Global sustainable development cannot be achieved by neglecting rural areas.These regions represent vast territorial spaces beyond urban built-up areas,possessing comparative advantages through their distinctive ecolo...Global sustainable development cannot be achieved by neglecting rural areas.These regions represent vast territorial spaces beyond urban built-up areas,possessing comparative advantages through their distinctive ecological resources.The transformation of ecological resources into economic value,commonly referred to as ecological industrialization,enhances rural economic vitality and developmental potential.Comprehensive rural revitalization strengthens regional functionality and development resilience,thereby promoting sustainable rural development.Based on human-earth system science,we theorize ecological industrialization as the PGR model,manifesting the transformation path from“poor mountain”to“green mountain”and then to“rich mountain”.It is noteworthy that in regions endowed with beautiful ecological landscapes,the PGR model prioritizes the transformation of“green mountain”to“rich mountain”.The essence of rural revitalization manifests through areal transformations driven by tripartite forces:the rural internal force,urban peripheral force,and urban-rural interaction force.There is a mutually reinforcing relationship between ecological industrialization and rural revitalization,and the implementation of the two can realize the coordinated development of rural functions.In this process,rural areas have realized the transformation from degraded land system to human-earth coupling system.Furthermore,through the examination of Fuping,Liuba,and Sanming as exemplary case studies,we have distilled three distinct modes of ecological industrialization:the circular industry mode,the ecological tourism mode,and the carbon sink trading mode.It is recommended that rural areas prioritize the coordinated implementation of ecological industrialization and rural revitalization in accordance with regional characteristics,so as to better foster rural sustainable development.展开更多
Geography is suitable for the study of sustainability from a transdisciplinary perspective,which takes the human-land relationship as the core research.As a key obstacle to rural sustainability,poverty is an external ...Geography is suitable for the study of sustainability from a transdisciplinary perspective,which takes the human-land relationship as the core research.As a key obstacle to rural sustainability,poverty is an external manifestation of the coupling maladjustment of elements in human-land territorial systems.As the world’s largest developing country,China eradicated extreme poverty in 2020 and made significant contributions to global poverty reduc-tion.Especially over the last eight years,China has implemented a targeted poverty alleviation(TPA)strategy and has continuously promoted theoretical,organizational and institutional innovations for poverty reduction.From the perspective of geography,this paper extracts the experiences of China’s TPA strategy,represented by the"5W2H"mode.The research concludes that:(1)Precise identification,as the foundation of TPA,aims to in-troduce a registration system to obtain records of all poor households and then answer the"5W"(what,where,why,who,when)issues of the geography of poverty.(2)Precise assistance is the key of TPA,which aims to solve the issue of"how to offer help and support".The barriers to escaping poverty can be accomplished through poli-cies and measures that focus on the diverse causes of poverty and considering different situations.(3)Accurate assessments are an essential means of TPA,relevant to solve"how to measure the end of poverty alleviation",and third-party evaluations play an important role in improving the accuracy of poverty alleviation.(4)The TPA mechanism lies in reconstructing the human-land-industry structures in the impoverished areal system.It is urgent to introduce China’s successful experience and typical modes of TPA for global human-earth system coordination and sustainable development and contribute to building a community of human destiny.展开更多
Rising frequency,intensity,and geographic scope of extreme heat profoundly impede global sustainable economic development.However,existing climate econometric models are limited in capturing the spatial processes thro...Rising frequency,intensity,and geographic scope of extreme heat profoundly impede global sustainable economic development.However,existing climate econometric models are limited in capturing the spatial processes through which extreme heat affects the global economy,often resulting in downward-biased estimates of total economic losses.This study develops a novel multi-scale spatio-temporal model that integrates classic multi-level modeling with spatial statistics,explicitly addressing key challenges faced by climate econometrics.A Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation algorithm is derived for model implementation.Using this model,we present the first quantitative assessment of the impacts of extreme heat on global economic production and their scale-dependent spatial processes.Our findings reveal that,at the national scale,economic losses caused by input–output economic linkages initially decline slowly,then drop sharply with increasing connectivity,with an inflection point around 0.1.When accounting for spatial propagation effects,a 1℃increase in extreme heat intensity leads to an average loss of 2.54%[0.90%,4.19%]of annual GDP per capita—substantially higher than estimates assuming economic losses are locally confined.Moreover,the economic impacts of extreme heat exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity,with positive marginal effects detected in colder regions and negative effects in warmer regions,with a turning point around 33.7℃.This study offers a new methodology to evaluate the impact of climate change from a multi-scale and spatial perspective.展开更多
The world has experienced a rapid expansion of human settlements in both urban and rural areas in recent decades,yet the unequal impacts of this construction on global food security remain unclear.In this study,we del...The world has experienced a rapid expansion of human settlements in both urban and rural areas in recent decades,yet the unequal impacts of this construction on global food security remain unclear.In this study,we delineated the global-scale expansion of urban–rural settlements at a fine resolution from1985 to 2020 and quantified their uneven impacts on food security,focusing on the relationships between settlement types,cropland categories,and disparities in crop production.Our results showed that despite dramatic urbanization,rural settlements still constituted the majority of human settlement areas in 2020.Globally,cropland loss due to the expansion of rural settlements was 1.2 times greater than that caused by urbanization,while the associated yield loss was 1.5 times higher.Notably,urban–rural settlement expansion in Asia accounted for 61%of cropland loss and 64%of yield loss.Moreover,future scenarios predicted that Asia's urban–rural settlement expansion will continue to have the most significant impacts on the loss of cropland and yield throughout the 2030s.These results provide systematic evidence of the unequal impacts of urban–rural settlement construction on global cropland and food security.展开更多
The Yellow River Basin spans three geographical steps across eastern,central,and western China and exhibits pronounced regional heterogeneity and sensitivity to extreme heat conditions.This study employed the Carnegie...The Yellow River Basin spans three geographical steps across eastern,central,and western China and exhibits pronounced regional heterogeneity and sensitivity to extreme heat conditions.This study employed the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA)model to quantify the spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation net primary productivity(NPP)in the basin(2000-2022).A dynamic climate econometric model was employed to evaluate the impact of extreme heat stress on vegetation carbon sequestration and quantify the anthropogenic contributions to heat-induced NPP changes.The results indicated that extreme heat significantly suppressed vegetation carbon sequestration in the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2022.Each additional day of extreme heat reduced the NPP by approximately 0.21%,with this inhibitory effect persisting into the following year.The marginal effects of extreme heat exhibited significant heterogeneity,modulated by both the mean annual temperature and temperature variability.Specifically,more pronounced NPP suppression was observed in regions characterized by elevated mean annual temperatures and enhanced temperature variability.Furthermore,the anthropogenic contributions to extreme heat days progressively increased,with a continuously expanding spatial influence.Consequently,anthropogenic extreme heatinduced carbon sequestration losses accelerated after 2008,reaching 1.49×10^(13)g C in 2020(~7.05%of annual sequestration).These findings provide critical evidence for optimizing ecological strategies in the Yellow River Basin and inform global climate change policies.展开更多
Sustainable urbanization in the Global South demands a comprehensive understanding of the intricate urban-rural relations in the face of rapid transformation.Traditional dichotomous urban-rural classification fails to...Sustainable urbanization in the Global South demands a comprehensive understanding of the intricate urban-rural relations in the face of rapid transformation.Traditional dichotomous urban-rural classification fails to thoroughly capture the convoluted interactions within the increasingly complex urbanizing landscape.Here,we reconstruct the urban-rural relationship in China by employing high-resolution satellite land-cover data in an urban-rural catchment area(URCA)framework to redefine urban-rural boundaries and quantify fine-grained connectivity.We categorize land areas into urban centers,peri-urban regions,rural areas,and hinterlands,revealing their respective population distributions in 2018.Our findings show significant spatial disparities in China’s urban-rural relations due to transitioning from a predominantly rural to an urbanizing nation.The study also highlights substantial supply-demand inconsistencies in public infrastructure and fiscal preferences,exacerbating social expenditure gaps among municipal levels within the URCA.Our research contributes to understanding geographic social integration in urban-rural relations,which is important to promoting social justice and mitigating inequalities associated with China’s urbanization in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).展开更多
The interactions among industrial development,land use/cover change (LUCC), and environmentaleffects in Changshu in the eastern coastal China wereanalyzed using high-resolution Landsat TM data in 1990,1995, 2000, and ...The interactions among industrial development,land use/cover change (LUCC), and environmentaleffects in Changshu in the eastern coastal China wereanalyzed using high-resolution Landsat TM data in 1990,1995, 2000, and 2006, socio-economic data and waterenvironmental quality monitoring data from researchinstitutes and governmental departments. Three phases ofindustrial development in Changshu were examined (i.e.,the three periods of 1990 to 1995, 1995 to 2000, and 2000to 2006). Besides industrial development and rapidurbanization, land use/cover in Changshu had changeddrastically from 1990 to 2006. This change was characterizedby major replacements of farmland by urban and ruralsettlements, artificial ponds, forested and constructed land.Industrialization, urbanization, agricultural structureadjustment, and rural housing construction were themajor socio-economic driving forces of LUCC inChangshu. In addition, the annual value of ecosystemservices in Changshu decreased slightly during 1990-2000, but increased significantly during 2000-2006.Nevertheless, the local environmental quality in Changshu,especially in rural areas, has not yet been improvedsignificantly. Thus, this paper suggests an increasedattention to fully realize the role of land supply inadjustment of environment-friendly industrial structureand urban-rural spatial restructuring, and translating theland management and environmental protection policiesinto an optimized industrial distribution and land-use pattern.展开更多
This paper aims to show the importance of land consolidation in transforming the Loess Plateau of China. The paper comprehensively analyzes how over recent decades the Grain for Green Project and Gully Land Consolidat...This paper aims to show the importance of land consolidation in transforming the Loess Plateau of China. The paper comprehensively analyzes how over recent decades the Grain for Green Project and Gully Land Consolidation Project jointly transformed the ecology and landscape of the Loess Plateau and the livelihood of its residents. The findings show that these two projects have achieved a balance between green protection, new land creation, and improved food security and livelihood of local people in the hilly areas of China. The paper points out that the successful transformation of the Plateau lies in a holistic approach incorporating various components of the human and natural systems. Finally, the paper highlights the necessity of retaining these two land consolidation projects as part of an ongoing policy in the mountain and hilly areas of China, changing agricultural management to suit the new relationship between humans and the land.展开更多
Urbanization is the inevitable outcome of socioeconomic development,especially after the industrial revolution in 1760(1).Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,the urbanization of China has mad...Urbanization is the inevitable outcome of socioeconomic development,especially after the industrial revolution in 1760(1).Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,the urbanization of China has made great progress.The speed and mass of urbanization and notably its relevant consequences,such as resource consumption and carbon emissions,has taken place in the most populous country in the world over the past three decades,which is raising increased concerns internationally(2)(Figure 1).Urbanization rate(in this article,this indicator refers to the population urbanization rate)is a common indicator of urbanization.Many international organizations(such as the World Bank,World Health Organization,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,etc.)use urbanization as one of the important criteria for measuring productivity and economic growth in a country(1).China’s urbanization process can be described as the largest population migration in history and has also had an important impact on public health.As the national population migrates from rural to urban areas,differences in lifestyle,environmental quality,social security,and accidental injuries have all been brought about and become more and more dramatic(3).展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42293271)the Alliance of International Science Organizations(Grant No.ANSO-PA-2023-16)。
文摘Global sustainable development cannot be achieved by neglecting rural areas.These regions represent vast territorial spaces beyond urban built-up areas,possessing comparative advantages through their distinctive ecological resources.The transformation of ecological resources into economic value,commonly referred to as ecological industrialization,enhances rural economic vitality and developmental potential.Comprehensive rural revitalization strengthens regional functionality and development resilience,thereby promoting sustainable rural development.Based on human-earth system science,we theorize ecological industrialization as the PGR model,manifesting the transformation path from“poor mountain”to“green mountain”and then to“rich mountain”.It is noteworthy that in regions endowed with beautiful ecological landscapes,the PGR model prioritizes the transformation of“green mountain”to“rich mountain”.The essence of rural revitalization manifests through areal transformations driven by tripartite forces:the rural internal force,urban peripheral force,and urban-rural interaction force.There is a mutually reinforcing relationship between ecological industrialization and rural revitalization,and the implementation of the two can realize the coordinated development of rural functions.In this process,rural areas have realized the transformation from degraded land system to human-earth coupling system.Furthermore,through the examination of Fuping,Liuba,and Sanming as exemplary case studies,we have distilled three distinct modes of ecological industrialization:the circular industry mode,the ecological tourism mode,and the carbon sink trading mode.It is recommended that rural areas prioritize the coordinated implementation of ecological industrialization and rural revitalization in accordance with regional characteristics,so as to better foster rural sustainable development.
基金This research was funded by the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China(Grant No.42071231,41931293).
文摘Geography is suitable for the study of sustainability from a transdisciplinary perspective,which takes the human-land relationship as the core research.As a key obstacle to rural sustainability,poverty is an external manifestation of the coupling maladjustment of elements in human-land territorial systems.As the world’s largest developing country,China eradicated extreme poverty in 2020 and made significant contributions to global poverty reduc-tion.Especially over the last eight years,China has implemented a targeted poverty alleviation(TPA)strategy and has continuously promoted theoretical,organizational and institutional innovations for poverty reduction.From the perspective of geography,this paper extracts the experiences of China’s TPA strategy,represented by the"5W2H"mode.The research concludes that:(1)Precise identification,as the foundation of TPA,aims to in-troduce a registration system to obtain records of all poor households and then answer the"5W"(what,where,why,who,when)issues of the geography of poverty.(2)Precise assistance is the key of TPA,which aims to solve the issue of"how to offer help and support".The barriers to escaping poverty can be accomplished through poli-cies and measures that focus on the diverse causes of poverty and considering different situations.(3)Accurate assessments are an essential means of TPA,relevant to solve"how to measure the end of poverty alleviation",and third-party evaluations play an important role in improving the accuracy of poverty alleviation.(4)The TPA mechanism lies in reconstructing the human-land-industry structures in the impoverished areal system.It is urgent to introduce China’s successful experience and typical modes of TPA for global human-earth system coordination and sustainable development and contribute to building a community of human destiny.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42471467 and 42293270).
文摘Rising frequency,intensity,and geographic scope of extreme heat profoundly impede global sustainable economic development.However,existing climate econometric models are limited in capturing the spatial processes through which extreme heat affects the global economy,often resulting in downward-biased estimates of total economic losses.This study develops a novel multi-scale spatio-temporal model that integrates classic multi-level modeling with spatial statistics,explicitly addressing key challenges faced by climate econometrics.A Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation algorithm is derived for model implementation.Using this model,we present the first quantitative assessment of the impacts of extreme heat on global economic production and their scale-dependent spatial processes.Our findings reveal that,at the national scale,economic losses caused by input–output economic linkages initially decline slowly,then drop sharply with increasing connectivity,with an inflection point around 0.1.When accounting for spatial propagation effects,a 1℃increase in extreme heat intensity leads to an average loss of 2.54%[0.90%,4.19%]of annual GDP per capita—substantially higher than estimates assuming economic losses are locally confined.Moreover,the economic impacts of extreme heat exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity,with positive marginal effects detected in colder regions and negative effects in warmer regions,with a turning point around 33.7℃.This study offers a new methodology to evaluate the impact of climate change from a multi-scale and spatial perspective.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42293271)。
文摘The world has experienced a rapid expansion of human settlements in both urban and rural areas in recent decades,yet the unequal impacts of this construction on global food security remain unclear.In this study,we delineated the global-scale expansion of urban–rural settlements at a fine resolution from1985 to 2020 and quantified their uneven impacts on food security,focusing on the relationships between settlement types,cropland categories,and disparities in crop production.Our results showed that despite dramatic urbanization,rural settlements still constituted the majority of human settlement areas in 2020.Globally,cropland loss due to the expansion of rural settlements was 1.2 times greater than that caused by urbanization,while the associated yield loss was 1.5 times higher.Notably,urban–rural settlement expansion in Asia accounted for 61%of cropland loss and 64%of yield loss.Moreover,future scenarios predicted that Asia's urban–rural settlement expansion will continue to have the most significant impacts on the loss of cropland and yield throughout the 2030s.These results provide systematic evidence of the unequal impacts of urban–rural settlement construction on global cropland and food security.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42471467&42293270)。
文摘The Yellow River Basin spans three geographical steps across eastern,central,and western China and exhibits pronounced regional heterogeneity and sensitivity to extreme heat conditions.This study employed the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA)model to quantify the spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation net primary productivity(NPP)in the basin(2000-2022).A dynamic climate econometric model was employed to evaluate the impact of extreme heat stress on vegetation carbon sequestration and quantify the anthropogenic contributions to heat-induced NPP changes.The results indicated that extreme heat significantly suppressed vegetation carbon sequestration in the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2022.Each additional day of extreme heat reduced the NPP by approximately 0.21%,with this inhibitory effect persisting into the following year.The marginal effects of extreme heat exhibited significant heterogeneity,modulated by both the mean annual temperature and temperature variability.Specifically,more pronounced NPP suppression was observed in regions characterized by elevated mean annual temperatures and enhanced temperature variability.Furthermore,the anthropogenic contributions to extreme heat days progressively increased,with a continuously expanding spatial influence.Consequently,anthropogenic extreme heatinduced carbon sequestration losses accelerated after 2008,reaching 1.49×10^(13)g C in 2020(~7.05%of annual sequestration).These findings provide critical evidence for optimizing ecological strategies in the Yellow River Basin and inform global climate change policies.
基金supported by the Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42121001)the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42293270)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42171204)the Jiangsu Provincial Government Overseas Talent 100 Plan(SBX2021010183).
文摘Sustainable urbanization in the Global South demands a comprehensive understanding of the intricate urban-rural relations in the face of rapid transformation.Traditional dichotomous urban-rural classification fails to thoroughly capture the convoluted interactions within the increasingly complex urbanizing landscape.Here,we reconstruct the urban-rural relationship in China by employing high-resolution satellite land-cover data in an urban-rural catchment area(URCA)framework to redefine urban-rural boundaries and quantify fine-grained connectivity.We categorize land areas into urban centers,peri-urban regions,rural areas,and hinterlands,revealing their respective population distributions in 2018.Our findings show significant spatial disparities in China’s urban-rural relations due to transitioning from a predominantly rural to an urbanizing nation.The study also highlights substantial supply-demand inconsistencies in public infrastructure and fiscal preferences,exacerbating social expenditure gaps among municipal levels within the URCA.Our research contributes to understanding geographic social integration in urban-rural relations,which is important to promoting social justice and mitigating inequalities associated with China’s urbanization in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).
基金This work was supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KZCX2-YWQN304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40771014 and 40635029)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2007BAC03A11-01).
文摘The interactions among industrial development,land use/cover change (LUCC), and environmentaleffects in Changshu in the eastern coastal China wereanalyzed using high-resolution Landsat TM data in 1990,1995, 2000, and 2006, socio-economic data and waterenvironmental quality monitoring data from researchinstitutes and governmental departments. Three phases ofindustrial development in Changshu were examined (i.e.,the three periods of 1990 to 1995, 1995 to 2000, and 2000to 2006). Besides industrial development and rapidurbanization, land use/cover in Changshu had changeddrastically from 1990 to 2006. This change was characterizedby major replacements of farmland by urban and ruralsettlements, artificial ponds, forested and constructed land.Industrialization, urbanization, agricultural structureadjustment, and rural housing construction were themajor socio-economic driving forces of LUCC inChangshu. In addition, the annual value of ecosystemservices in Changshu decreased slightly during 1990-2000, but increased significantly during 2000-2006.Nevertheless, the local environmental quality in Changshu,especially in rural areas, has not yet been improvedsignificantly. Thus, this paper suggests an increasedattention to fully realize the role of land supply inadjustment of environment-friendly industrial structureand urban-rural spatial restructuring, and translating theland management and environmental protection policiesinto an optimized industrial distribution and land-use pattern.
基金supported by the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42293271)the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41931293)the Funded Project of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M713116).
基金supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China (15ZDA021)National Natural Science Foundation of China (41130748, 41301190, 41471143)
文摘This paper aims to show the importance of land consolidation in transforming the Loess Plateau of China. The paper comprehensively analyzes how over recent decades the Grain for Green Project and Gully Land Consolidation Project jointly transformed the ecology and landscape of the Loess Plateau and the livelihood of its residents. The findings show that these two projects have achieved a balance between green protection, new land creation, and improved food security and livelihood of local people in the hilly areas of China. The paper points out that the successful transformation of the Plateau lies in a holistic approach incorporating various components of the human and natural systems. Finally, the paper highlights the necessity of retaining these two land consolidation projects as part of an ongoing policy in the mountain and hilly areas of China, changing agricultural management to suit the new relationship between humans and the land.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:42071375).
文摘Urbanization is the inevitable outcome of socioeconomic development,especially after the industrial revolution in 1760(1).Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,the urbanization of China has made great progress.The speed and mass of urbanization and notably its relevant consequences,such as resource consumption and carbon emissions,has taken place in the most populous country in the world over the past three decades,which is raising increased concerns internationally(2)(Figure 1).Urbanization rate(in this article,this indicator refers to the population urbanization rate)is a common indicator of urbanization.Many international organizations(such as the World Bank,World Health Organization,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,etc.)use urbanization as one of the important criteria for measuring productivity and economic growth in a country(1).China’s urbanization process can be described as the largest population migration in history and has also had an important impact on public health.As the national population migrates from rural to urban areas,differences in lifestyle,environmental quality,social security,and accidental injuries have all been brought about and become more and more dramatic(3).
