Disaster damage assessment is an important basis for the objective assessment of the social impacts of disasters and for the planning of recovery and reconstruction. It is also an important research field with regard ...Disaster damage assessment is an important basis for the objective assessment of the social impacts of disasters and for the planning of recovery and reconstruction. It is also an important research field with regard to disaster mitigation and risk management. Quantitative assessment of physical damage refers to the determination of the physical damage state of the exposed elements in a disaster area, reflecting the aggregate quantities of damages. It plays a key role in the comprehensive damage assessment of major natural hazard-induced disasters. The National Disaster Reduction Center of China has established a technical work flow for the quantitative assessment of disaster physical damage using remote sensing data.This article presents a quantitative assessment index system and method that can be integrated with high-resolution remote sensing data, basic geographical data, and field survey data. Following the 2014 Ludian Earthquake in Yunnan Province, China, this work flow was used to assess the damage to buildings, roads, and agricultural and forest resources, and the assessment results were incorporated into the Disaster Damage Comprehensive Assessment Report of the 2014 Ludian Earthquake for the State Council of China. This article also outlines some possible improvements that can be addressed in future work.展开更多
China has been frequently and heavily affected by drought disasters. During 2009–2010, three large-scale severe droughts struck China, caused considerable social, economic, and ecological losses. These droughts showe...China has been frequently and heavily affected by drought disasters. During 2009–2010, three large-scale severe droughts struck China, caused considerable social, economic, and ecological losses. These droughts showed significant regional differences. This study employs a two-stage transition framework comprising “entry” and “exit” transitions to discuss disaster risk management of drought in China, by taking the three droughts as comparative case studies. Chinese society’s response in the exit transition is examined and the underlying factors that enable the entry trigger are diagnosed. The policy responses that lead to the exit transition from these drought disasters were appropriate, but there is substantial room for improvement in management strategy regarding both entry and exit transitions. This article suggests that government policies should emphasize entry-prevention measures that reduce adverse impacts early in a drought episode rather than focus solely on improving performance in achieving a rapid exit transition from drought.展开更多
China is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world.Currently,the disaster prevention and relief mechanism in China is mainly based on single disaster types and is implemented by different ministries and di...China is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world.Currently,the disaster prevention and relief mechanism in China is mainly based on single disaster types and is implemented by different ministries and divisions in single administrative regions.Subsequently,the available resources,including data,services,materials,and human resources,cannot be shared and used effectively.Based on the idea of an observation system of systems and a business system of systems,this paper presents an integrated framework for a Chinese National Disaster Reduction System of Systems(CNDRSS)to address this issue.The CNDRSS framework aims to achieve data sharing and collaboration among different disaster-related ministries/institutions by providing one-stop services for all phases of disaster management and linking together existing and planned disaster-related business systems and observation systems.The key technologies use federated databases and a web service to integrate multiple disaster management systems among different ministries/institutions and a sensor web to integrate airborne,space-borne,and in-situ observations through the web service.These event-driven focused-services connecting the various observations,processing,and mapping processes can meet the requirements for complex disasterchain systems.展开更多
The Environment and Disaster Reduction Satellite Constellation is a small satellite constellation developed by China for disaster monitoring.The two primary optical satellites,HJ-A and HJ-B,were successfully launched ...The Environment and Disaster Reduction Satellite Constellation is a small satellite constellation developed by China for disaster monitoring.The two primary optical satellites,HJ-A and HJ-B,were successfully launched in September 2008.The satellites carry a charge-coupled device,hyperspectral imager,and infrared scanner,and have the capability for wide coverage and rapid revisits in disaster reduction applications.Also scheduled to be launched is the HJ-C,which will carry synthetic aperture radar and have the ability to provide allweather observations at any time.A follow-up‘44’satellite constellation including four optical satellites and four radar satellites is in the works,to achieve the capability of quantitative,all-weather,all-time disaster forecasting,monitoring and assessment.The corresponding disaster reduction application system has a series of functions including remote sensing data processing,disaster monitoring and assessment,decision support,and user service and information distribution,which serves the whole process of disaster management.Since its construction has been carried out,the system has successfully dealt with several huge domestic and international natural disasters,and effectively improved scientific decision support.The follow-up system’s construction will integrate,update,and extend the original system to fulfill large-scale,quantitative,allweather disaster operation application needs.展开更多
The Chinese Government and citizens face enormous challenges of disaster management as widespread devastation,economic damages,and loss of human lives caused by increasing natural disasters.Disaster management require...The Chinese Government and citizens face enormous challenges of disaster management as widespread devastation,economic damages,and loss of human lives caused by increasing natural disasters.Disaster management requires a complicated iterative process that includes disaster monitoring,early detection,forecasting,loss assessment,and efficient analysis of disaster reduction.Each task typically involves the use of technologists and multiple geospatial information resources,including sensors,data sources,models,geo-tools,software packages,and computing resources.However,most existing disaster management systems operate in a typical passive data-centric mode,where resources cannot be fully utilized.This impediment is partially being addressed by the increasingly complex application requirements and the growing availability of diverse resources.In this paper,we summarize and analyze the practical problems experienced by the National Disaster Reduction Application System of China.To address the issues of data-centric,centralized,isolated solutions,we propose a novel Focusing Service Mechanism,which is capable of scheduling and allocating for optimum utilization of multiple resources,to dynamically generate collaborative and on-demand disaster information services.We also demonstrate the design and implementation of the Integrated Disaster Information Service System(IDISS).Through the service strategies of Virtualizing,Wrapping,and Integrating,disasterrelated resources are constructed into services in the IDISS.These services are dynamically aggregated into focusing service chains,for diverse disaster management tasks.Actual applications illustrate that the proposed service system can significantly improve the capability of disaster management in China.展开更多
At 07:49, 14 April 2010, the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China was struck by a magnitude 7.1 earthquake, with the epicenter located at 33.1° N and 96.7...At 07:49, 14 April 2010, the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China was struck by a magnitude 7.1 earthquake, with the epicenter located at 33.1° N and 96.7° E and at an altitude of 4300 m, and an epicentral intensity of Modified Mercalli scale IX. It was the first strong earthquake that struck the high-altitude, hypoxia-prone Tibetan plateau primarily inhabited by ethnic minorities since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, which has caused a huge loss of lives and property and adversely impacted the economic and social development of the area. The 2010 Yushu Earthquake was an earthquake disaster with the greatest destruction, widest spatial extent, and greatest difficulty for relief efforts in the history of Yushu, involving 19 townships in six counties of the prefecture. As verified by the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Ministry of Public Security, and the Yushu Prefecture Government, the earthquake killed 2698 people and caused government agencies to list 270 missing persons, who were mostly in Jiegu Town of Yushu County. The earthquake also caused a direct economic loss of RMB 44 billion Yuan. The severe environmental conditions in Yushu and limited infrastructural support for disaster relief to remediate the impacts on the earthquake victims were also rare in the history of earthquake disaster relief. This article focuses on the characteristics of the high-altitude Yushu Earthquake assessment and response, and summarizes the experiences and lessons of government and society in responding to this earthquake. The assessment of and response to the Yushu Earthquake will provide helpful references for high plateau earthquake response in the future.展开更多
基金partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41301485)the High Resolution Earth Observation System (National Science and Technology Major Project)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2012AA121305)
文摘Disaster damage assessment is an important basis for the objective assessment of the social impacts of disasters and for the planning of recovery and reconstruction. It is also an important research field with regard to disaster mitigation and risk management. Quantitative assessment of physical damage refers to the determination of the physical damage state of the exposed elements in a disaster area, reflecting the aggregate quantities of damages. It plays a key role in the comprehensive damage assessment of major natural hazard-induced disasters. The National Disaster Reduction Center of China has established a technical work flow for the quantitative assessment of disaster physical damage using remote sensing data.This article presents a quantitative assessment index system and method that can be integrated with high-resolution remote sensing data, basic geographical data, and field survey data. Following the 2014 Ludian Earthquake in Yunnan Province, China, this work flow was used to assess the damage to buildings, roads, and agricultural and forest resources, and the assessment results were incorporated into the Disaster Damage Comprehensive Assessment Report of the 2014 Ludian Earthquake for the State Council of China. This article also outlines some possible improvements that can be addressed in future work.
基金This study was supported by China 973 Project under grant 2012CB955404International Cooperation Project(2012DFG20710)funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China.
文摘China has been frequently and heavily affected by drought disasters. During 2009–2010, three large-scale severe droughts struck China, caused considerable social, economic, and ecological losses. These droughts showed significant regional differences. This study employs a two-stage transition framework comprising “entry” and “exit” transitions to discuss disaster risk management of drought in China, by taking the three droughts as comparative case studies. Chinese society’s response in the exit transition is examined and the underlying factors that enable the entry trigger are diagnosed. The policy responses that lead to the exit transition from these drought disasters were appropriate, but there is substantial room for improvement in management strategy regarding both entry and exit transitions. This article suggests that government policies should emphasize entry-prevention measures that reduce adverse impacts early in a drought episode rather than focus solely on improving performance in achieving a rapid exit transition from drought.
基金supported in part by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)under Grant 2012CB719904.
文摘China is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world.Currently,the disaster prevention and relief mechanism in China is mainly based on single disaster types and is implemented by different ministries and divisions in single administrative regions.Subsequently,the available resources,including data,services,materials,and human resources,cannot be shared and used effectively.Based on the idea of an observation system of systems and a business system of systems,this paper presents an integrated framework for a Chinese National Disaster Reduction System of Systems(CNDRSS)to address this issue.The CNDRSS framework aims to achieve data sharing and collaboration among different disaster-related ministries/institutions by providing one-stop services for all phases of disaster management and linking together existing and planned disaster-related business systems and observation systems.The key technologies use federated databases and a web service to integrate multiple disaster management systems among different ministries/institutions and a sensor web to integrate airborne,space-borne,and in-situ observations through the web service.These event-driven focused-services connecting the various observations,processing,and mapping processes can meet the requirements for complex disasterchain systems.
文摘The Environment and Disaster Reduction Satellite Constellation is a small satellite constellation developed by China for disaster monitoring.The two primary optical satellites,HJ-A and HJ-B,were successfully launched in September 2008.The satellites carry a charge-coupled device,hyperspectral imager,and infrared scanner,and have the capability for wide coverage and rapid revisits in disaster reduction applications.Also scheduled to be launched is the HJ-C,which will carry synthetic aperture radar and have the ability to provide allweather observations at any time.A follow-up‘44’satellite constellation including four optical satellites and four radar satellites is in the works,to achieve the capability of quantitative,all-weather,all-time disaster forecasting,monitoring and assessment.The corresponding disaster reduction application system has a series of functions including remote sensing data processing,disaster monitoring and assessment,decision support,and user service and information distribution,which serves the whole process of disaster management.Since its construction has been carried out,the system has successfully dealt with several huge domestic and international natural disasters,and effectively improved scientific decision support.The follow-up system’s construction will integrate,update,and extend the original system to fulfill large-scale,quantitative,allweather disaster operation application needs.
基金This study was supported by the National Science and Technology Support Program of China[863 Program,grant number 03-Y30B06-9001-13/15,grant number 2012AA121305]the National Natural Science Foundation[grant number 41171311,grant number 41101354,grant number 41201440].
文摘The Chinese Government and citizens face enormous challenges of disaster management as widespread devastation,economic damages,and loss of human lives caused by increasing natural disasters.Disaster management requires a complicated iterative process that includes disaster monitoring,early detection,forecasting,loss assessment,and efficient analysis of disaster reduction.Each task typically involves the use of technologists and multiple geospatial information resources,including sensors,data sources,models,geo-tools,software packages,and computing resources.However,most existing disaster management systems operate in a typical passive data-centric mode,where resources cannot be fully utilized.This impediment is partially being addressed by the increasingly complex application requirements and the growing availability of diverse resources.In this paper,we summarize and analyze the practical problems experienced by the National Disaster Reduction Application System of China.To address the issues of data-centric,centralized,isolated solutions,we propose a novel Focusing Service Mechanism,which is capable of scheduling and allocating for optimum utilization of multiple resources,to dynamically generate collaborative and on-demand disaster information services.We also demonstrate the design and implementation of the Integrated Disaster Information Service System(IDISS).Through the service strategies of Virtualizing,Wrapping,and Integrating,disasterrelated resources are constructed into services in the IDISS.These services are dynamically aggregated into focusing service chains,for diverse disaster management tasks.Actual applications illustrate that the proposed service system can significantly improve the capability of disaster management in China.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC),“Case Study on Core Science Projects of IHDP-IRG”(40821140354)Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation(91024024)+1 种基金Project of“11th Five-year”Science and Technology Support Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology(2008BAK49B0402)the International Cooperation Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology:“Integrated Risk Governance-Model and Modeling”(2010DFB20880).
文摘At 07:49, 14 April 2010, the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China was struck by a magnitude 7.1 earthquake, with the epicenter located at 33.1° N and 96.7° E and at an altitude of 4300 m, and an epicentral intensity of Modified Mercalli scale IX. It was the first strong earthquake that struck the high-altitude, hypoxia-prone Tibetan plateau primarily inhabited by ethnic minorities since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, which has caused a huge loss of lives and property and adversely impacted the economic and social development of the area. The 2010 Yushu Earthquake was an earthquake disaster with the greatest destruction, widest spatial extent, and greatest difficulty for relief efforts in the history of Yushu, involving 19 townships in six counties of the prefecture. As verified by the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Ministry of Public Security, and the Yushu Prefecture Government, the earthquake killed 2698 people and caused government agencies to list 270 missing persons, who were mostly in Jiegu Town of Yushu County. The earthquake also caused a direct economic loss of RMB 44 billion Yuan. The severe environmental conditions in Yushu and limited infrastructural support for disaster relief to remediate the impacts on the earthquake victims were also rare in the history of earthquake disaster relief. This article focuses on the characteristics of the high-altitude Yushu Earthquake assessment and response, and summarizes the experiences and lessons of government and society in responding to this earthquake. The assessment of and response to the Yushu Earthquake will provide helpful references for high plateau earthquake response in the future.
