A significant number of mycoviruses have been identified that are related to plant viruses,but their evolutionary relationships are largely unexplored.A fusarivirus,Rhizoctonia solani fusarivirus 4(RsFV4),was identifi...A significant number of mycoviruses have been identified that are related to plant viruses,but their evolutionary relationships are largely unexplored.A fusarivirus,Rhizoctonia solani fusarivirus 4(RsFV4),was identified in phytopathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani(R.solani)strain XY74 co-infected by an alphaendornavirus.RsFV4 had a genome of 10,833 nt(excluding the poly-A tail),and consisted of four non-overlapping open reading frames(ORFs).ORF1 encodes an 825 aa protein containing a conserved helicase domain(Hel1).ORF3 encodes 1550 aa protein with two conserved domains,namely an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp)and another helicase(Hel2).The ORF2 and ORF4 likely encode two hypothetical proteins(520 and 542 aa)with unknown functions.The phylogenetic analysis based on Hel2 and RdRp suggest that RsFV4 was positioned within the fusarivirus group,but formed an independent branch with three previously reported fusariviruses of R.solani.Notably,the Hel1 and its relatives were phylogenetically closer to helicases of potyviruses and hypoviruses than fusariviruses,suggesting fusarivirus Hel1 formed an evolutionary link between these three virus groups.This finding provides evidence of the occurrence of a horizontal gene transfer or recombination event between mycoviruses and plant viruses or between mycoviruses.Our findings are likely to enhance the understanding of virus evolution and diversity.展开更多
[Objective]The paper was to screen effective fungicides to control Cordana leaf spot caused by Neocordana musae.[Method]The toxicities of six fungicides against mycelial growth of N.musae were measured by the method o...[Objective]The paper was to screen effective fungicides to control Cordana leaf spot caused by Neocordana musae.[Method]The toxicities of six fungicides against mycelial growth of N.musae were measured by the method of mycelium growth inhibition.[Result]The average EC50 values of six fungicides against mycelial growth ranged from 0.1029 to 504.065μg/mL.Among them,22.5%picoxystrobin SC and 12.5%epoxiconazole SC showed strong inhibitory activity on mycelial growth,with the average EC50 values of 0.1029 and 0.6851μg/mL,respectively;followed by 50%thiophanate-methyl SC,with an average EC50 value of 1.993.80%Azoxystrobin WG showed a relatively low sensitivity against N.musae,with an average EC50 value of 504.046.[Conclusion]The six fungicides tested have great value in preventing and controlling Cordana leaf spot.22.5%Picoxystrobin SC,12.5%epoxiconazole SC and 50%thiophanate-methyl SC have better inhibitory activities on mycelial growth of N.musae,and can be further used in field trials.展开更多
Cancer vaccines are a notable area of immunotherapy due to their capacity to elicit specific antitumor immune responses and to create immune memory.However,they encounter challenges in clinical practice due to several...Cancer vaccines are a notable area of immunotherapy due to their capacity to elicit specific antitumor immune responses and to create immune memory.However,they encounter challenges in clinical practice due to several bottlenecks,including tumor heterogeneity,low immunogenicity,immunosuppressive tumor environment,and delivery obstacles,which collectively impact their clinical effectiveness.In this study,we developed nanocomposites containing positively charged melittin(MEL)and negatively charged photosensitizer indocyanine green(ICG),embedded in dissolving microneedles(MEL/ICG-HA@DMNs).This approach allows precise drug delivery by creating microchannels that bypass the stratum corneum barrier,targeting superficial lesions directly.Our results demonstrated that the complexation of MEL and ICG significantly reduced the hemolytic activity of MEL while maintaining its ability to disrupt cell membranes.After loading MEL/ICG-HA into the microneedle,MEL/ICG-HA@DMNs not only effectively concentrated the drug at the tumor site,inducing localized hyperthermia and successfully ablating the tumor,but also formed an in situ whole-cell vaccine containing a rich source of tumor-associated antigens.Moreover,the system promoted dendritic cell maturation and increased the M1/M2 macrophage ratio,enhancing the immune response.By overcoming the limitations of traditional cancer vaccines,this system ensures precise drug delivery and robust immune activation.This innovative approach holds the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment,offering a new paradigm in precision oncology.展开更多
Plants recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns(MAMPs)to activate immune responses and defense priming to defend against pathogen infections.Transcriptional regulation of gene expression is crucial for plant im...Plants recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns(MAMPs)to activate immune responses and defense priming to defend against pathogen infections.Transcriptional regulation of gene expression is crucial for plant immunity and is mediated by multiple factors,including DNA methylation.However,it remains unknown whether and how DNA demethylation contributes to immune responses in MAMPtriggered immunity.Here,we report that active DNA demethylation is required for MAMP-triggered immunity to bacterial pathogens.The rdd-2 triple mutant carrying mutations in ROS1,DML2,and DML3 that encode DNA glycosylases,which are key DNA demethylation enzymes,exhibits compromised immune responses triggered by the MAMPs fig22 and elf18.Genome-wide methylome analysis reveals that fig22 induces rapid and specific DNA demethylation in an RDD-dependent manner.The expression levels of salicylic acid signaling-related and phytoalexin biosynthesis-related genes are tightly associated with the fig22-induced promoter demethylation.The compromised accumulation of priming compounds and antimicrobial metabolites ultimately leads to a defense priming defect in the rdd-2 mutant.Our results reveal the critical role of active DNA demethylation in the MAMP-triggered immune response and provide unique insight into the molecular mechanism of fig22-modulated DNA demethylation.展开更多
Mycoviruses are viruses that infect fungi,and hypovirulence-associated mycoviruses have the potential to control fungal diseases.However,it is unclear how mycovirus-mediated hypovirulent strains live and survive in th...Mycoviruses are viruses that infect fungi,and hypovirulence-associated mycoviruses have the potential to control fungal diseases.However,it is unclear how mycovirus-mediated hypovirulent strains live and survive in the field,and no mycovirus has been applied for field crop protection.In this study,we found that a previously identified small DNA mycovirus(SsHADV-1)can convert its host,Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,from a typical necrotrophic pathogen to a beneficial endophytic fungus.SsHADV-1 downregulates the expression of key pathogenicity factor genes in S.sclerotiorum during infection.When growing in rapeseed,the SsHADV-1-infected strain DT-8 significantly regulates the expression of rapeseed genes involved in defense,hormone signaling,and circadian rhythm pathways.As a result,plant growth is promoted and disease resistance is enhanced.Field experiments showed that spraying DT-8 at the early flowering stage can reduce the disease severity of rapeseed stem rot by 67.6%and improve yield by 14.9%.Moreover,we discovered that SsHADV-1 could also infect other S.sclerotiorum strains on DT-8-inoculated plants and that DT-8 could be recovered from dead plants.These findings suggest that the mycoviruses may have the ability to shape the origin of endophytism.Our discoveries suggest that mycoviruses may influence the origin of endophytism and may also offer a novel strategy for disease control in which mycovirus-infected strains are used to improve crop health and release mycoviruses into the field.展开更多
Rice sheath blight pathogen,Rhizoctonia solani,produces numerous sclerotia to overwinter.As a rich source of nutrients in the soil,sclerotia may lead to the change of soil microbiota.For this purpose,we amended the sc...Rice sheath blight pathogen,Rhizoctonia solani,produces numerous sclerotia to overwinter.As a rich source of nutrients in the soil,sclerotia may lead to the change of soil microbiota.For this purpose,we amended the sclerotia of R.solani in soil and analyzed the changes in bacterial microbiota within the soil at different time points.At the phyla level,Proteobacteria,Acidobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria,Chloroflexi and Firmicutes showed varied abundance in the amended soil samples compared to those in the control.An increased abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacterium(AOB)Nitrosospira and Nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB)i.e.,Nitrospira was observed,where the latter is reportedly involved in the nitrifier denitrification.Moreover,Thiobacillus,Gemmatimonas,Anaeromyxobacter and Geobacter,the vital players in denitrification,N2O reduction and reductive nitrogen transformation,respectively,depicted enhanced abundance in R.solani sclerotia-amended samples.Furthermore,asymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria,notably,Azotobacter as well as Microvirga and Phenylobacterium with nitrogen-fixing potential also enriched in the amended samples compared to the control.Plant growth promoting bacteria,such as Kribbella,Chitinophaga and Flavisolibacter also enriched in the sclerotia-amended soil.As per our knowledge,this study is of its kind where pathogenic fungal sclerotia activated microbes with a potential role in N transformation and provided clues about the ecological functions of R.solani sclerotia on the stimulation of bacterial genera involved in different processes of N-cycle within the soil in the absence of host plants.展开更多
Effective plant defense against pathogens relies on highly coordinated regulation of immune gene expression.Enhancers,as cis-regulatory elements,are indispensable determinants of dynamic gene regulation,but the molecu...Effective plant defense against pathogens relies on highly coordinated regulation of immune gene expression.Enhancers,as cis-regulatory elements,are indispensable determinants of dynamic gene regulation,but the molecular functions in plant immunity are not well understood.In this study,we identified a novel enhancer,CORE PATTERN-INDUCED ENHANCER 35(CPIE35),which is rapidly activated upon pathogenic elicitation and negatively regulates antifungal resistance through modulating WRKY15 expression.During immune activation,CPIE35 activates the transcription of WRKY15 by forming chromatin loops with the promoter of WRKY15 in a WRKY18/40/60-,WRKY33-,and MYC2-dependent manner.WRKY15 directly binds to the promoters of PAD3 and GSTU4,suppressing their expression and leading to reduced camalexin synthesis and resistance.Interestingly,CPIE35 region is evolutionarily conserved among Brassicaceae plants,and the CPIE35-WRKY15 module exerts similar functions in Brassica napus to negatively regulate antifungal resistance.Our work reveals the“enhancer–promoter-transcription factor”regulatory mechanism in maintenance of immune homeostasis,highlighting the importance and conserved role of enhancers in fine-tuning immune gene expression in plants.展开更多
Hypertrophic scar is a fibrous hyperplastic disorder that arises from skin injuries.The current therapeutic modalities are constrained by the dense and rigid scar tissue which impedes effective drug delivery.Additiona...Hypertrophic scar is a fibrous hyperplastic disorder that arises from skin injuries.The current therapeutic modalities are constrained by the dense and rigid scar tissue which impedes effective drug delivery.Additionally,insufficient autophagic activity in fibroblasts hinders their apoptosis,leading to excessive matrix deposition.Here,we developed an active microneedle(MN)system to overcome these challenges by integrating micromotor-driven drug delivery with autophagy regulation to remodel the scar microenvironment.Specifically,sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were introduced into the MNs as a built-in engine to generate CO_(2)bubbles,thereby enabling enhanced lateral and vertical drug diffusion into dense scar tissue.The system concurrently encapsulated curcumin(Cur),an autophagy activator,and triamcinolone acetonide(TA),synergistically inducing fibroblast apoptosis by upregulating autophagic activity.In vitro studies demonstrated that active MNs achieved efficient drug penetration within isolated scar tissue.The rabbit hypertrophic scar model revealed that TA-Cur MNs significantly reduced the scar elevation index,suppressed collagen I and transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)expression,and elevated LC3 protein levels.These findings highlight the potential of the active MN system as an efficacious platform for autonomous augmented drug delivery and autophagy-targeted therapy in fibrotic disorder treatments.展开更多
The cause of virulence decline of hypovirulent isolate Ep-1PN of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary has been studied through transmitting test and analysing its offsprings derived from single ascospore. When the ...The cause of virulence decline of hypovirulent isolate Ep-1PN of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary has been studied through transmitting test and analysing its offsprings derived from single ascospore. When the colony of a normal strain Ep-1PNA 183 intermingled with the colony of Ep-1PN, its margin became abnormal, just like Ep-1PN. Cultures isolated from top-tip of the colony of Ep-1PNA 183 showed the hypovirulence and its associated properties of Ep-1PN. Moreover, a series of cultures which have characteristics between Ep-1PN and normal strain could be isolated from stipes of Ep-1PN. More than 200 offsprings derived from single ascospore of Ep-1PN were normal strains. According to those results, there exists a transmissible cytoplasmic hypovirulent element in hypovirulent isolate Ep-1PN of S. sclerotiorum.展开更多
Reconstructing 3D models for single objects with complex backgrounds has wide applications like 3D printing,AR/VR,and so on.It is necessary to consider the tradeoff between capturing data at low cost and getting high-...Reconstructing 3D models for single objects with complex backgrounds has wide applications like 3D printing,AR/VR,and so on.It is necessary to consider the tradeoff between capturing data at low cost and getting high-quality reconstruction results.In this work,we propose a voxel-based modeling pipeline with sparse RGB-D images to effectively and efficiently reconstruct a single real object without the geometrical post-processing operation on background removal.First,referring to the idea of VisualHull,useless and inconsistent voxels of a targeted object are clipped.It helps focus on the target object and rectify the voxel projection information.Second,a modified TSDF calculation and voxel filling operations are proposed to alleviate the problem of depth missing in the depth images.They can improve TSDF value completeness for voxels on the surface of the object.After the mesh is generated by the MarchingCube,texture mapping is optimized with view selection,color optimization,and camera parameters fine-tuning.Experiments on Kinect capturing dataset,TUM public dataset,and virtual environment dataset validate the effectiveness and flexibility of our proposed pipeline.展开更多
Over 110 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer every year is used for crop production.Scientists have dreamed of enabling rhizobial nitrogen fixation in non-leguminous crops to mitigate the increasing demand for nitroge...Over 110 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer every year is used for crop production.Scientists have dreamed of enabling rhizobial nitrogen fixation in non-leguminous crops to mitigate the increasing demand for nitrogen fertilizer.However,despite decades of research,rhizobial nitrogen fixation in non-host plants has not been demonstrated.Here,we reported that an N-fixing rhizobium and a clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae exhibited a synergistic effect on fixing nitrogen in cruciferous plants.Rhizobia were found to invade P.brassicae-infected rapeseed(Brassica napus)roots in the field.The colonization of rhizobium on rapeseed roots was confirmed by co-inoculating Mesorhizobium huakuii with P.brassicae under controlled laboratory conditions.M.huakuii infection could alleviate clubroot symptoms and promote the growth of diseased rapeseeds.M.huakuii could fix nitrogen in P.brassicae-infected plants based on the results of 15N isotope dilution tests.The expression of homologs of legume genes required for symbiosis and early-nodulin genes was significantly upregulated in Arabidopsis during early infection by P.brassicae.More importantly,M.huakuii could even fix nitrogen in P.brassicae-resistant rapeseed cultivar and promote plant growth when co-inoculated with P.brassicae.Our findings provide a new avenue to understand the interaction of rhizobia with non-host plants,stimulate the exploration of fixing nitrogen in non-leguminous plants by nitrogen-fixing rhizobia,and develop a strategy for both disease control and nitrogen fixation on non-host crops.展开更多
Sclerotial development is a vital stage in the life cycles of many fungal plant pathogens.In this study,the protein Ss-CAD,which contains three conserved domains of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase(CAD),was found to be ...Sclerotial development is a vital stage in the life cycles of many fungal plant pathogens.In this study,the protein Ss-CAD,which contains three conserved domains of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase(CAD),was found to be required for sclerotial development in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.Ss-CAD was significantly upregulated during early stage of sclerotial development.In Ss-CAD-silenced strains,sclerotial development was abnormal.In these silenced strains,formation of sclerotia was delayed or sclerotia yield was reduced,whereas hyphal growth and virulence were normal.Nox1,Nox2,and NoxR,which encode reactive oxygen species(ROS)-generating NADPH oxidases,were downregulated in Ss-CAD-silenced strains.NoxR-silenced strains displayed similar defects during sclerotial formation as Ss-CAD-silenced strains.Treatment of Ss-CAD-silenced strains with exogenous oxidants or NADPH restored normal sclerotial development.Sclerogenesis in Ss-CAD-silenced strains could also be recovered through Nox1 overexpression.The results suggest that Ss-CAD is linked to the NADPH oxidase pathways to affect sclerotial development in S.sclerotiorum.展开更多
Plasmodiophora brassicae is an important biotrophic eukaryotic plant pathogen and a member of the rhizarian protists.This biotrophic pathogen causes clubroot in cruciferous plants via novel intracellular mechanisms th...Plasmodiophora brassicae is an important biotrophic eukaryotic plant pathogen and a member of the rhizarian protists.This biotrophic pathogen causes clubroot in cruciferous plants via novel intracellular mechanisms that are markedly different from those of other biotrophic organisms.To date,genomes from six single spore isolates of P.brassicae have been sequenced.An accurate description of the evolutionary status of this biotrophic protist,however,remains lacking.Here,we determined the draft genome of the P.brassicae ZJ-1 strain.A total of 10,951 protein-coding genes were identified from a 24.1 Mb genome sequence.We applied a comparative genomics approach to prove the Rhizaria supergroup is an independent branch in the eukaryotic evolutionary tree.We also found that the GPCR signaling pathway,the versatile signal transduction to multiple intracellular signaling cascades in response to extracellular signals in eukaryotes,is significantly enriched in P.brassicae-expanded and P.brassicae-specific gene sets.Additionally,treatment with a GPCR inhibitor relieved the symptoms of clubroot and significantly suppressed the development of plasmodia.Our findings suggest that GPCR signal transduction pathways play important roles in the growth,development,and pathogenicity of P.brassicae.展开更多
Fungal vegetative incompatibility(VIC)usually inhibits the horizontal transmission of mycoviruses.Our previous work demonstrated that Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mycoreovirus 4(SsMYRV4),a hypovirulence-associated mycovir...Fungal vegetative incompatibility(VIC)usually inhibits the horizontal transmission of mycoviruses.Our previous work demonstrated that Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mycoreovirus 4(SsMYRV4),a hypovirulence-associated mycovirus,suppresses VIC to facilitate horizontal transmission of heterologous mycoviruses in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,while downregulating heterotrimeric G protein genes.However,the biological function of these genes in mycovirus horizontal transmission and mycovirus-mediated hypovirulence remains poorly understood.To address this knowledge gap,we generated targeted gene deletion mutants of the Gαsubunit gene(SsGpa1)in S.sclerotiorum.SsGpa1 deletion mutants displayed reduced hyphal growth,increased abiotic stress sensitivity,defective sclerotia formation,and attenuated virulence on rapeseed.Moreover,SsGpa1 deletion partially impairs the death barrage formation during the vegetative incompatibility response,promoting mycovirus horizontal transmission between incompatible S.sclerotiorum strains.Comparative transcriptomic analysis betweenΔSsGpa1 and its parental strain Ep-1PNA367 during dual-culture of VIC strains revealed that apoptosis-and autophagy-related genes and ROS generation and scavenging genes act as potential downstream effectors of the SsGpa1 signaling pathway.Together,the regulatory role of SsGpa1 in VIC response unveils novel molecular targets for biocontrol strategies by manipulating mycovirus transmission in phytopathogenic fungi.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662018PY041)the Natural Science Foundation of China(31772111)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0201100)。
文摘A significant number of mycoviruses have been identified that are related to plant viruses,but their evolutionary relationships are largely unexplored.A fusarivirus,Rhizoctonia solani fusarivirus 4(RsFV4),was identified in phytopathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani(R.solani)strain XY74 co-infected by an alphaendornavirus.RsFV4 had a genome of 10,833 nt(excluding the poly-A tail),and consisted of four non-overlapping open reading frames(ORFs).ORF1 encodes an 825 aa protein containing a conserved helicase domain(Hel1).ORF3 encodes 1550 aa protein with two conserved domains,namely an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp)and another helicase(Hel2).The ORF2 and ORF4 likely encode two hypothetical proteins(520 and 542 aa)with unknown functions.The phylogenetic analysis based on Hel2 and RdRp suggest that RsFV4 was positioned within the fusarivirus group,but formed an independent branch with three previously reported fusariviruses of R.solani.Notably,the Hel1 and its relatives were phylogenetically closer to helicases of potyviruses and hypoviruses than fusariviruses,suggesting fusarivirus Hel1 formed an evolutionary link between these three virus groups.This finding provides evidence of the occurrence of a horizontal gene transfer or recombination event between mycoviruses and plant viruses or between mycoviruses.Our findings are likely to enhance the understanding of virus evolution and diversity.
基金Supported by High Level Talents Project of Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2019RC278)China Agriculture Research System(CARS-31-07)
文摘[Objective]The paper was to screen effective fungicides to control Cordana leaf spot caused by Neocordana musae.[Method]The toxicities of six fungicides against mycelial growth of N.musae were measured by the method of mycelium growth inhibition.[Result]The average EC50 values of six fungicides against mycelial growth ranged from 0.1029 to 504.065μg/mL.Among them,22.5%picoxystrobin SC and 12.5%epoxiconazole SC showed strong inhibitory activity on mycelial growth,with the average EC50 values of 0.1029 and 0.6851μg/mL,respectively;followed by 50%thiophanate-methyl SC,with an average EC50 value of 1.993.80%Azoxystrobin WG showed a relatively low sensitivity against N.musae,with an average EC50 value of 504.046.[Conclusion]The six fungicides tested have great value in preventing and controlling Cordana leaf spot.22.5%Picoxystrobin SC,12.5%epoxiconazole SC and 50%thiophanate-methyl SC have better inhibitory activities on mycelial growth of N.musae,and can be further used in field trials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82173747,82373803)the Special Fund Project for Science and Technology Innovation Strategy of Guangdong Province(No.2021TQ060944)。
文摘Cancer vaccines are a notable area of immunotherapy due to their capacity to elicit specific antitumor immune responses and to create immune memory.However,they encounter challenges in clinical practice due to several bottlenecks,including tumor heterogeneity,low immunogenicity,immunosuppressive tumor environment,and delivery obstacles,which collectively impact their clinical effectiveness.In this study,we developed nanocomposites containing positively charged melittin(MEL)and negatively charged photosensitizer indocyanine green(ICG),embedded in dissolving microneedles(MEL/ICG-HA@DMNs).This approach allows precise drug delivery by creating microchannels that bypass the stratum corneum barrier,targeting superficial lesions directly.Our results demonstrated that the complexation of MEL and ICG significantly reduced the hemolytic activity of MEL while maintaining its ability to disrupt cell membranes.After loading MEL/ICG-HA into the microneedle,MEL/ICG-HA@DMNs not only effectively concentrated the drug at the tumor site,inducing localized hyperthermia and successfully ablating the tumor,but also formed an in situ whole-cell vaccine containing a rich source of tumor-associated antigens.Moreover,the system promoted dendritic cell maturation and increased the M1/M2 macrophage ratio,enhancing the immune response.By overcoming the limitations of traditional cancer vaccines,this system ensures precise drug delivery and robust immune activation.This innovative approach holds the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment,offering a new paradigm in precision oncology.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31770278, 31970125 to B.L.)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Huazhong Agricultural University Scientific & Technological Self-innovation Foundation (2021ZKPY011, 2017RC001 to B.L.)
文摘Plants recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns(MAMPs)to activate immune responses and defense priming to defend against pathogen infections.Transcriptional regulation of gene expression is crucial for plant immunity and is mediated by multiple factors,including DNA methylation.However,it remains unknown whether and how DNA demethylation contributes to immune responses in MAMPtriggered immunity.Here,we report that active DNA demethylation is required for MAMP-triggered immunity to bacterial pathogens.The rdd-2 triple mutant carrying mutations in ROS1,DML2,and DML3 that encode DNA glycosylases,which are key DNA demethylation enzymes,exhibits compromised immune responses triggered by the MAMPs fig22 and elf18.Genome-wide methylome analysis reveals that fig22 induces rapid and specific DNA demethylation in an RDD-dependent manner.The expression levels of salicylic acid signaling-related and phytoalexin biosynthesis-related genes are tightly associated with the fig22-induced promoter demethylation.The compromised accumulation of priming compounds and antimicrobial metabolites ultimately leads to a defense priming defect in the rdd-2 mutant.Our results reveal the critical role of active DNA demethylation in the MAMP-triggered immune response and provide unique insight into the molecular mechanism of fig22-modulated DNA demethylation.
基金the National Science Foundation of China(31430070)the National Key R&D Program(2017YFD0200602)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-12).
文摘Mycoviruses are viruses that infect fungi,and hypovirulence-associated mycoviruses have the potential to control fungal diseases.However,it is unclear how mycovirus-mediated hypovirulent strains live and survive in the field,and no mycovirus has been applied for field crop protection.In this study,we found that a previously identified small DNA mycovirus(SsHADV-1)can convert its host,Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,from a typical necrotrophic pathogen to a beneficial endophytic fungus.SsHADV-1 downregulates the expression of key pathogenicity factor genes in S.sclerotiorum during infection.When growing in rapeseed,the SsHADV-1-infected strain DT-8 significantly regulates the expression of rapeseed genes involved in defense,hormone signaling,and circadian rhythm pathways.As a result,plant growth is promoted and disease resistance is enhanced.Field experiments showed that spraying DT-8 at the early flowering stage can reduce the disease severity of rapeseed stem rot by 67.6%and improve yield by 14.9%.Moreover,we discovered that SsHADV-1 could also infect other S.sclerotiorum strains on DT-8-inoculated plants and that DT-8 could be recovered from dead plants.These findings suggest that the mycoviruses may have the ability to shape the origin of endophytism.Our discoveries suggest that mycoviruses may influence the origin of endophytism and may also offer a novel strategy for disease control in which mycovirus-infected strains are used to improve crop health and release mycoviruses into the field.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program(grant number No.2017YFD0200600)and the earmarked fund for CARS-12.
文摘Rice sheath blight pathogen,Rhizoctonia solani,produces numerous sclerotia to overwinter.As a rich source of nutrients in the soil,sclerotia may lead to the change of soil microbiota.For this purpose,we amended the sclerotia of R.solani in soil and analyzed the changes in bacterial microbiota within the soil at different time points.At the phyla level,Proteobacteria,Acidobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria,Chloroflexi and Firmicutes showed varied abundance in the amended soil samples compared to those in the control.An increased abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacterium(AOB)Nitrosospira and Nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB)i.e.,Nitrospira was observed,where the latter is reportedly involved in the nitrifier denitrification.Moreover,Thiobacillus,Gemmatimonas,Anaeromyxobacter and Geobacter,the vital players in denitrification,N2O reduction and reductive nitrogen transformation,respectively,depicted enhanced abundance in R.solani sclerotia-amended samples.Furthermore,asymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria,notably,Azotobacter as well as Microvirga and Phenylobacterium with nitrogen-fixing potential also enriched in the amended samples compared to the control.Plant growth promoting bacteria,such as Kribbella,Chitinophaga and Flavisolibacter also enriched in the sclerotia-amended soil.As per our knowledge,this study is of its kind where pathogenic fungal sclerotia activated microbes with a potential role in N transformation and provided clues about the ecological functions of R.solani sclerotia on the stimulation of bacterial genera involved in different processes of N-cycle within the soil in the absence of host plants.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.32200242 to X.Y.)funds from the National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology(grant no.AML2023B07 to X.Y.)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.32130087 to D.J.)the Earmarked Fund for CARS-12(to D.J.)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(grant no.2662023PY006 and2662023ZKPY001toB.L).
文摘Effective plant defense against pathogens relies on highly coordinated regulation of immune gene expression.Enhancers,as cis-regulatory elements,are indispensable determinants of dynamic gene regulation,but the molecular functions in plant immunity are not well understood.In this study,we identified a novel enhancer,CORE PATTERN-INDUCED ENHANCER 35(CPIE35),which is rapidly activated upon pathogenic elicitation and negatively regulates antifungal resistance through modulating WRKY15 expression.During immune activation,CPIE35 activates the transcription of WRKY15 by forming chromatin loops with the promoter of WRKY15 in a WRKY18/40/60-,WRKY33-,and MYC2-dependent manner.WRKY15 directly binds to the promoters of PAD3 and GSTU4,suppressing their expression and leading to reduced camalexin synthesis and resistance.Interestingly,CPIE35 region is evolutionarily conserved among Brassicaceae plants,and the CPIE35-WRKY15 module exerts similar functions in Brassica napus to negatively regulate antifungal resistance.Our work reveals the“enhancer–promoter-transcription factor”regulatory mechanism in maintenance of immune homeostasis,highlighting the importance and conserved role of enhancers in fine-tuning immune gene expression in plants.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.8217374782373803)+1 种基金the Keynote Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82330112)the Special Fund Project for Science and Technology Innovation Strategy of Guangdong Province(No.2021TQ060944,China).
文摘Hypertrophic scar is a fibrous hyperplastic disorder that arises from skin injuries.The current therapeutic modalities are constrained by the dense and rigid scar tissue which impedes effective drug delivery.Additionally,insufficient autophagic activity in fibroblasts hinders their apoptosis,leading to excessive matrix deposition.Here,we developed an active microneedle(MN)system to overcome these challenges by integrating micromotor-driven drug delivery with autophagy regulation to remodel the scar microenvironment.Specifically,sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were introduced into the MNs as a built-in engine to generate CO_(2)bubbles,thereby enabling enhanced lateral and vertical drug diffusion into dense scar tissue.The system concurrently encapsulated curcumin(Cur),an autophagy activator,and triamcinolone acetonide(TA),synergistically inducing fibroblast apoptosis by upregulating autophagic activity.In vitro studies demonstrated that active MNs achieved efficient drug penetration within isolated scar tissue.The rabbit hypertrophic scar model revealed that TA-Cur MNs significantly reduced the scar elevation index,suppressed collagen I and transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)expression,and elevated LC3 protein levels.These findings highlight the potential of the active MN system as an efficacious platform for autonomous augmented drug delivery and autophagy-targeted therapy in fibrotic disorder treatments.
文摘The cause of virulence decline of hypovirulent isolate Ep-1PN of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary has been studied through transmitting test and analysing its offsprings derived from single ascospore. When the colony of a normal strain Ep-1PNA 183 intermingled with the colony of Ep-1PN, its margin became abnormal, just like Ep-1PN. Cultures isolated from top-tip of the colony of Ep-1PNA 183 showed the hypovirulence and its associated properties of Ep-1PN. Moreover, a series of cultures which have characteristics between Ep-1PN and normal strain could be isolated from stipes of Ep-1PN. More than 200 offsprings derived from single ascospore of Ep-1PN were normal strains. According to those results, there exists a transmissible cytoplasmic hypovirulent element in hypovirulent isolate Ep-1PN of S. sclerotiorum.
基金supported by the Key Technological Innovation Projects of Hubei Province,China(No.2018AAA062)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61972298)+1 种基金the Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Sciences Project,China(No.17YJC760124)the Scientific Research Project of Department of Education of Hubei Province,China(No.B2021278).
文摘Reconstructing 3D models for single objects with complex backgrounds has wide applications like 3D printing,AR/VR,and so on.It is necessary to consider the tradeoff between capturing data at low cost and getting high-quality reconstruction results.In this work,we propose a voxel-based modeling pipeline with sparse RGB-D images to effectively and efficiently reconstruct a single real object without the geometrical post-processing operation on background removal.First,referring to the idea of VisualHull,useless and inconsistent voxels of a targeted object are clipped.It helps focus on the target object and rectify the voxel projection information.Second,a modified TSDF calculation and voxel filling operations are proposed to alleviate the problem of depth missing in the depth images.They can improve TSDF value completeness for voxels on the surface of the object.After the mesh is generated by the MarchingCube,texture mapping is optimized with view selection,color optimization,and camera parameters fine-tuning.Experiments on Kinect capturing dataset,TUM public dataset,and virtual environment dataset validate the effectiveness and flexibility of our proposed pipeline.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662022PY001)Wuhan Science and Technology Project(2020020601012260)the earmarked fund for CARS-12.
文摘Over 110 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer every year is used for crop production.Scientists have dreamed of enabling rhizobial nitrogen fixation in non-leguminous crops to mitigate the increasing demand for nitrogen fertilizer.However,despite decades of research,rhizobial nitrogen fixation in non-host plants has not been demonstrated.Here,we reported that an N-fixing rhizobium and a clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae exhibited a synergistic effect on fixing nitrogen in cruciferous plants.Rhizobia were found to invade P.brassicae-infected rapeseed(Brassica napus)roots in the field.The colonization of rhizobium on rapeseed roots was confirmed by co-inoculating Mesorhizobium huakuii with P.brassicae under controlled laboratory conditions.M.huakuii infection could alleviate clubroot symptoms and promote the growth of diseased rapeseeds.M.huakuii could fix nitrogen in P.brassicae-infected plants based on the results of 15N isotope dilution tests.The expression of homologs of legume genes required for symbiosis and early-nodulin genes was significantly upregulated in Arabidopsis during early infection by P.brassicae.More importantly,M.huakuii could even fix nitrogen in P.brassicae-resistant rapeseed cultivar and promote plant growth when co-inoculated with P.brassicae.Our findings provide a new avenue to understand the interaction of rhizobia with non-host plants,stimulate the exploration of fixing nitrogen in non-leguminous plants by nitrogen-fixing rhizobia,and develop a strategy for both disease control and nitrogen fixation on non-host crops.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFD0200900)the earmarked fund for the China Agriculture Research System(No.CARS-13).
文摘Sclerotial development is a vital stage in the life cycles of many fungal plant pathogens.In this study,the protein Ss-CAD,which contains three conserved domains of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase(CAD),was found to be required for sclerotial development in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.Ss-CAD was significantly upregulated during early stage of sclerotial development.In Ss-CAD-silenced strains,sclerotial development was abnormal.In these silenced strains,formation of sclerotia was delayed or sclerotia yield was reduced,whereas hyphal growth and virulence were normal.Nox1,Nox2,and NoxR,which encode reactive oxygen species(ROS)-generating NADPH oxidases,were downregulated in Ss-CAD-silenced strains.NoxR-silenced strains displayed similar defects during sclerotial formation as Ss-CAD-silenced strains.Treatment of Ss-CAD-silenced strains with exogenous oxidants or NADPH restored normal sclerotial development.Sclerogenesis in Ss-CAD-silenced strains could also be recovered through Nox1 overexpression.The results suggest that Ss-CAD is linked to the NADPH oxidase pathways to affect sclerotial development in S.sclerotiorum.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0200600)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-13).
文摘Plasmodiophora brassicae is an important biotrophic eukaryotic plant pathogen and a member of the rhizarian protists.This biotrophic pathogen causes clubroot in cruciferous plants via novel intracellular mechanisms that are markedly different from those of other biotrophic organisms.To date,genomes from six single spore isolates of P.brassicae have been sequenced.An accurate description of the evolutionary status of this biotrophic protist,however,remains lacking.Here,we determined the draft genome of the P.brassicae ZJ-1 strain.A total of 10,951 protein-coding genes were identified from a 24.1 Mb genome sequence.We applied a comparative genomics approach to prove the Rhizaria supergroup is an independent branch in the eukaryotic evolutionary tree.We also found that the GPCR signaling pathway,the versatile signal transduction to multiple intracellular signaling cascades in response to extracellular signals in eukaryotes,is significantly enriched in P.brassicae-expanded and P.brassicae-specific gene sets.Additionally,treatment with a GPCR inhibitor relieved the symptoms of clubroot and significantly suppressed the development of plasmodia.Our findings suggest that GPCR signal transduction pathways play important roles in the growth,development,and pathogenicity of P.brassicae.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFA1304400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372620 and 31722046)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2021ZKPY005)the Earmarked Fund for CARS-12.
文摘Fungal vegetative incompatibility(VIC)usually inhibits the horizontal transmission of mycoviruses.Our previous work demonstrated that Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mycoreovirus 4(SsMYRV4),a hypovirulence-associated mycovirus,suppresses VIC to facilitate horizontal transmission of heterologous mycoviruses in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,while downregulating heterotrimeric G protein genes.However,the biological function of these genes in mycovirus horizontal transmission and mycovirus-mediated hypovirulence remains poorly understood.To address this knowledge gap,we generated targeted gene deletion mutants of the Gαsubunit gene(SsGpa1)in S.sclerotiorum.SsGpa1 deletion mutants displayed reduced hyphal growth,increased abiotic stress sensitivity,defective sclerotia formation,and attenuated virulence on rapeseed.Moreover,SsGpa1 deletion partially impairs the death barrage formation during the vegetative incompatibility response,promoting mycovirus horizontal transmission between incompatible S.sclerotiorum strains.Comparative transcriptomic analysis betweenΔSsGpa1 and its parental strain Ep-1PNA367 during dual-culture of VIC strains revealed that apoptosis-and autophagy-related genes and ROS generation and scavenging genes act as potential downstream effectors of the SsGpa1 signaling pathway.Together,the regulatory role of SsGpa1 in VIC response unveils novel molecular targets for biocontrol strategies by manipulating mycovirus transmission in phytopathogenic fungi.
