Biomass burning is a major source of carbonaceous aerosols that significantly influences the Earth's radiation balance.However,the spectral light absorption properties of biomass burning aerosols(BBAs),particularl...Biomass burning is a major source of carbonaceous aerosols that significantly influences the Earth's radiation balance.However,the spectral light absorption properties of biomass burning aerosols(BBAs),particularly the contribution of brown carbon(BrC),remain poorly constrained due to reliance on laboratory measurements that may not accurately represent real-world atmospheric conditions.To address this limitation,we developed an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)based-platform for direct in-situ measurements of BBAs in the ambient atmosphere over the rural North China Plain.This approach reduces biases inherent to laboratory chamber experiments and enables a more realistic characterization of BBAs absorption properties.Our measurements revealed that the absorption?ngstr?m exponent(AAE)for typical residential biomass burning was 3.70±0.04 under smoldering conditions and 1.50±0.08 under flaming conditions.Variations in AAE were driven primarily by combustion conditions and smoke humidity rather than fuel type.Additionally,field-observed OC/EC ratios were up to ten times higher than those reported in laboratory chamber studies,resulting in systematically lower mass absorption cross-sections.This finding suggests that the BBAs light absorption and radiative forcing estimates in the North China Plain may be systematically overestimated by chamber-based studies.Notably,under smoldering conditions,BrC absorption at 375 nm was up to 6.6 times greater than that of black carbon(BC)once mass emissions are considered,emphasizing that strategies aiming at reducing smoldering combustion could be particularly effective in mitigating the ultraviolet radiative effects of BBAs.Our results demonstrate that ambient atmospheric measurements are essential for accurately constraining BBAs absorption properties and their climate impacts.展开更多
In this study, plasma reforming of toluene as a tar model compound from biomass gasification has been carried out using an AC gliding arc discharge reactor. The influence of steam and CO_(2) addition on the reforming ...In this study, plasma reforming of toluene as a tar model compound from biomass gasification has been carried out using an AC gliding arc discharge reactor. The influence of steam and CO_(2) addition on the reforming of toluene has been evaluated. The results show that the highest toluene conversion (59.9%) was achieved when adding 3 vol% CO_(2) at a toluene concentra-tion of 16.1 g/Nm3 and a specific energy input of 0.25 kWh/m3. Further increasing CO_(2) concentration to 12 vol% decreased the conversion of toluene. The presence of steam in the plasma CO_(2) reforming of toluene creates oxidative OH radicals which contribute to the enhanced conversion of toluene and energy efficiency of the plasma reforming process through stepwise oxidation of toluene and reaction intermediates. Hydrogen and C_(2)H_(2) were identified as the major gas products in the plasma reforming of toluene without CO_(2) or steam, with a yield of 9.7% and 14.5%, respectively, while syngas was the primary products with a maximum yield of 58.3% (27.5% for H_(2) and 30.8% for CO) in the plasma reforming with the addition of 12 vol% CO_(2). The plausible reaction pathways and mechanism in the plasma reforming of toluene have been proposed through the combination of the analysis of gas and condensed products and spectroscopic diagnostics.展开更多
Background:This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of low‐dose anlotinib combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors as second‐line or later treatment for extensive‐stage small cell lung cancer(ES‐SCLC).Method...Background:This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of low‐dose anlotinib combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors as second‐line or later treatment for extensive‐stage small cell lung cancer(ES‐SCLC).Methods:The study included 42 patients with ES‐SCLC who were treated with low‐dose anlotinib combined with programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death‐ligand 1 inhibitors at Henan Cancer Hospital between March 2019 and August 2022.We retrospectively analyzed the efficacy and safety data for these patients.Indicators assessed included progression‐free survival(PFS),overall survival(OS),the overall response rate(ORR),the disease control rate(DCR),and adverse events(AEs).Prognostic factors were identified in univariate and multivariate analyses.Results:Median PFS was 11.0 months(95%CI:7.868–14.132)and median OS was 17.3 months(95%CI:11.517–23.083).The ORR was 28.5%and the DCR was 95.2%.Treatment‐related AEs were noted in 27 patients(64.3%),the most common of which was thyroid dysfunction(26.2%).Grade 3/4 treatmentrelated AEs were observed in two patients(4.8%).Conclusions:A combination of low‐dose anlotinib and immune checkpoint inhibitors as second‐line or later treatment for ES‐SCLC may achieve longer PFS and OS and have manageable AEs.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42205131)the China Scholarship Council。
文摘Biomass burning is a major source of carbonaceous aerosols that significantly influences the Earth's radiation balance.However,the spectral light absorption properties of biomass burning aerosols(BBAs),particularly the contribution of brown carbon(BrC),remain poorly constrained due to reliance on laboratory measurements that may not accurately represent real-world atmospheric conditions.To address this limitation,we developed an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)based-platform for direct in-situ measurements of BBAs in the ambient atmosphere over the rural North China Plain.This approach reduces biases inherent to laboratory chamber experiments and enables a more realistic characterization of BBAs absorption properties.Our measurements revealed that the absorption?ngstr?m exponent(AAE)for typical residential biomass burning was 3.70±0.04 under smoldering conditions and 1.50±0.08 under flaming conditions.Variations in AAE were driven primarily by combustion conditions and smoke humidity rather than fuel type.Additionally,field-observed OC/EC ratios were up to ten times higher than those reported in laboratory chamber studies,resulting in systematically lower mass absorption cross-sections.This finding suggests that the BBAs light absorption and radiative forcing estimates in the North China Plain may be systematically overestimated by chamber-based studies.Notably,under smoldering conditions,BrC absorption at 375 nm was up to 6.6 times greater than that of black carbon(BC)once mass emissions are considered,emphasizing that strategies aiming at reducing smoldering combustion could be particularly effective in mitigating the ultraviolet radiative effects of BBAs.Our results demonstrate that ambient atmospheric measurements are essential for accurately constraining BBAs absorption properties and their climate impacts.
基金the UK EPSRC Impact Acceleration Account(IAA)is gratefully acknowledged.This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant agreement No.823745.
文摘In this study, plasma reforming of toluene as a tar model compound from biomass gasification has been carried out using an AC gliding arc discharge reactor. The influence of steam and CO_(2) addition on the reforming of toluene has been evaluated. The results show that the highest toluene conversion (59.9%) was achieved when adding 3 vol% CO_(2) at a toluene concentra-tion of 16.1 g/Nm3 and a specific energy input of 0.25 kWh/m3. Further increasing CO_(2) concentration to 12 vol% decreased the conversion of toluene. The presence of steam in the plasma CO_(2) reforming of toluene creates oxidative OH radicals which contribute to the enhanced conversion of toluene and energy efficiency of the plasma reforming process through stepwise oxidation of toluene and reaction intermediates. Hydrogen and C_(2)H_(2) were identified as the major gas products in the plasma reforming of toluene without CO_(2) or steam, with a yield of 9.7% and 14.5%, respectively, while syngas was the primary products with a maximum yield of 58.3% (27.5% for H_(2) and 30.8% for CO) in the plasma reforming with the addition of 12 vol% CO_(2). The plausible reaction pathways and mechanism in the plasma reforming of toluene have been proposed through the combination of the analysis of gas and condensed products and spectroscopic diagnostics.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:81972690Medical Science and Technology Research Project of Health Commission of Henan Province,Grant/Award Number:YXKC2021007。
文摘Background:This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of low‐dose anlotinib combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors as second‐line or later treatment for extensive‐stage small cell lung cancer(ES‐SCLC).Methods:The study included 42 patients with ES‐SCLC who were treated with low‐dose anlotinib combined with programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death‐ligand 1 inhibitors at Henan Cancer Hospital between March 2019 and August 2022.We retrospectively analyzed the efficacy and safety data for these patients.Indicators assessed included progression‐free survival(PFS),overall survival(OS),the overall response rate(ORR),the disease control rate(DCR),and adverse events(AEs).Prognostic factors were identified in univariate and multivariate analyses.Results:Median PFS was 11.0 months(95%CI:7.868–14.132)and median OS was 17.3 months(95%CI:11.517–23.083).The ORR was 28.5%and the DCR was 95.2%.Treatment‐related AEs were noted in 27 patients(64.3%),the most common of which was thyroid dysfunction(26.2%).Grade 3/4 treatmentrelated AEs were observed in two patients(4.8%).Conclusions:A combination of low‐dose anlotinib and immune checkpoint inhibitors as second‐line or later treatment for ES‐SCLC may achieve longer PFS and OS and have manageable AEs.
