Fiber-reinforced polymer composites(FRPCs)possess outstanding specific strength and specific modulus,making them essential in aerospace,rail transportation,and other advanced engineering applications.However,during th...Fiber-reinforced polymer composites(FRPCs)possess outstanding specific strength and specific modulus,making them essential in aerospace,rail transportation,and other advanced engineering applications.However,during the molding process,non-uniform microscopic resin flow through multi-scale fiber networks often induces microscopic defects,significantly reducing the mechanical performance and reliability of the composites.Applying an electric field during molding process has demonstrated substantial advantages in void reduction by promoting uniform resin infiltration and enhancing fiber/resin wettability.Nevertheless,the dynamic resin infiltration processes and flow mechanisms within fiber tows and at single fiber surfaces remain poorly understood.To address this challenge,this study introduces a novel in-situ sensing technique for real-time monitoring of microscopic resin infiltration dynamics under applied electric field conditions.By developing glass fiber sensors coated with Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)(MXene)and carbon nanotubes(CNTs),we captured the real-time dynamics of infiltration states within fiber tows and at single fiber surfaces.Analysis of sensing signals confirmed that applied electric field assistance significantly increases resin infiltration velocity and infiltration sufficiency.Multi-scale numerical simulations further elucidated how electric field forces promote resin infiltration into fiber tow pores and improve single fiber surface wettability.As a result,the flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength of the composites increased by 25.5%and 37.3%,respectively.This research provides novel insights into electrically-assisted molding processes by integrating in-situ sensing with multi-scale numerical simulations,addressing a critical need for dynamic monitoring of resin infiltration and multi-scale mechanism analysis.展开更多
To meet the stringent requirements of next-generation aerospace,electronics,and environmental applications,structural materials must possess intrinsic multifunctionality.However,conventional glass fiber/epoxy(GF/EP)co...To meet the stringent requirements of next-generation aerospace,electronics,and environmental applications,structural materials must possess intrinsic multifunctionality.However,conventional glass fiber/epoxy(GF/EP)composites,while structurally competent,are hindered by deficiencies such as poor interlaminar toughness,low thermal conductivity,and an inability to interact effectively with electromagnetic microwaves.In this study,we transform GF/EP composites from traditional structural components into advanced structural multifunctional materials by embedding T_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene/poly(acrylic acid)(PAA)aerogels(TPA)as integral interlayers.Hybrid composites with tailored architectures,the aligned(GFAM_A)and the random(GFAM_R)TPA/GF/EP laminates,were fabricated using unidirectional and isotropic freeze-casting,respectively.The resulting hybrid composites show significant improvements over baseline GF/EP.The integrated aerogel phase promotes mechanisms of crack deflection and distributed energy dissipation,leading to notable enhancements in interlaminar shear strength(ILSS)and fracture toughness.Critically,the continuous T3C2Tx MXene network within the aerogel creates efficient through-thickness thermal conduction pathways and imparts strong microwave absorption properties to the previously electromagnetically transparent composite.Notably,the configuration incorporating aligned aerogels achieves simultaneous increases of approximately 52%in ILSS,78%in toughness,and 42%in thermal conductivity,along with effective microwave absorption properties,exhibiting a minimum reflection loss of−23.47 dB and a maximum effective bandwidth of 2.70 GHz.This study demonstrates that precision aerogel engineering provides a powerful strategy for upgrading conventional glass fiber composites into advanced multifunctional structural materials.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52175544,52172098)the Key R&D Program of Gansu province(Grant No.25YFGA076)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of Shaanxi province(Grant No.2023QCY-LL-26)the Key R&D Program of Guangdong province(Grant No.2023A0505010019)。
文摘Fiber-reinforced polymer composites(FRPCs)possess outstanding specific strength and specific modulus,making them essential in aerospace,rail transportation,and other advanced engineering applications.However,during the molding process,non-uniform microscopic resin flow through multi-scale fiber networks often induces microscopic defects,significantly reducing the mechanical performance and reliability of the composites.Applying an electric field during molding process has demonstrated substantial advantages in void reduction by promoting uniform resin infiltration and enhancing fiber/resin wettability.Nevertheless,the dynamic resin infiltration processes and flow mechanisms within fiber tows and at single fiber surfaces remain poorly understood.To address this challenge,this study introduces a novel in-situ sensing technique for real-time monitoring of microscopic resin infiltration dynamics under applied electric field conditions.By developing glass fiber sensors coated with Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)(MXene)and carbon nanotubes(CNTs),we captured the real-time dynamics of infiltration states within fiber tows and at single fiber surfaces.Analysis of sensing signals confirmed that applied electric field assistance significantly increases resin infiltration velocity and infiltration sufficiency.Multi-scale numerical simulations further elucidated how electric field forces promote resin infiltration into fiber tow pores and improve single fiber surface wettability.As a result,the flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength of the composites increased by 25.5%and 37.3%,respectively.This research provides novel insights into electrically-assisted molding processes by integrating in-situ sensing with multi-scale numerical simulations,addressing a critical need for dynamic monitoring of resin infiltration and multi-scale mechanism analysis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52175544 and 52172098)the Key R&D Program of Gansu Province(25YFGA076)the Key R&D Program of Guangdong Province(2023A0505010019)。
文摘To meet the stringent requirements of next-generation aerospace,electronics,and environmental applications,structural materials must possess intrinsic multifunctionality.However,conventional glass fiber/epoxy(GF/EP)composites,while structurally competent,are hindered by deficiencies such as poor interlaminar toughness,low thermal conductivity,and an inability to interact effectively with electromagnetic microwaves.In this study,we transform GF/EP composites from traditional structural components into advanced structural multifunctional materials by embedding T_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene/poly(acrylic acid)(PAA)aerogels(TPA)as integral interlayers.Hybrid composites with tailored architectures,the aligned(GFAM_A)and the random(GFAM_R)TPA/GF/EP laminates,were fabricated using unidirectional and isotropic freeze-casting,respectively.The resulting hybrid composites show significant improvements over baseline GF/EP.The integrated aerogel phase promotes mechanisms of crack deflection and distributed energy dissipation,leading to notable enhancements in interlaminar shear strength(ILSS)and fracture toughness.Critically,the continuous T3C2Tx MXene network within the aerogel creates efficient through-thickness thermal conduction pathways and imparts strong microwave absorption properties to the previously electromagnetically transparent composite.Notably,the configuration incorporating aligned aerogels achieves simultaneous increases of approximately 52%in ILSS,78%in toughness,and 42%in thermal conductivity,along with effective microwave absorption properties,exhibiting a minimum reflection loss of−23.47 dB and a maximum effective bandwidth of 2.70 GHz.This study demonstrates that precision aerogel engineering provides a powerful strategy for upgrading conventional glass fiber composites into advanced multifunctional structural materials.
