comprehensive research of well logging geology.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101767 to L.C.and 31991210 to Q.S.)the Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory(B21HJ0111 to Z.N.)the Pinduoduo-China Agricultural University Research Fund(PC2023A01003 to Z.N.).
文摘The introduction of Reduced height(Rht)genes into wheat varieties has been pivotal in developing semidwarf plant architectures,significantly improving lodging resistance and harvest indices.Therefore,identifying new Rht gene resources for breeding semi-dwarf wheat cultivars has been a key strategy for ensuring high and stable grain yields since the 1960s.In this study,we report the map-based cloning of TaERF-A1,which encodes an AP2/ERF(APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor)transcription factor that acts as a positive regulator of wheat stem elongation,as a novel gene that regulates plant height and spike length.The natural variant,TaERF-A1^(JD6),features a Phe(derived from’Nongda3338’)to Ser(derived from’Jingdong6’)substitution at position 178,which significantly reduces the stability of the TaERF-A1 protein.This substitution leads to partially attenuated transcriptional activation of downstream target genes,including TaPIF4(Triticum aestivum Phytochrome Interacting Factor 4),thereby restricting stem and spike elongation.Importantly,the introgression of the semi-dwarfing allele TaERF-A1^(JD6)into wheat can significantly enhance lodging resistance,particularly in dense cropping systems.Therefore,our study identifies TaERF-A1^(JD6)as a new Rht gene resource for breeding semi-dwarf wheat varieties with increased yield stability.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1003401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31991210)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172069).
文摘Awns are important morphological markers for wheat and exert a strong physiological effect on wheat yield.The awn elongation suppressor B1 has recently been cloned through association and linkage analysis in wheat.However,the mechanism of awn inhibition centered around B1 remains to be clarified.Here,we identified an allelic variant in the coding region of B1 through analysis of re-sequencing data;this variant causes an amino acid substitution and premature termination,resulting in a long-awn phenotype.Transcriptome analysis indicated that B1 inhibited awn elongation by impeding cytokinin-and auxinpromoted cell division.Moreover,B1 directly repressed the expression of TaRAE2 and TaLks2,whose orthologs have been reported to promote awn development in rice or barley.More importantly,we found that TaTCP4 and TaTCP10 synergistically inhibited the expression of B1,and a G-to-A mutation in the B1 promoter attenuated its inhibition by TaTCP4/10.Taken together,our results reveal novel mechanisms of awn development and provide genetic resources for trait improvement in wheat.
