Adaptive optics(AO)has significantly advanced high-resolution solar observations by mitigating atmospheric turbulence.However,traditional post-focal AO systems suffer from external configurations that introduce excess...Adaptive optics(AO)has significantly advanced high-resolution solar observations by mitigating atmospheric turbulence.However,traditional post-focal AO systems suffer from external configurations that introduce excessive optical surfaces,reduced light throughput,and instrumental polarization.To address these limitations,we propose an embedded solar adaptive optics telescope(ESAOT)that intrinsically incorporates the solar AO(SAO)subsystem within the telescope's optical train,featuring a co-designed correction chain with a single Hartmann-Shack full-wavefront sensor(HS f-WFS)and a deformable secondary mirror(DSM).The HS f-WFS uses temporal-spatial hybrid sampling technique to simultane-ously resolve tip-tilt and high-order aberrations,while the DSM performs real-time compensation through adaptive modal optimization.This unified architecture achieves symmetrical polarization suppression and high system throughput by min-imizing optical surfaces.A 600 mm ESAOT prototype incorporating a 12×12 micro-lens array HS f-WFS and 61-actuator piezoelectric DSM has been developed and successfully conducted on-sky photospheric observations.Validations in-cluding turbulence simulations,optical bench testing,and practical observations at the Lijiang observatory collectively confirm the system's capability to maintain aboutλ/10 wavefront error during active region tracking.This architectural breakthrough of the ESAOT addresses long-standing SAO integration challenges in solar astronomy and provides scala-bility analyses confirming direct applicability to the existing and future large solar observation facilities.展开更多
With more educational business absorbed into information management system at universities, traditional information management platform seems unable to provide efficient service for teaching and research. Some univers...With more educational business absorbed into information management system at universities, traditional information management platform seems unable to provide efficient service for teaching and research. Some universities then resort to cloud computing platform. In view of the problems existing in the traditional information platform, this study presented an information management framework designed with cloud technology, and introduced the security techniques for its protection.展开更多
Characteristics of atmospheric VOCs(volatile organic compounds) have been extensively studied in megacities in China, however, they are scarcely investigated in medium/smallsized cities in North China Plain(NCP).A com...Characteristics of atmospheric VOCs(volatile organic compounds) have been extensively studied in megacities in China, however, they are scarcely investigated in medium/smallsized cities in North China Plain(NCP).A comprehensive research on possible sources of VOCs was conducted in a medium-sized city of NCP, from May to September 2019.A total of 143 canister samples of 8 sites in Xuchang city were collected, and 57 VOC species were detected.The average VOC concentrations were 42.6 ± 31.6 μg/m3, with 53.7 ± 31.0 μg/m3 and 32.1 ± 27.8 μg/m^(3), in the morning and afternoon, respectively.Alkenes and aromatics contributed 80% of the total ozone formation potential(OFP).Aromatics accounted for more than 95% of secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP).VOCs were dominated by the local emission with significant transport from the southeast direction.PMF analysis extracted 6 sources, which were combustion(33.1%), LPG usage(19.3%), vehicular exhaust & fuel evaporation(15.8%), solvent usage(15.2%), industrial(9.11%) and biogenic(7.51%), respectively and they contributed 33.4%, 17.6%, 12.9%, 18.6%, 9.28% and 8.22% to the OFP, respectively.Combustion and LPG usage were the dominant VOC sources;and combustion, solvent usage and LPG usage were the main sources of OFP in Xuchang city, which were different to megacities in China with a high contribution from vehicular exhaust, solvent usage and industry,suggesting specific control strategies on VOCs need to be implemented in medium-sized city such as Xuchang city.展开更多
The nonuniform distribution of interference spectrum in wavenumber k-space is a key issue to limit the imaging quality of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography(FD-OCT).At present,the reconstruction quality at di...The nonuniform distribution of interference spectrum in wavenumber k-space is a key issue to limit the imaging quality of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography(FD-OCT).At present,the reconstruction quality at different depths among a variety of processing methods in k-space is still uncertain.Using simulated and experimental interference spectra at different depths,the effects of common six processing methods including uniform resampling(linear interpolation(LI),cubic spline interpolation(CSI),time-domain interpolation(TDI),and K-B window convolution)and nonuniform sampling direct-reconstruction(Lomb periodogram(LP)and nonuniform discrete Fourier transform(NDFT))on the reconstruction quality of FD-OCT were quantitatively analyzed and compared in this work.The results obtained by using simulated and experimental data were coincident.From the experimental results,the averaged peak intensity,axial resolution,and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of NDFT at depth from 0.5 to 3.0mm were improved by about 1.9 dB,1.4 times,and 11.8 dB,respectively,compared to the averaged indices of all the uniform resampling methods at all depths.Similarly,the improvements of the above three indices of LP were 2.0 dB,1.4 times,and 11.7 dB,respectively.The analysis method and the results obtained in this work are helpful to select an appropriate processing method in k-space,so as to improve the imaging quality of FD-OCT.展开更多
Methane is the second largest anthropogenic greenhouse gas,and changes in atmospheric methane concentrations can reflect the dynamic balance between its emissions and sinks.Therefore,the monitoring of CH_(4)concentrat...Methane is the second largest anthropogenic greenhouse gas,and changes in atmospheric methane concentrations can reflect the dynamic balance between its emissions and sinks.Therefore,the monitoring of CH_(4)concentration changes and the assessment of underlying driving factors can provide scientific basis for the government’s policy making and evaluation.China is the world’s largest emitter of anthropogenic methane.However,due to the lack of ground-based observation sites,little work has been done on the spatial-temporal variations for the past decades and influencing factors in China,especially for areas with high anthropogenic emissions as Central and Eastern China.Here to quantify atmospheric CH_(4)enhancements trends and its driving factors in Central and Eastern China,we combined the most up-to-date TROPOMI satellite-based column CH_(4)(xCH_(4))concentration from 2018 to 2022,anthropogenic and natural emissions,and a random forest-based machine learning approach,to simulate atmospheric xCH_(4)enhancements from 2001 to 2018.The results showed that(1)the random forest model was able to accurately establish the relationship between emission sources and xCH_(4)enhancement with a correlation coefficient(R^(2))of 0.89 and a root mean-square error(RMSE)of 11.98 ppb;(2)The xCH_(4)enhancement only increased from 48.21±2.02 ppb to 49.79±1.87 ppb from the year of 2001 to 2018,with a relative change of 3.27%±0.13%;(3)The simulation results showed that the energy activities and waste treatment were the main contributors to the increase in xCH_(4)enhancement,contributing 68.00%and 31.21%,respectively,and the decrease of animal ruminants contributed-6.70%of its enhancement trend.展开更多
Chrysanthemum Fusarium wilt is a soil-borne disease that causes serious economic losses to the chrysanthemum industry.However,the molecular mechanism underlying the response of chrysanthemum WRKY to Fusarium oxysporum...Chrysanthemum Fusarium wilt is a soil-borne disease that causes serious economic losses to the chrysanthemum industry.However,the molecular mechanism underlying the response of chrysanthemum WRKY to Fusarium oxysporum infection remains largely unknown.In this study,we isolated CmWRKY6–1 from chrysanthemum‘Jinba’and identified it as a transcriptional repressor localized in the nucleus via subcellular localization and transcriptional activation assays.We found that CmWRKY6–1 negatively regulated resistance to F.oxysporum and affected reactive oxygen species(ROS)and salicylic acid(SA)pathways using transgenic experiments and transcriptomic analysis.Moreover,CmWRKY6–1 bound to the W-box element on the CmWRKY15-like promoter and inhibited its expression.Additionally,we observed that CmWRKY15-like silencing in chrysanthemum reduced its resistance to F.oxysporum via transgenic experiments.In conclusion,we revealed the mechanism underlying the CmWRKY6–1–CmWRKY15-like cascade response to F.oxysporum infection in chrysanthemum and demonstrated that CmWRKY6–1 and CmWRKY15-like regulates the immune system.展开更多
Among the leading methods for triggering therapeutic anti-cancer immunity is the inhibition of immune checkpoint pathways.N-glycosylation is found to be essential for the function of various immune checkpoint proteins...Among the leading methods for triggering therapeutic anti-cancer immunity is the inhibition of immune checkpoint pathways.N-glycosylation is found to be essential for the function of various immune checkpoint proteins,playing a critical role in their stability and interaction with immune cells.Removing the N-glycans of these proteins seems to be an alternative therapy,but there is a lack of a de-N-glycosylation technique for target protein specificity,which limits its clinical application.Here,we developed a novel technique for specifically removing N-glycans from a target protein on the cell surface,named deglycosylation targeting chimera(DGlyTAC),which employs a fusing protein consisting of Peptide-N-glycosidase F(PNGF)and target-specific nanobody/affibody(Nb/Af).The DGlyTAC technique was developed to target a range of glycosylated surface proteins,especially these immune checkpoints—CD24,CD47,and PD-L1,which minimally affected the overall N-glycosylation landscape and the N-glycosylation of other representative membrane proteins,ensuring high specificity and minimal off-target effects.Importantly,DGlyTAC technique was successfully applied to lead inactivation of these immune checkpoints,especially PD-L1,and showed more potential in cancer immunotherapy than inhibitors.Finally,PD-L1 targeted DGlyTAC showed therapeutic effects on several tumors in vivo,even better than PD-L1 antibody.Overall,we created a novel target-specific N-glysocylation erasing technique that establishes a modular strategy for directing membrane proteins inactivation,with broad implications on tumor immune therapeutics.展开更多
Cancer immunotherapy,mainly including immune checkpoints-targeted therapy and the adoptive transfer of engineered immune cells,has revolutionized the oncology landscape as it utilizes patients’own immune systems in c...Cancer immunotherapy,mainly including immune checkpoints-targeted therapy and the adoptive transfer of engineered immune cells,has revolutionized the oncology landscape as it utilizes patients’own immune systems in combating the cancer cells.Cancer cells escape immune surveillance by hijacking the corresponding inhibitory pathways via overexpressing checkpoint genes.Phagocytosis checkpoints,such as CD47,CD24,MHC-I,PD-L1,STC-1 and GD2,have emerged as essential checkpoints for cancer immunotherapy by functioning as“don’t eat me”signals or interacting with“eat me”signals to suppress immune responses.Phagocytosis checkpoints link innate immunity and adaptive immunity in cancer immunotherapy.Genetic ablation of these phagocytosis checkpoints,as well as blockade of their signaling pathways,robustly augments phagocytosis and reduces tumor size.Among all phagocytosis checkpoints,CD47 is the most thoroughly studied and has emerged as a rising star among targets for cancer treatment.CD47-targeting antibodies and inhibitors have been investigated in various preclinical and clinical trials.However,anemia and thrombocytopenia appear to be formidable challenges since CD47 is ubiquitously expressed on erythrocytes.Here,we review the reported phagocytosis checkpoints by discussing their mechanisms and functions in cancer immunotherapy,highlight clinical progress in targeting these checkpoints and discuss challenges and potential solutions to smooth the way for combination immunotherapeutic strategies that involve both innate and adaptive immune responses.展开更多
An objective visual performance evaluation with visual evoked potential （VEP） measurements was first inte- grated into an adaptive optics （AO） system. The optical and neural limits to vision can be bypassed throug...An objective visual performance evaluation with visual evoked potential （VEP） measurements was first inte- grated into an adaptive optics （AO） system. The optical and neural limits to vision can be bypassed through this system. Visual performance can be measured electrophysiologically with VEP, which reflects the objective func- tion from the retina to the primary visual cortex. The VEP ts without and with AO correction were preliminarily carried out using this system, demonstrating the great potential of this system in the objective visual performance evaluation. The new system will provide the necessary technique and equipment support for the further study of human visual function.展开更多
基金support from the National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grants No.12293031 and No.61905252)the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.12022308)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grants No.2021YFC2202200 and No.2021YFC2202204).
文摘Adaptive optics(AO)has significantly advanced high-resolution solar observations by mitigating atmospheric turbulence.However,traditional post-focal AO systems suffer from external configurations that introduce excessive optical surfaces,reduced light throughput,and instrumental polarization.To address these limitations,we propose an embedded solar adaptive optics telescope(ESAOT)that intrinsically incorporates the solar AO(SAO)subsystem within the telescope's optical train,featuring a co-designed correction chain with a single Hartmann-Shack full-wavefront sensor(HS f-WFS)and a deformable secondary mirror(DSM).The HS f-WFS uses temporal-spatial hybrid sampling technique to simultane-ously resolve tip-tilt and high-order aberrations,while the DSM performs real-time compensation through adaptive modal optimization.This unified architecture achieves symmetrical polarization suppression and high system throughput by min-imizing optical surfaces.A 600 mm ESAOT prototype incorporating a 12×12 micro-lens array HS f-WFS and 61-actuator piezoelectric DSM has been developed and successfully conducted on-sky photospheric observations.Validations in-cluding turbulence simulations,optical bench testing,and practical observations at the Lijiang observatory collectively confirm the system's capability to maintain aboutλ/10 wavefront error during active region tracking.This architectural breakthrough of the ESAOT addresses long-standing SAO integration challenges in solar astronomy and provides scala-bility analyses confirming direct applicability to the existing and future large solar observation facilities.
文摘With more educational business absorbed into information management system at universities, traditional information management platform seems unable to provide efficient service for teaching and research. Some universities then resort to cloud computing platform. In view of the problems existing in the traditional information platform, this study presented an information management framework designed with cloud technology, and introduced the security techniques for its protection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.41675127, 41475116)。
文摘Characteristics of atmospheric VOCs(volatile organic compounds) have been extensively studied in megacities in China, however, they are scarcely investigated in medium/smallsized cities in North China Plain(NCP).A comprehensive research on possible sources of VOCs was conducted in a medium-sized city of NCP, from May to September 2019.A total of 143 canister samples of 8 sites in Xuchang city were collected, and 57 VOC species were detected.The average VOC concentrations were 42.6 ± 31.6 μg/m3, with 53.7 ± 31.0 μg/m3 and 32.1 ± 27.8 μg/m^(3), in the morning and afternoon, respectively.Alkenes and aromatics contributed 80% of the total ozone formation potential(OFP).Aromatics accounted for more than 95% of secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP).VOCs were dominated by the local emission with significant transport from the southeast direction.PMF analysis extracted 6 sources, which were combustion(33.1%), LPG usage(19.3%), vehicular exhaust & fuel evaporation(15.8%), solvent usage(15.2%), industrial(9.11%) and biogenic(7.51%), respectively and they contributed 33.4%, 17.6%, 12.9%, 18.6%, 9.28% and 8.22% to the OFP, respectively.Combustion and LPG usage were the dominant VOC sources;and combustion, solvent usage and LPG usage were the main sources of OFP in Xuchang city, which were different to megacities in China with a high contribution from vehicular exhaust, solvent usage and industry,suggesting specific control strategies on VOCs need to be implemented in medium-sized city such as Xuchang city.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61575205 and 62175022)Sichuan Natural Science Foundation(2022NSFSC0803)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2021JDRC0035).
文摘The nonuniform distribution of interference spectrum in wavenumber k-space is a key issue to limit the imaging quality of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography(FD-OCT).At present,the reconstruction quality at different depths among a variety of processing methods in k-space is still uncertain.Using simulated and experimental interference spectra at different depths,the effects of common six processing methods including uniform resampling(linear interpolation(LI),cubic spline interpolation(CSI),time-domain interpolation(TDI),and K-B window convolution)and nonuniform sampling direct-reconstruction(Lomb periodogram(LP)and nonuniform discrete Fourier transform(NDFT))on the reconstruction quality of FD-OCT were quantitatively analyzed and compared in this work.The results obtained by using simulated and experimental data were coincident.From the experimental results,the averaged peak intensity,axial resolution,and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of NDFT at depth from 0.5 to 3.0mm were improved by about 1.9 dB,1.4 times,and 11.8 dB,respectively,compared to the averaged indices of all the uniform resampling methods at all depths.Similarly,the improvements of the above three indices of LP were 2.0 dB,1.4 times,and 11.7 dB,respectively.The analysis method and the results obtained in this work are helpful to select an appropriate processing method in k-space,so as to improve the imaging quality of FD-OCT.
基金supported by the National Natural Science foundation of China(No.42105117)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20200802)supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2020YFA0607501 and 2019YFA0607202)。
文摘Methane is the second largest anthropogenic greenhouse gas,and changes in atmospheric methane concentrations can reflect the dynamic balance between its emissions and sinks.Therefore,the monitoring of CH_(4)concentration changes and the assessment of underlying driving factors can provide scientific basis for the government’s policy making and evaluation.China is the world’s largest emitter of anthropogenic methane.However,due to the lack of ground-based observation sites,little work has been done on the spatial-temporal variations for the past decades and influencing factors in China,especially for areas with high anthropogenic emissions as Central and Eastern China.Here to quantify atmospheric CH_(4)enhancements trends and its driving factors in Central and Eastern China,we combined the most up-to-date TROPOMI satellite-based column CH_(4)(xCH_(4))concentration from 2018 to 2022,anthropogenic and natural emissions,and a random forest-based machine learning approach,to simulate atmospheric xCH_(4)enhancements from 2001 to 2018.The results showed that(1)the random forest model was able to accurately establish the relationship between emission sources and xCH_(4)enhancement with a correlation coefficient(R^(2))of 0.89 and a root mean-square error(RMSE)of 11.98 ppb;(2)The xCH_(4)enhancement only increased from 48.21±2.02 ppb to 49.79±1.87 ppb from the year of 2001 to 2018,with a relative change of 3.27%±0.13%;(3)The simulation results showed that the energy activities and waste treatment were the main contributors to the increase in xCH_(4)enhancement,contributing 68.00%and 31.21%,respectively,and the decrease of animal ruminants contributed-6.70%of its enhancement trend.
基金This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072603)China Agriculture Research System(CARS-23-A18)+1 种基金The JBGS Project of Seed Industry Revitalization in Jiangsu Province[JBGS(2021)094]Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund[CX(22)2033].
文摘Chrysanthemum Fusarium wilt is a soil-borne disease that causes serious economic losses to the chrysanthemum industry.However,the molecular mechanism underlying the response of chrysanthemum WRKY to Fusarium oxysporum infection remains largely unknown.In this study,we isolated CmWRKY6–1 from chrysanthemum‘Jinba’and identified it as a transcriptional repressor localized in the nucleus via subcellular localization and transcriptional activation assays.We found that CmWRKY6–1 negatively regulated resistance to F.oxysporum and affected reactive oxygen species(ROS)and salicylic acid(SA)pathways using transgenic experiments and transcriptomic analysis.Moreover,CmWRKY6–1 bound to the W-box element on the CmWRKY15-like promoter and inhibited its expression.Additionally,we observed that CmWRKY15-like silencing in chrysanthemum reduced its resistance to F.oxysporum via transgenic experiments.In conclusion,we revealed the mechanism underlying the CmWRKY6–1–CmWRKY15-like cascade response to F.oxysporum infection in chrysanthemum and demonstrated that CmWRKY6–1 and CmWRKY15-like regulates the immune system.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3401500 and 2020YFA0803201 to P.W.)the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.92153301 to L.Lin.)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22177126 to L.Lin.)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82341028,31920103007 to P.W.)the Key R&D Projects in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(2021BFH03001).
文摘Among the leading methods for triggering therapeutic anti-cancer immunity is the inhibition of immune checkpoint pathways.N-glycosylation is found to be essential for the function of various immune checkpoint proteins,playing a critical role in their stability and interaction with immune cells.Removing the N-glycans of these proteins seems to be an alternative therapy,but there is a lack of a de-N-glycosylation technique for target protein specificity,which limits its clinical application.Here,we developed a novel technique for specifically removing N-glycans from a target protein on the cell surface,named deglycosylation targeting chimera(DGlyTAC),which employs a fusing protein consisting of Peptide-N-glycosidase F(PNGF)and target-specific nanobody/affibody(Nb/Af).The DGlyTAC technique was developed to target a range of glycosylated surface proteins,especially these immune checkpoints—CD24,CD47,and PD-L1,which minimally affected the overall N-glycosylation landscape and the N-glycosylation of other representative membrane proteins,ensuring high specificity and minimal off-target effects.Importantly,DGlyTAC technique was successfully applied to lead inactivation of these immune checkpoints,especially PD-L1,and showed more potential in cancer immunotherapy than inhibitors.Finally,PD-L1 targeted DGlyTAC showed therapeutic effects on several tumors in vivo,even better than PD-L1 antibody.Overall,we created a novel target-specific N-glysocylation erasing technique that establishes a modular strategy for directing membrane proteins inactivation,with broad implications on tumor immune therapeutics.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31830053,31920103007,8207112072,82122056)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0803201)the Science Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.20S11900700).
文摘Cancer immunotherapy,mainly including immune checkpoints-targeted therapy and the adoptive transfer of engineered immune cells,has revolutionized the oncology landscape as it utilizes patients’own immune systems in combating the cancer cells.Cancer cells escape immune surveillance by hijacking the corresponding inhibitory pathways via overexpressing checkpoint genes.Phagocytosis checkpoints,such as CD47,CD24,MHC-I,PD-L1,STC-1 and GD2,have emerged as essential checkpoints for cancer immunotherapy by functioning as“don’t eat me”signals or interacting with“eat me”signals to suppress immune responses.Phagocytosis checkpoints link innate immunity and adaptive immunity in cancer immunotherapy.Genetic ablation of these phagocytosis checkpoints,as well as blockade of their signaling pathways,robustly augments phagocytosis and reduces tumor size.Among all phagocytosis checkpoints,CD47 is the most thoroughly studied and has emerged as a rising star among targets for cancer treatment.CD47-targeting antibodies and inhibitors have been investigated in various preclinical and clinical trials.However,anemia and thrombocytopenia appear to be formidable challenges since CD47 is ubiquitously expressed on erythrocytes.Here,we review the reported phagocytosis checkpoints by discussing their mechanisms and functions in cancer immunotherapy,highlight clinical progress in targeting these checkpoints and discuss challenges and potential solutions to smooth the way for combination immunotherapeutic strategies that involve both innate and adaptive immune responses.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61378064)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No. 2015AA020510)
文摘An objective visual performance evaluation with visual evoked potential （VEP） measurements was first inte- grated into an adaptive optics （AO） system. The optical and neural limits to vision can be bypassed through this system. Visual performance can be measured electrophysiologically with VEP, which reflects the objective func- tion from the retina to the primary visual cortex. The VEP ts without and with AO correction were preliminarily carried out using this system, demonstrating the great potential of this system in the objective visual performance evaluation. The new system will provide the necessary technique and equipment support for the further study of human visual function.
