Electroactive anticorrosion coatings are specialized surface treatments that prevent or minimize corrosion. Thestudy employs strategic thermodynamic equilibriumcalculations to pioneer a novel factor in corrosion prote...Electroactive anticorrosion coatings are specialized surface treatments that prevent or minimize corrosion. Thestudy employs strategic thermodynamic equilibriumcalculations to pioneer a novel factor in corrosion protection.A first-time proposal, the total acidity (TA) potential of the hydrogen (pH) concept significantly shapes medicalmagnesium alloys. These coatings are meticulously designed for robust corrosion resistance, blending theoreticalinsights and practical applications to enhance our grasp of corrosion prevention mechanisms and establisha systematic approach to coating design. The groundbreaking significance of this study lies in its innovativeintegration of the TA/pH concept,which encompasses the TA/pH ratio of the chemical environment. This approachsurpasses convention by acknowledging the intricate interplay between the acidity and pH levels within thecoating formulation, thereby optimizing metal-phosphate-based conversion coatings and transforming corrosionmitigation strategies. To authenticate the TA/pH concept, the study comprehensively compares its findings withexisting research, rigorously validating the theoretical framework and reinforcing the correlates among TA/pHvalues and observed corrosion resistance in the coatings. The influence of mutations that occur naturally inthe detergent solution on persistent phosphorus changes is shown by empirical confirmation, which improvescorrosion resistance. This realization advances the field ofmaterials and the field’s knowledge of coated generation,particularly anticorrosion converter layers.展开更多
On May 22 nd,2021,an MS7.4 earthquake occurred near the Maduo county of the Qinghai Province,China,within the Bayan Har Block.Seismic activities have been intense in this block,thus whether the Maduo Earthquake will b...On May 22 nd,2021,an MS7.4 earthquake occurred near the Maduo county of the Qinghai Province,China,within the Bayan Har Block.Seismic activities have been intense in this block,thus whether the Maduo Earthquake will bring subsequent seismic hazards to its surrounding regions raises wide concerns.In this paper,we first calculated the Coulomb failure stress changes caused by the Maduo Earthquake on nearby faults,and estimated how much these faults are brought closer or further from their next failures based on their stressing rates.Next,we combined the Coulomb failure stress changes with the rate-state frictional law to estimate the seismicity rate in the study region in the next decade.A declustered catalogue before the Maduo Earthquake was adopted to calculate background seismicity rate,and rate-state parameters are constrained by fault slip rates.Our results show that the Maduo Earthquake increases stress accumulations in the northwestern portion of the Qingshuihe fault(0.02 MPa at maximum),the two ends of the Kunlun Mountain Pass-Jiangcuo fault(0.01 MPa at maximum),and the northwestern portion of the Maduo-Gande fault(on average~0.09 MPa),and seismicity rates are expected to increase near these faults.What is especially worth noting is the seismic hazard in the region extending from the eastern end of the Kunlun Mountain Pass-Jiangcuo fault to the Maqin-Maqu seismic gap on the Eastern Kunlun fault,which is calculated to have experienced a maximum stress increase of 0.67 MPa after the Maduo Earthquake.On the other hand,stress accumulations are reduced in the southern end of the Elashan fault,the Eastern Kunlun fault segment to the west of Maduo,and the northwestern portion of the Dari fault.Seismic hazards are expected to be low in these regions.For the study region as a whole,the probability of an M≥6 earthquake taking place in the next decade is estimated to be 59%,about twice the value calculated for the time period before the Maduo Earthquake.展开更多
The lithosphere of the North China Craton(NCC)has experienced significant destruction and deformation since the Mesozoic,a notable feature of which is the widespread extensional structure and lithospheric thinning in ...The lithosphere of the North China Craton(NCC)has experienced significant destruction and deformation since the Mesozoic,a notable feature of which is the widespread extensional structure and lithospheric thinning in the eastern NCC.Since the thermo-rheological structure of the lithosphere is one of the main factors controlling these dynamic processes,a threedimensional thermo-rheological model of the present lithosphere in the NCC was developed based on a geophysical-petrological method using a variety of data,and its relationship with the extensional structures and the formation of rifts was further analyzed.Our results show that the western NCC is characterized by thick lithosphere,low Moho temperature(TMoho<600°C),as well as high lithospheric strength and mantle-crust strength ratio(Sm/Sc>1).The deformation of the western narrow rift is consistent with the localized deformation dominated by the strength of lithospheric mantle.On the other hand,the lithosphere in the eastern NCC is characterized by extensive thinning(with lithospheric thickness of about 80–110 km).However,the decrease of lithospheric strength is not uniform,with high strength(10×1012 Pa m)observed in some areas(such as the Bohai Bay Basin and Hehuai Basin).Most of the eastern lithosphere is characterized by high TMoho(600–750°C)and low Sm/Sc(<1),which is inconsistent with the widespread extensional structure in the eastern NCC.Incorporating results from palaeo-geothermal and petrological studies,we developed a thermo-rheological structure model of the lithosphere at different evolutionary stages of the NCC,and suggested that the eastern NCC had a significantly thinned and weakened lithosphere in the early stages of the formation of the rift,leading to a regional distributed extension deformation dominated by crustal strength,which eventually evolved into a series of wide rifts.However,the cooling and accretion of the lithosphere in the subsequent stages significantly increased the strength of the lithospheric mantle,resulting in the inconsistency between the present thermo-rheological structure of the lithosphere and the extensional structure formed in the past.展开更多
Magnesium(Mg),a potential biodegradable material,has drawn wide attention in the bone reconstruction field.However,Mg alloys,served as the bone graft substitution,remain a clinical challenge,the antibacterial activity...Magnesium(Mg),a potential biodegradable material,has drawn wide attention in the bone reconstruction field.However,Mg alloys,served as the bone graft substitution,remain a clinical challenge,the antibacterial activity of which is required to be enhanced.Here,we prepared biodegradable magnesium Mg-Zn-Y-Nd-Ag and then had it been further densified by extruding.The microstructure evolution of the as-cast and as-extruded Mg-Zn-Y-Nd-Ag was characterized using optical microscope and X-ray diffraction analyses(XRD).The results showed that the microstructure of the as-cast alloys was mainly dendrites,between which,the second phase was mainly distributed;with the increase of Ag additions,grain structure was further refined as well as the increase of amount of the second phase.After the extrusion,the grains were further refined.Microhardness tests indicated that both of the increase of Ag content and the extrusion process improved the microhardness of the alloys,specially the later.A systematic investigation of the in vivo antibacterial capability of Staphylococcus aurous and Escherichia coli was performed,and the results of which indicated that all Mg-Zn-Y-N-xAg(x?0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8)alloys exhibited certain antibacterial property,which would increased with the increase of Ag content.Taken all together,the antimicrobial property of the as-extruded alloy containing 0.4 wt%Ag exhibited the relatively better antimicrobial properties and mechanical property with the relatively small loss in corrosion resistance,which suggested the potential utility of as-extruded Mg-Zn-Y-N-0.4Ag in treating orthopedic infections.展开更多
The poor corrosion resistance of biodegradable magnesium alloys is the dominant factor that limits theirclinical application. In this study, to deal with this challenge, fluoride coating was prepared on MgeZneCa alloy...The poor corrosion resistance of biodegradable magnesium alloys is the dominant factor that limits theirclinical application. In this study, to deal with this challenge, fluoride coating was prepared on MgeZneCa alloy as the inner coating and then hydroxyapatite (HA) coating as the outer coating was depositedon fluoride coating by pulse reverse current electrodeposition (PRC-HA/MgF2). As a comparative study,the microstructure and corrosion properties of the composite coating with the outer coating fabricatedby traditional constant current electrodeposition (TED-HA/MgF2) were also investigated. Scanningelectron microscopy (SEM) images of the coatings show that the morphology of PRC-HA/MgF2 coating isdense and uniform, and presents nano-rod-like structure. Compared with that of TED-HA/MgF2, thecorrosion current density of Mg alloy coated with PRC-HA/MgF2 coatings decreases from 5.72× 10^-5 A/cm2 to 4.32× 10^-7 A/cm^2, and the corrosion resistance increases by almost two orders of magnitude. Inimmersion tests, samples coated with PRC-HA/MgF2 coating always show the lowest hydrogen evolutionamount, and could induce deposition of the hexagonal structure-apatite on the surface rapidly. Theresults show that the corrosion resistance and the bioactivity of the coatings have been improved byadopting double-pulse current mode in the process of preparing HA on fluoride coating, and the PRC-HA/MgF2 coating is worth of further investigation.展开更多
The topographic evolution of continental orogens is important for understanding continental orogenic processes,geodynamic mechanisms,and climatic and environmental changes.The Qinling Orogen is a major orogenic belt i...The topographic evolution of continental orogens is important for understanding continental orogenic processes,geodynamic mechanisms,and climatic and environmental changes.The Qinling Orogen is a major orogenic belt in China,and its uplift history can provide insights into the tectonic configuration and geodynamics of China and East Asia.Previous studies have shown that the Dabashan and Micangshan-Hannan Dome(MHD)in the South Qinling orogenic belt were uplifted during the Mesozoic.However,the magnitude of the uplift remains unclear.In this study,using sedimentary records in the northern Sichuan Basin and lithospheric flexural modeling,we estimated the magnitude of Mesozoic uplift of the Dabashan and MHD,along with the effective elastic thickness(Te)of the Sichuan Basin.The Dabashan and MHD were uplifted by approximately 1220 and 880 m during the Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous,respectively.Therefore,we propose that the present-day elevation of the Dabashan and MHD is primarily the result of Mesozoic uplift.The differences in the duration and amount of uplift between different tectonic units indicate that the uplift processes and driving mechanisms in the South Qinling orogenic belt were different in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic.Mesozoic uplift was the result of convergence of the North China and South China blocks advanced from east to west,whereas Cenozoic uplift was driven by ongoing indentation of the Indian Plate into Eurasia from southwest to northeast.The lithospheric strength of the northern Sichuan Basin was weakened from the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous,and Tedecreased from 73 to 57 km.This may have been caused by the flexure-related bending stresses in the lithosphere that developed due to the large topographic loading.展开更多
The mechanism study of earthquake occurrence is of great importance to the society,for earthquakes are one of the most damaging natural catastrophes[1,2].Studies show that an earthquake produces a net reduction of str...The mechanism study of earthquake occurrence is of great importance to the society,for earthquakes are one of the most damaging natural catastrophes[1,2].Studies show that an earthquake produces a net reduction of stress on the fault,yet the stress does not disappear,but is transferred to nearby regions,changing the stress state and seismicity of surrounding faults.展开更多
基金the below mentioned organisation:Key Research and Development Special Project of Henan Provincial Science and Technology(222102230025)Key Research and Development Special Project of Henan Provincial Science and Technology(232102231015)+2 种基金Key Research and Development Special Project of Henan Provincial Science and Technology(232102231011)Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(No.004053100)Major Science Research Project of High Education of Henan Province(No.23B430016).
文摘Electroactive anticorrosion coatings are specialized surface treatments that prevent or minimize corrosion. Thestudy employs strategic thermodynamic equilibriumcalculations to pioneer a novel factor in corrosion protection.A first-time proposal, the total acidity (TA) potential of the hydrogen (pH) concept significantly shapes medicalmagnesium alloys. These coatings are meticulously designed for robust corrosion resistance, blending theoreticalinsights and practical applications to enhance our grasp of corrosion prevention mechanisms and establisha systematic approach to coating design. The groundbreaking significance of this study lies in its innovativeintegration of the TA/pH concept,which encompasses the TA/pH ratio of the chemical environment. This approachsurpasses convention by acknowledging the intricate interplay between the acidity and pH levels within thecoating formulation, thereby optimizing metal-phosphate-based conversion coatings and transforming corrosionmitigation strategies. To authenticate the TA/pH concept, the study comprehensively compares its findings withexisting research, rigorously validating the theoretical framework and reinforcing the correlates among TA/pHvalues and observed corrosion resistance in the coatings. The influence of mutations that occur naturally inthe detergent solution on persistent phosphorus changes is shown by empirical confirmation, which improvescorrosion resistance. This realization advances the field ofmaterials and the field’s knowledge of coated generation,particularly anticorrosion converter layers.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC1500305)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41731072,41574095)。
文摘On May 22 nd,2021,an MS7.4 earthquake occurred near the Maduo county of the Qinghai Province,China,within the Bayan Har Block.Seismic activities have been intense in this block,thus whether the Maduo Earthquake will bring subsequent seismic hazards to its surrounding regions raises wide concerns.In this paper,we first calculated the Coulomb failure stress changes caused by the Maduo Earthquake on nearby faults,and estimated how much these faults are brought closer or further from their next failures based on their stressing rates.Next,we combined the Coulomb failure stress changes with the rate-state frictional law to estimate the seismicity rate in the study region in the next decade.A declustered catalogue before the Maduo Earthquake was adopted to calculate background seismicity rate,and rate-state parameters are constrained by fault slip rates.Our results show that the Maduo Earthquake increases stress accumulations in the northwestern portion of the Qingshuihe fault(0.02 MPa at maximum),the two ends of the Kunlun Mountain Pass-Jiangcuo fault(0.01 MPa at maximum),and the northwestern portion of the Maduo-Gande fault(on average~0.09 MPa),and seismicity rates are expected to increase near these faults.What is especially worth noting is the seismic hazard in the region extending from the eastern end of the Kunlun Mountain Pass-Jiangcuo fault to the Maqin-Maqu seismic gap on the Eastern Kunlun fault,which is calculated to have experienced a maximum stress increase of 0.67 MPa after the Maduo Earthquake.On the other hand,stress accumulations are reduced in the southern end of the Elashan fault,the Eastern Kunlun fault segment to the west of Maduo,and the northwestern portion of the Dari fault.Seismic hazards are expected to be low in these regions.For the study region as a whole,the probability of an M≥6 earthquake taking place in the next decade is estimated to be 59%,about twice the value calculated for the time period before the Maduo Earthquake.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41731072,41574095)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC1500305)Most figures were prepared with the Generic Mapping Tools(Wessel and Smith,1998)。
文摘The lithosphere of the North China Craton(NCC)has experienced significant destruction and deformation since the Mesozoic,a notable feature of which is the widespread extensional structure and lithospheric thinning in the eastern NCC.Since the thermo-rheological structure of the lithosphere is one of the main factors controlling these dynamic processes,a threedimensional thermo-rheological model of the present lithosphere in the NCC was developed based on a geophysical-petrological method using a variety of data,and its relationship with the extensional structures and the formation of rifts was further analyzed.Our results show that the western NCC is characterized by thick lithosphere,low Moho temperature(TMoho<600°C),as well as high lithospheric strength and mantle-crust strength ratio(Sm/Sc>1).The deformation of the western narrow rift is consistent with the localized deformation dominated by the strength of lithospheric mantle.On the other hand,the lithosphere in the eastern NCC is characterized by extensive thinning(with lithospheric thickness of about 80–110 km).However,the decrease of lithospheric strength is not uniform,with high strength(10×1012 Pa m)observed in some areas(such as the Bohai Bay Basin and Hehuai Basin).Most of the eastern lithosphere is characterized by high TMoho(600–750°C)and low Sm/Sc(<1),which is inconsistent with the widespread extensional structure in the eastern NCC.Incorporating results from palaeo-geothermal and petrological studies,we developed a thermo-rheological structure model of the lithosphere at different evolutionary stages of the NCC,and suggested that the eastern NCC had a significantly thinned and weakened lithosphere in the early stages of the formation of the rift,leading to a regional distributed extension deformation dominated by crustal strength,which eventually evolved into a series of wide rifts.However,the cooling and accretion of the lithosphere in the subsequent stages significantly increased the strength of the lithospheric mantle,resulting in the inconsistency between the present thermo-rheological structure of the lithosphere and the extensional structure formed in the past.
基金We are grateful for the financial support of the National Hightech Research and Development Projects(863)(2015AA033603,2015AA020301)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC1102403)the Major Science and Technology Projects in Henan Province(141100310900).
文摘Magnesium(Mg),a potential biodegradable material,has drawn wide attention in the bone reconstruction field.However,Mg alloys,served as the bone graft substitution,remain a clinical challenge,the antibacterial activity of which is required to be enhanced.Here,we prepared biodegradable magnesium Mg-Zn-Y-Nd-Ag and then had it been further densified by extruding.The microstructure evolution of the as-cast and as-extruded Mg-Zn-Y-Nd-Ag was characterized using optical microscope and X-ray diffraction analyses(XRD).The results showed that the microstructure of the as-cast alloys was mainly dendrites,between which,the second phase was mainly distributed;with the increase of Ag additions,grain structure was further refined as well as the increase of amount of the second phase.After the extrusion,the grains were further refined.Microhardness tests indicated that both of the increase of Ag content and the extrusion process improved the microhardness of the alloys,specially the later.A systematic investigation of the in vivo antibacterial capability of Staphylococcus aurous and Escherichia coli was performed,and the results of which indicated that all Mg-Zn-Y-N-xAg(x?0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8)alloys exhibited certain antibacterial property,which would increased with the increase of Ag content.Taken all together,the antimicrobial property of the as-extruded alloy containing 0.4 wt%Ag exhibited the relatively better antimicrobial properties and mechanical property with the relatively small loss in corrosion resistance,which suggested the potential utility of as-extruded Mg-Zn-Y-N-0.4Ag in treating orthopedic infections.
基金We are grateful for the financial support of the National Hightech Research and Development Projects(863)(2015AA033603,2015AA020301)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC1102403)the Major Science and Technology Projects in Henan Province(141100310900).
文摘The poor corrosion resistance of biodegradable magnesium alloys is the dominant factor that limits theirclinical application. In this study, to deal with this challenge, fluoride coating was prepared on MgeZneCa alloy as the inner coating and then hydroxyapatite (HA) coating as the outer coating was depositedon fluoride coating by pulse reverse current electrodeposition (PRC-HA/MgF2). As a comparative study,the microstructure and corrosion properties of the composite coating with the outer coating fabricatedby traditional constant current electrodeposition (TED-HA/MgF2) were also investigated. Scanningelectron microscopy (SEM) images of the coatings show that the morphology of PRC-HA/MgF2 coating isdense and uniform, and presents nano-rod-like structure. Compared with that of TED-HA/MgF2, thecorrosion current density of Mg alloy coated with PRC-HA/MgF2 coatings decreases from 5.72× 10^-5 A/cm2 to 4.32× 10^-7 A/cm^2, and the corrosion resistance increases by almost two orders of magnitude. Inimmersion tests, samples coated with PRC-HA/MgF2 coating always show the lowest hydrogen evolutionamount, and could induce deposition of the hexagonal structure-apatite on the surface rapidly. Theresults show that the corrosion resistance and the bioactivity of the coatings have been improved byadopting double-pulse current mode in the process of preparing HA on fluoride coating, and the PRC-HA/MgF2 coating is worth of further investigation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41731072,41574095)。
文摘The topographic evolution of continental orogens is important for understanding continental orogenic processes,geodynamic mechanisms,and climatic and environmental changes.The Qinling Orogen is a major orogenic belt in China,and its uplift history can provide insights into the tectonic configuration and geodynamics of China and East Asia.Previous studies have shown that the Dabashan and Micangshan-Hannan Dome(MHD)in the South Qinling orogenic belt were uplifted during the Mesozoic.However,the magnitude of the uplift remains unclear.In this study,using sedimentary records in the northern Sichuan Basin and lithospheric flexural modeling,we estimated the magnitude of Mesozoic uplift of the Dabashan and MHD,along with the effective elastic thickness(Te)of the Sichuan Basin.The Dabashan and MHD were uplifted by approximately 1220 and 880 m during the Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous,respectively.Therefore,we propose that the present-day elevation of the Dabashan and MHD is primarily the result of Mesozoic uplift.The differences in the duration and amount of uplift between different tectonic units indicate that the uplift processes and driving mechanisms in the South Qinling orogenic belt were different in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic.Mesozoic uplift was the result of convergence of the North China and South China blocks advanced from east to west,whereas Cenozoic uplift was driven by ongoing indentation of the Indian Plate into Eurasia from southwest to northeast.The lithospheric strength of the northern Sichuan Basin was weakened from the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous,and Tedecreased from 73 to 57 km.This may have been caused by the flexure-related bending stresses in the lithosphere that developed due to the large topographic loading.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(201YFC1500302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41674106).
文摘The mechanism study of earthquake occurrence is of great importance to the society,for earthquakes are one of the most damaging natural catastrophes[1,2].Studies show that an earthquake produces a net reduction of stress on the fault,yet the stress does not disappear,but is transferred to nearby regions,changing the stress state and seismicity of surrounding faults.
