Seamount is a unique deep-sea ecosystem widely distributed in the world.Its biodiversity is vibrant due to its specific geographical and hydrological conditions.However,the diversity and features of foraminifera in su...Seamount is a unique deep-sea ecosystem widely distributed in the world.Its biodiversity is vibrant due to its specific geographical and hydrological conditions.However,the diversity and features of foraminifera in such an environment have rarely been studied.We extracted environmental DNA(eDNA)in sedime nts and amplified the partial small subunit ribo somal DNA(SSU rDNA)of fo raminife ra to understand the foraminiferal diversity from four sites in Magellan Seamount(Western Pacific Ocean).Partial S SU rDNA sequencing was conducted and 912979 foraminiferal reads were obtained and gathered into 266 operational taxonomic units(OTUs).In the available dataset,a high proportion of rare OTUs and low identity OTUs in each studied sample showed that the Magellan Seamount foraminiferal community might have a high genetic novelty.The relative abundance of foraminifera varied between replicates probably due to the existence of bias in amplification process and patchiness of the deep-sea floor.It showed that the Magellan Seamount has a relatively high benthic foraminiferal diversity characterized mainly by monothalamiids(76.37%of total reads)in association with rotaliids(19.03%of total reads),including planktic foraminiferal sequences(38.58%of rotaliids;7.36%of total reads).The remaining reads were assigned to miliolids(0.83%of total reads)and textulariids(0.66%of total reads),and 3.11%of total reads are unassigned to a specific family.The co mparative analysis with foraminiferal assemblage s from coastal and deep-sea environme nts indicated that seamounts could aggregate species from a nearby deep-sea.展开更多
The development of amplification strategies is one of the central challenges for detection of lowabundance targets. One-to-many(1:M) amplification strategies in which one target lights many signal probes, has improved...The development of amplification strategies is one of the central challenges for detection of lowabundance targets. One-to-many(1:M) amplification strategies in which one target lights many signal probes, has improved the detection sensitivity in bulk solution, but with discounted contrast in cell imaging, because the lighted probes are dissociative and dispersible. In this work, a one-to-large(1:L) signaling mechanism, in which the lighted probes were orderly connected to each other, was conceptually proposed to enhance the contrast in cell imaging by avoiding signal dispersion in amplification. Accordingly,target-triggered hairpin-free chain-branching assembly(HFCBA) holds great potential to implement the1:L mechanism, but using it in cell imaging has yet to be demonstrated. As a proof of concept, a group of probes were first programmed to implement mi RNA-21-triggered HFCBA. After transfection of probes,gradually-growing signal flares in cells were monitored along with the growth of DNA dendrimers;and the in situ fluorescence accumulation in HFCBA resulted in highly-enhanced contrast to the surrounding by avoiding signal dispersion in amplification. The contrast-enhanced imaging with signal amplification is significant for biological analysis and molecular medicine. We expect the 1:L mechanism will provide a new thought for high-performance imaging of biomarkers in cells.展开更多
The prevalent oral diseases,such as dental caries,chronic gingivitis,and periodontitis,which are primarily caused by pathogenic bacteria,pose significant public health risks and impose substantial economic burdens.How...The prevalent oral diseases,such as dental caries,chronic gingivitis,and periodontitis,which are primarily caused by pathogenic bacteria,pose significant public health risks and impose substantial economic burdens.However,conventional treatment strategies for oral pathogens rely on mechanical debridement and antibiotic treatment,which remain unsatisfactory and contribute to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance pathogens.The escalating crisis of antibiotic resistance and the intricate microbial communities in oral niches urgently demand innovative antimicrobial strategies that can overcome these issues.Metal-bearing nanomaterials(MBNs),as an integration of metallic components with other substances such as polymers or inorganic materials,have demonstrated improved antimicrobial effectiveness while mitigating the toxicity associated with pure metals in oral environments.This review provides an innovative overview of designing and utilizing MBNs for oral antimicrobial applications,bridging the gap between nanomaterial design and clinical dentistry needs while guiding the development of next-generation antimicrobials in the post-antibiotic era.Firstly,we categorize and elucidate the main antibacterial mechanisms of metallic components in MBNs.Furthermore,a comprehensive summary is provided on the up-to-date advancements in using MBNs for oral antibacterial purposes,highlighting the pivotal role of metals in enhancing antibacterial properties.Finally,we discuss the existing challenges and potential future developments to establish a theoretical foundation for ongoing progress and clinical approval.展开更多
The effects of temperature and salinity on intertidal foraminiferal community under laboratory conditions are poorly understood. We designed a two-factor crossed experiment in which foraminiferal communities were cult...The effects of temperature and salinity on intertidal foraminiferal community under laboratory conditions are poorly understood. We designed a two-factor crossed experiment in which foraminiferal communities were cultured at different temperatures (6, 12, and 18℃) and salinities (15, 20, 25, and 30 psu) for 10 weeks. In total, 2616 living (stained) specimens were obtained and analyzed. Foraminiferal abundance ranged from 9 to 202 individuals/10 g wet weight of sediment. The highest abundance was obtained at 12℃, 25 psu and the lowest at 6℃, 15 psu. Statistical results demonstrated that temperature affected foraminiferal community more significantly than salinity. Most foraminiferal community parameters (abundance, species richness, Margalef index, and Shannon-Wiener diversity) were significantly positively correlated to temperature, but not to salinity, whereas Pielou's evenness was significantly negatively correlated to both temperature and salinity. The interactive effect of temperature and salinity on foraminiferal abundance was significant. In addition, with increasing temperature, the species composition shifted from hyaline Rotaliida to porcellaneous Miliolida. The abundance of dominant species (e.g., Ammonia aomoriensis, A. beccarii, and Quinqueloculina seminula) showed significant positive correlations to temperature. Our study indicated that the intertidal foraminiferal community responds sensitively and rapidly to the changes of salinity and, especially,temperature by shifting foraminiferal species composition and altering the community parameters.展开更多
It is critical to improve the efficiency of cancer therapy with minimized side effects.Chemodynamic therapy(CDT)is a tumor therapeutic strategy designed to generate abundant reactive oxygen species(ROS)at tumor sites ...It is critical to improve the efficiency of cancer therapy with minimized side effects.Chemodynamic therapy(CDT)is a tumor therapeutic strategy designed to generate abundant reactive oxygen species(ROS)at tumor sites through a Fenton or Fenton-like reaction.Recently,this developing scheme has demonstrated an incredible promise for tumor therapy.The process involved could induce cell death without the input of external energy,and this could only occur via the conversion of hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))to hydroxyl radicals(·OH).Although Fenton or Fenton-like reactions are being exploited for CDT,along with an application of oxidation reactions to supplement H_(2)O_(2),it has been proven that in cancer cells,the high levels of the existing antioxidants could suppress CDT via·OH depletion,and,unfortunately,tumor hypoxia also inhibits the oxidation reactions.Herein,the authors aimed to fabricate an activatable nanoenzyme reactor(NER)to solve this challenge.Fluorescent reporters(FRs)and bioenzyme glucose oxidase(GOX)were coassembled on nanozyme MnO_(2) nanosheets,which was enwrapped by the tumor-targeting material,hyaluronic acid(HA).NER was internalized explicitly by cancer cells through ligand/receptor recognitionmediated endocytosis,followed by intracellular hyaluronidase(HAase)-dependent activation.As a result,the oxygen level was improved,and the antioxidants were depleted,leading to the promotion of glucose consumption and an increase in·OH level.Thus,the NER exhibited multiple effects to induce coenhanced,chemodynamic and starving therapy against tumor hypoxia and antioxidant defense system to achieve a favorable targeted tumor therapeutic,via these rigorously highly effective,and targeted biochemical reactions both in an in vitro cultured cancer cells systemor in an in vivo mice tumor model.展开更多
Ocean acidification(OA)is a persistent challenge for humans and is predicted to have deleterious effects on marine organisms,especially marine calcifiers such as coral and foraminifera.Benthic foraminifera is an impor...Ocean acidification(OA)is a persistent challenge for humans and is predicted to have deleterious effects on marine organisms,especially marine calcifiers such as coral and foraminifera.Benthic foraminifera is an important component of sediment in the continental shelf,while little is known about the impact of ocean acidification on benthic foraminifera both at the community and individual level and associated calcium carbonate deposition.We conducted eight months continued culture experiment under the scenario of 400,800,1200 and 1600 ppm pCO_(2)gradients on living benthic foraminifera from four stations in the continental shelf of the West Pacific Ocean.Statistic results showed OA had a negative effect on the abundance of benthic foraminifera.In contrast,the diversity increased roughly under OA conditions implying OA might stimulate the emergence of rare species and promote community diversity to some extent.In addition,we confirmed that the offshore area wasn’t the refuge for benthic foraminifera while the nearshore one had more resistance to moderate acidification.Calcareous species Protelphidium tuberculatum was the dominant species occupying on average 75%in all treatments and its shell diameter,weight and thickness showed a decrease,indicating the decrease of calcification of benthic foraminifera.A relationship between the weight of P.tuberculatum and pCO_(2)(R^(2)=0.96)was established.Based on the present work,calcareous benthic foraminifera deposited 8.57104 t calcium carbonate per year and this might reduce by nearly half and 90%under 800 and 1200 ppm scenarios,which indicates a biocalcification crisis under ongoing OA.This work shows an analogy for palaeoceanic OA and also provides new insights into the sediment of calcium carbonate in the future.展开更多
The ocean absorbs large amounts of CO_2 emitted from human activities, which results in a decrease in seawater p H.Marine calcifying organisms such as foraminifera, are most likely to be affected by this declining pH....The ocean absorbs large amounts of CO_2 emitted from human activities, which results in a decrease in seawater p H.Marine calcifying organisms such as foraminifera, are most likely to be affected by this declining pH. In this study, we collected sediments from five stations of different depths(34–73 m) in a continental shelf of the Yellow Sea. The entire benthic foraminiferal communities together with sea sediments were cultured under three constant pHs(8.3, 7.8, and 7.3) for 6 and 12 weeks in the laboratory to study their responses to pH or incubation time. The microcosm's experimental results obtained showed that most of the foraminiferal community parameters(abundance, species richness, Margalef index, and Shannon-Wiener diversity) decreased significantly(p<0.05) with the decline in pH in all the tested stations. The responses of foraminifera to the decline in p H were species-specific, for instance, Protelphidium tuberculatum and Cribroelphidiumfrigidum were highly sensitive to declining pH and were finally eliminated at low pH, while some species(e.g., Lagenammina atlantica, Verneuilinulla advena, V. propinqua, Haplophragmoides applanata, and H. canariensis) could tolerate low pH and acted as pH-tolerant species. In addition, the proportion of hyaline taxa showed a significant(p<0.05) positive correlation with pH, while agglutinated type showed a negative response. Furthermore, different incubation times(6 and 12 weeks) showed significant effects on the nearshore communities other than the offshore treatments, which were, however, entirely declined after 6 weeks' incubation under low p H manipulation. Our results indicated that nearshore foraminiferal communities showed rather a resilience to the declining p H and the offshore foraminifera, especially those in the central area of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass were found to be more sensitive to the decline in pH in the continental shelf sediments of the Yellow Sea.展开更多
The Late Devonian period was known for disturbances such as lower temperatures and abnormal ocean carbon and nitrogen levels,leading to the extinction of approximately 21%of genus-level and 16%of family-level marine o...The Late Devonian period was known for disturbances such as lower temperatures and abnormal ocean carbon and nitrogen levels,leading to the extinction of approximately 21%of genus-level and 16%of family-level marine organisms.However,evolutionary responses of marine organisms to hardships have not yet been fully explored,even though these organisms may soon face another extinction event.Stony corals,one of the few marine organisms that survived the Late Devonian Period,may provide some insight into the adaptive evolution mechanism underlying survival in unstable marine environments.The current study revealed that the gene families related to signal transduction and immunity,such as G protein-coupled receptors and Toll-like receptors,expanded in stony coral ancestors(SCAs),possibly improving the efficiency of stress and immune responses and maintaining internal environmental homeostasis.Interestingly,the first horizontal gene transfer event of MSHA from actinomycetes to corals and the subsequent expansion in SCAs were discovered.MSHA encodes D-inositol 3-phosphate glycosyltransferase,which is naturally found in actinomycetes and is responsible for the synthesis of mycothiol with antibacterial properties.The MSHA family members diverged throughout the development of stony corals,but their essential function in glycosyl transfer remained unchanged.Therefore,the evolutionary history of ancient coral shows that efficient signal transduction and increased immunity may have driven the survival of SCAs throughout the Late Devonian period,which may provide new insights into how current corals avoid extinction.展开更多
基金the Science&Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China(No.2017FY100804)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB42000000)+5 种基金the National Program on Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction(No.GASIGEOGE-04)the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41930533)the Taishan Scholars Project Funding(No.TS20190963)the Senior User Project of R/V KexueCenter for Ocean Mega-Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘Seamount is a unique deep-sea ecosystem widely distributed in the world.Its biodiversity is vibrant due to its specific geographical and hydrological conditions.However,the diversity and features of foraminifera in such an environment have rarely been studied.We extracted environmental DNA(eDNA)in sedime nts and amplified the partial small subunit ribo somal DNA(SSU rDNA)of fo raminife ra to understand the foraminiferal diversity from four sites in Magellan Seamount(Western Pacific Ocean).Partial S SU rDNA sequencing was conducted and 912979 foraminiferal reads were obtained and gathered into 266 operational taxonomic units(OTUs).In the available dataset,a high proportion of rare OTUs and low identity OTUs in each studied sample showed that the Magellan Seamount foraminiferal community might have a high genetic novelty.The relative abundance of foraminifera varied between replicates probably due to the existence of bias in amplification process and patchiness of the deep-sea floor.It showed that the Magellan Seamount has a relatively high benthic foraminiferal diversity characterized mainly by monothalamiids(76.37%of total reads)in association with rotaliids(19.03%of total reads),including planktic foraminiferal sequences(38.58%of rotaliids;7.36%of total reads).The remaining reads were assigned to miliolids(0.83%of total reads)and textulariids(0.66%of total reads),and 3.11%of total reads are unassigned to a specific family.The co mparative analysis with foraminiferal assemblage s from coastal and deep-sea environme nts indicated that seamounts could aggregate species from a nearby deep-sea.
基金supported in part by the financial support through the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.22074008,91853104,32001782)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (No.2019JJ30025)。
文摘The development of amplification strategies is one of the central challenges for detection of lowabundance targets. One-to-many(1:M) amplification strategies in which one target lights many signal probes, has improved the detection sensitivity in bulk solution, but with discounted contrast in cell imaging, because the lighted probes are dissociative and dispersible. In this work, a one-to-large(1:L) signaling mechanism, in which the lighted probes were orderly connected to each other, was conceptually proposed to enhance the contrast in cell imaging by avoiding signal dispersion in amplification. Accordingly,target-triggered hairpin-free chain-branching assembly(HFCBA) holds great potential to implement the1:L mechanism, but using it in cell imaging has yet to be demonstrated. As a proof of concept, a group of probes were first programmed to implement mi RNA-21-triggered HFCBA. After transfection of probes,gradually-growing signal flares in cells were monitored along with the growth of DNA dendrimers;and the in situ fluorescence accumulation in HFCBA resulted in highly-enhanced contrast to the surrounding by avoiding signal dispersion in amplification. The contrast-enhanced imaging with signal amplification is significant for biological analysis and molecular medicine. We expect the 1:L mechanism will provide a new thought for high-performance imaging of biomarkers in cells.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001782,22222402,22474012)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2024JJ3001)+1 种基金the Excellent Youth Funding of Hunan Provincial Education Department(22B0347)the Aid Program for Science and Technology Innovative Research Team in Higher Educational Institutions of Hunan Province.
文摘The prevalent oral diseases,such as dental caries,chronic gingivitis,and periodontitis,which are primarily caused by pathogenic bacteria,pose significant public health risks and impose substantial economic burdens.However,conventional treatment strategies for oral pathogens rely on mechanical debridement and antibiotic treatment,which remain unsatisfactory and contribute to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance pathogens.The escalating crisis of antibiotic resistance and the intricate microbial communities in oral niches urgently demand innovative antimicrobial strategies that can overcome these issues.Metal-bearing nanomaterials(MBNs),as an integration of metallic components with other substances such as polymers or inorganic materials,have demonstrated improved antimicrobial effectiveness while mitigating the toxicity associated with pure metals in oral environments.This review provides an innovative overview of designing and utilizing MBNs for oral antimicrobial applications,bridging the gap between nanomaterial design and clinical dentistry needs while guiding the development of next-generation antimicrobials in the post-antibiotic era.Firstly,we categorize and elucidate the main antibacterial mechanisms of metallic components in MBNs.Furthermore,a comprehensive summary is provided on the up-to-date advancements in using MBNs for oral antibacterial purposes,highlighting the pivotal role of metals in enhancing antibacterial properties.Finally,we discuss the existing challenges and potential future developments to establish a theoretical foundation for ongoing progress and clinical approval.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41476043,41630965&41830539)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA11030104)+1 种基金the National Program on‘Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction’(Grant No.GASI-03-01-03-01)the Continental Shelf Drilling Program of China(Grant No.GZH201100202),the Paul Bronnimann Foundation 2014
文摘The effects of temperature and salinity on intertidal foraminiferal community under laboratory conditions are poorly understood. We designed a two-factor crossed experiment in which foraminiferal communities were cultured at different temperatures (6, 12, and 18℃) and salinities (15, 20, 25, and 30 psu) for 10 weeks. In total, 2616 living (stained) specimens were obtained and analyzed. Foraminiferal abundance ranged from 9 to 202 individuals/10 g wet weight of sediment. The highest abundance was obtained at 12℃, 25 psu and the lowest at 6℃, 15 psu. Statistical results demonstrated that temperature affected foraminiferal community more significantly than salinity. Most foraminiferal community parameters (abundance, species richness, Margalef index, and Shannon-Wiener diversity) were significantly positively correlated to temperature, but not to salinity, whereas Pielou's evenness was significantly negatively correlated to both temperature and salinity. The interactive effect of temperature and salinity on foraminiferal abundance was significant. In addition, with increasing temperature, the species composition shifted from hyaline Rotaliida to porcellaneous Miliolida. The abundance of dominant species (e.g., Ammonia aomoriensis, A. beccarii, and Quinqueloculina seminula) showed significant positive correlations to temperature. Our study indicated that the intertidal foraminiferal community responds sensitively and rapidly to the changes of salinity and, especially,temperature by shifting foraminiferal species composition and altering the community parameters.
基金This study was supported in part by the financial support through the National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.21605008,91853104,21735001,and 21705010)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(no.2019JJ30025)the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC).
文摘It is critical to improve the efficiency of cancer therapy with minimized side effects.Chemodynamic therapy(CDT)is a tumor therapeutic strategy designed to generate abundant reactive oxygen species(ROS)at tumor sites through a Fenton or Fenton-like reaction.Recently,this developing scheme has demonstrated an incredible promise for tumor therapy.The process involved could induce cell death without the input of external energy,and this could only occur via the conversion of hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))to hydroxyl radicals(·OH).Although Fenton or Fenton-like reactions are being exploited for CDT,along with an application of oxidation reactions to supplement H_(2)O_(2),it has been proven that in cancer cells,the high levels of the existing antioxidants could suppress CDT via·OH depletion,and,unfortunately,tumor hypoxia also inhibits the oxidation reactions.Herein,the authors aimed to fabricate an activatable nanoenzyme reactor(NER)to solve this challenge.Fluorescent reporters(FRs)and bioenzyme glucose oxidase(GOX)were coassembled on nanozyme MnO_(2) nanosheets,which was enwrapped by the tumor-targeting material,hyaluronic acid(HA).NER was internalized explicitly by cancer cells through ligand/receptor recognitionmediated endocytosis,followed by intracellular hyaluronidase(HAase)-dependent activation.As a result,the oxygen level was improved,and the antioxidants were depleted,leading to the promotion of glucose consumption and an increase in·OH level.Thus,the NER exhibited multiple effects to induce coenhanced,chemodynamic and starving therapy against tumor hypoxia and antioxidant defense system to achieve a favorable targeted tumor therapeutic,via these rigorously highly effective,and targeted biochemical reactions both in an in vitro cultured cancer cells systemor in an in vivo mice tumor model.
基金supports from the following projects:the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41976058,U1906211)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB42000000)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2021QD004)。
文摘Ocean acidification(OA)is a persistent challenge for humans and is predicted to have deleterious effects on marine organisms,especially marine calcifiers such as coral and foraminifera.Benthic foraminifera is an important component of sediment in the continental shelf,while little is known about the impact of ocean acidification on benthic foraminifera both at the community and individual level and associated calcium carbonate deposition.We conducted eight months continued culture experiment under the scenario of 400,800,1200 and 1600 ppm pCO_(2)gradients on living benthic foraminifera from four stations in the continental shelf of the West Pacific Ocean.Statistic results showed OA had a negative effect on the abundance of benthic foraminifera.In contrast,the diversity increased roughly under OA conditions implying OA might stimulate the emergence of rare species and promote community diversity to some extent.In addition,we confirmed that the offshore area wasn’t the refuge for benthic foraminifera while the nearshore one had more resistance to moderate acidification.Calcareous species Protelphidium tuberculatum was the dominant species occupying on average 75%in all treatments and its shell diameter,weight and thickness showed a decrease,indicating the decrease of calcification of benthic foraminifera.A relationship between the weight of P.tuberculatum and pCO_(2)(R^(2)=0.96)was established.Based on the present work,calcareous benthic foraminifera deposited 8.57104 t calcium carbonate per year and this might reduce by nearly half and 90%under 800 and 1200 ppm scenarios,which indicates a biocalcification crisis under ongoing OA.This work shows an analogy for palaeoceanic OA and also provides new insights into the sediment of calcium carbonate in the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41630965&41830539)Monitoring and Protection of Ecology and Environment in the East Pacific Ocean(Granted No.DY135-E2-5)+1 种基金the Senior User Project of RV KEXUE(Grant No.KEXUE2018G27)the Paul Bronnimann Foundation 2014。
文摘The ocean absorbs large amounts of CO_2 emitted from human activities, which results in a decrease in seawater p H.Marine calcifying organisms such as foraminifera, are most likely to be affected by this declining pH. In this study, we collected sediments from five stations of different depths(34–73 m) in a continental shelf of the Yellow Sea. The entire benthic foraminiferal communities together with sea sediments were cultured under three constant pHs(8.3, 7.8, and 7.3) for 6 and 12 weeks in the laboratory to study their responses to pH or incubation time. The microcosm's experimental results obtained showed that most of the foraminiferal community parameters(abundance, species richness, Margalef index, and Shannon-Wiener diversity) decreased significantly(p<0.05) with the decline in pH in all the tested stations. The responses of foraminifera to the decline in p H were species-specific, for instance, Protelphidium tuberculatum and Cribroelphidiumfrigidum were highly sensitive to declining pH and were finally eliminated at low pH, while some species(e.g., Lagenammina atlantica, Verneuilinulla advena, V. propinqua, Haplophragmoides applanata, and H. canariensis) could tolerate low pH and acted as pH-tolerant species. In addition, the proportion of hyaline taxa showed a significant(p<0.05) positive correlation with pH, while agglutinated type showed a negative response. Furthermore, different incubation times(6 and 12 weeks) showed significant effects on the nearshore communities other than the offshore treatments, which were, however, entirely declined after 6 weeks' incubation under low p H manipulation. Our results indicated that nearshore foraminiferal communities showed rather a resilience to the declining p H and the offshore foraminifera, especially those in the central area of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass were found to be more sensitive to the decline in pH in the continental shelf sediments of the Yellow Sea.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC2803800)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB42000000)the Laoshan Laboratory(Nos.LSKJ202204900 and LSKJ202204200).
文摘The Late Devonian period was known for disturbances such as lower temperatures and abnormal ocean carbon and nitrogen levels,leading to the extinction of approximately 21%of genus-level and 16%of family-level marine organisms.However,evolutionary responses of marine organisms to hardships have not yet been fully explored,even though these organisms may soon face another extinction event.Stony corals,one of the few marine organisms that survived the Late Devonian Period,may provide some insight into the adaptive evolution mechanism underlying survival in unstable marine environments.The current study revealed that the gene families related to signal transduction and immunity,such as G protein-coupled receptors and Toll-like receptors,expanded in stony coral ancestors(SCAs),possibly improving the efficiency of stress and immune responses and maintaining internal environmental homeostasis.Interestingly,the first horizontal gene transfer event of MSHA from actinomycetes to corals and the subsequent expansion in SCAs were discovered.MSHA encodes D-inositol 3-phosphate glycosyltransferase,which is naturally found in actinomycetes and is responsible for the synthesis of mycothiol with antibacterial properties.The MSHA family members diverged throughout the development of stony corals,but their essential function in glycosyl transfer remained unchanged.Therefore,the evolutionary history of ancient coral shows that efficient signal transduction and increased immunity may have driven the survival of SCAs throughout the Late Devonian period,which may provide new insights into how current corals avoid extinction.
