Saccharides are a sort of ubiquitous and vital molecules within the whole life.However,the application of saccharides analysis with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry(MALDI-MS)is restricted ...Saccharides are a sort of ubiquitous and vital molecules within the whole life.However,the application of saccharides analysis with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry(MALDI-MS)is restricted by their low ionization efficiency and the instability of the sialic acid fraction.Derivatization strategy based on nonreductive amination provides a good solution,however,this is often time consuming and may result in sample loss due to removal of excessive derivatization reagents.Herein,hydralazine(HZN)was utilized as a reactive matrix for labeling reducing saccharides directly on MALDI target which eliminated tedious sample preparation and avoided sample loss.After optimization,effective and reproducible on-MALDI-target derivatization of neutral and acidic saccharides was achieved in both positive and negative modes.Compared with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid(DHB)and 9-aminoacridine(9-AA),HZN improved the detection sensitivity of reducing saccharides and provided more abundant fragment ions in MS/MS analysis.Moreover,26 kinds of neutral glycans and 5 kinds of sialic glycans were identified from ovalbumin(OVA)and bovine fetuin,respectively.Combined with the statistical models,this strategy could be used to distinguish and predict samples of 6 brands of beer,and discriminate 2 kinds of beer fermentation modes.In addition,HZN was applied for quantitative analysis of glucose in urine samples,and the obtained urine glucose concentrations of diabetic patients were consistent with the clinical test results,showing the potential of qualitative and quantitative analysis of reducing saccharides in complex samples.展开更多
Apple Valsa canker(AVC)has caused significant losses worldwide,especially in East Asia.Various fungal species from the genus Cytospora/Valsa can infect tree bark and cause tissue rot,and Valsa mali(Vm)is responsible f...Apple Valsa canker(AVC)has caused significant losses worldwide,especially in East Asia.Various fungal species from the genus Cytospora/Valsa can infect tree bark and cause tissue rot,and Valsa mali(Vm)is responsible for the most severe tree branch deaths and yield losses.Since AVC was first reported in Japan in 1903,the pathogen species,biological characteristics,infection and pathogenesis,spore dissemination,and disease cycle have been intensively investigated.Based on the new cognition of the disease dynamics,the disease control strategy has shifted from scraping diseased tissue to protecting the bark from infection.In this review,we summarize new knowledge of the Vm infection process mediated by various kinds of virulence factors,including cell wall degrading enzymes,toxins,effectors,microRNA-like RNAs,and pathogenic signaling regulators.We also introduce progress in evaluating germplasm resources and identifying disease response-related genes in apples.In addition,we elaborate current understanding of spore dissemination and disease cycles in orchards and disease prevention techniques.Finally,we provide recommendations for developing more cost-effective strategies for controlling AVC by applying genetic resistance and biological fungicides.展开更多
基金supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22274021,21974021 and 22036001)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2022J01535)the Major Project of Science and Technology of Fujian Province(No.2020HZ06006)。
文摘Saccharides are a sort of ubiquitous and vital molecules within the whole life.However,the application of saccharides analysis with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry(MALDI-MS)is restricted by their low ionization efficiency and the instability of the sialic acid fraction.Derivatization strategy based on nonreductive amination provides a good solution,however,this is often time consuming and may result in sample loss due to removal of excessive derivatization reagents.Herein,hydralazine(HZN)was utilized as a reactive matrix for labeling reducing saccharides directly on MALDI target which eliminated tedious sample preparation and avoided sample loss.After optimization,effective and reproducible on-MALDI-target derivatization of neutral and acidic saccharides was achieved in both positive and negative modes.Compared with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid(DHB)and 9-aminoacridine(9-AA),HZN improved the detection sensitivity of reducing saccharides and provided more abundant fragment ions in MS/MS analysis.Moreover,26 kinds of neutral glycans and 5 kinds of sialic glycans were identified from ovalbumin(OVA)and bovine fetuin,respectively.Combined with the statistical models,this strategy could be used to distinguish and predict samples of 6 brands of beer,and discriminate 2 kinds of beer fermentation modes.In addition,HZN was applied for quantitative analysis of glucose in urine samples,and the obtained urine glucose concentrations of diabetic patients were consistent with the clinical test results,showing the potential of qualitative and quantitative analysis of reducing saccharides in complex samples.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1903206,32172375)the Key Science and Technology Special Projects of Shaanxi Province(2020zdzx03-03-01).
文摘Apple Valsa canker(AVC)has caused significant losses worldwide,especially in East Asia.Various fungal species from the genus Cytospora/Valsa can infect tree bark and cause tissue rot,and Valsa mali(Vm)is responsible for the most severe tree branch deaths and yield losses.Since AVC was first reported in Japan in 1903,the pathogen species,biological characteristics,infection and pathogenesis,spore dissemination,and disease cycle have been intensively investigated.Based on the new cognition of the disease dynamics,the disease control strategy has shifted from scraping diseased tissue to protecting the bark from infection.In this review,we summarize new knowledge of the Vm infection process mediated by various kinds of virulence factors,including cell wall degrading enzymes,toxins,effectors,microRNA-like RNAs,and pathogenic signaling regulators.We also introduce progress in evaluating germplasm resources and identifying disease response-related genes in apples.In addition,we elaborate current understanding of spore dissemination and disease cycles in orchards and disease prevention techniques.Finally,we provide recommendations for developing more cost-effective strategies for controlling AVC by applying genetic resistance and biological fungicides.
