Rare earth elements(REEs)have been widely applied as efficient elicitors to improve production of biologically important secondary metabolites in plants.However,their effects on microbial secondary metabolites were se...Rare earth elements(REEs)have been widely applied as efficient elicitors to improve production of biologically important secondary metabolites in plants.However,their effects on microbial secondary metabolites were seldom reported.In this study,lanthanum(LaCl3)was used as an elicitor in mycelium cultures of Shiraia bambusicola to stimulate the production of hypocrellin A(HA),a promising photosensitizer for anticancer photodynamic therapy.La^3+at 1.0 g/L not only increases HA content by 2.50-fold in mycelia,but stimulates HA exudation to the medium with the highest production(225.05 mg/L)on day 6.Further analysis shows that La^3+can induce the intracellular ROS(reactive oxygen species)accumulation with 2.33-fold higher contents of H2O2 in mycelium.HA production induced by La^3+treatment can be suppressed by ROS scavengers.Further analysis reveals that the elicitation of La^3+on HA accumulation is mediated by ROS generation to enhance expression of HA biosynthetical genes.The expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter gene(SbABC)for HA exudation is also regulated partially via ROS generated by NADPH oxidase.These results indicate that the enhanced HA production by La^3+might be mediated by ROS signaling pathway.Our results provide a basis for understanding REE elicitation on fungal metabolites and a practical biotechnological process for enhanced production of HA.展开更多
[背景]大气颗粒物-9健康结局之间的相关性已在全球范围内广为报道。然而，有关不同粒径颗粒物对健康影响的研究却十分有限。[目的]以中国沈阳为例，探索不同粒径颗粒物的数量浓度（particle number concentrations，PNCs）与每日死亡率...[背景]大气颗粒物-9健康结局之间的相关性已在全球范围内广为报道。然而，有关不同粒径颗粒物对健康影响的研究却十分有限。[目的]以中国沈阳为例，探索不同粒径颗粒物的数量浓度（particle number concentrations，PNCs）与每日死亡率之间的关系。[方法]研究时间为2006年12月1日至2008年11月30日，分别收集每日死因别死亡率和直径为0．25~10岬颗粒物的每日PNCs。用基于半泊松回归的广义相加模型来评估PNCs-9死亡率之间的相关性，同时采用自然样条平滑函数校正随时间变化的协变量、长期趋势及季节性趋势。[结果]在研究时间内，归因于非意外的自然死亡、心血管疾病和呼吸系统疾病的平均每日死亡数分别为67、32和7。直径为0．25-0．50gm的颗粒物PNCs与总死亡率和心血管疾病死亡率明显相关，但与呼吸系统疾病死亡率无明显相关性。与冷季相比，暖季里PNCs效应估计值较大，并且效应值随着颗粒物粒径的减小而增加。0．25～0．28p,m、O．35～0．40μm和0．45—0．50gm的颗粒物PNCs每增加1个IQR浓度，与之相关的总死亡风险分别增大2．41％（95％CI：1．23％～3．58％）、1．31％（95％CI：0．52％～2．09％）和0．45％（95％CI：0．04％-0．87％）。校正大气颗粒物和气态污染物的质量浓度后，这种相关性仍然保持稳定。[结论]研究结果提示，直径〈0．5μm的颗粒物可能是空气污染颗粒中导致不良健康影响的最主要成分，并且对健康的不利影响随着颗粒直径的减小而增加。展开更多
Visibility observed at different altitudes is favorable to understand the causes of air pol-lution.We conducted 4-years of observations of visibility at 2.8 and 60 m and particulate matter(PM)concentrations from 2015 ...Visibility observed at different altitudes is favorable to understand the causes of air pol-lution.We conducted 4-years of observations of visibility at 2.8 and 60 m and particulate matter(PM)concentrations from 2015 to 2018 in Shenyang,a provincial city in Northeast China.The results indicated that visibility increased with the increasing height in winter(especially at night),and decreased with height in summer(especially at the daytime).PM concentration exhibited opposite vertical variation to visibility,reflecting that visibility de-grades with the increase of aerosol concentration in the air.The radiosonde meteorological data showed that weak turbulence in the planetary boundary layer(PBL)in winter favored aerosols'accumulation near the surface.Whereas in summer,unstable atmospheric con-ditions,upper-level moister environment,and regional transport of air pollutants resulted in the deterioration of upper-level visibility.Inter-annual variation in the two-level visibility indicated that the upper-level visibility improved more significantly than low-level visibil-ity,much likely due to the reduction in emission of elevated point sources in Shenyang.Our study suggested that strengthening the control of surface non-point emissions is a promis-ing control strategy to improve Shenyang air quality.展开更多
Magnesium silicate hydroxides(MSHs)with granular,schistose,and tubular morphologies were separately incorporated to enhance the tribological properties of phosphate/MoS_(2) composite coatings.The nano-schistose MSH de...Magnesium silicate hydroxides(MSHs)with granular,schistose,and tubular morphologies were separately incorporated to enhance the tribological properties of phosphate/MoS_(2) composite coatings.The nano-schistose MSH demonstrated superior tribological performance due to its effective interactions with the worn surface and frictional synergies with solid lubricants.Incorporation of nano-schistose MSH decreased the friction coefficient of composite coatings by about 34.7%and increased the anti-wear performance of composite coatings by about thirteen times.Nano-schistose MSH facilitated the formation of a friction-induced multi-layer heterogenous slipping structure with layered solid lubricants at the friction interface.Moreover,tribo-chemical reactions between nano-schistose MSH and worn surface promoted the in-situ formation of a cermet supporting film,and this also induced the gradual in-situ formation of a lubrication film on the top of worn surface.Consequently,the contact state between tribo-pairs was timely regulated and the invalidation of the nanocomposite slipping structure was effectively restrained during the friction process.As a result,the service life of the phosphate composite coatings was significantly extended and further abrasion on the worn surface was notably reduced.展开更多
The characteristics of boundary layer structure during a persistent regional haze event over the central Liaoning city cluster of Northeast China from 16 to 21 December 2016 were investigated based on the measurements...The characteristics of boundary layer structure during a persistent regional haze event over the central Liaoning city cluster of Northeast China from 16 to 21 December 2016 were investigated based on the measurements of particulate matter（PM） concentration and the meteorological data within the atmospheric boundary layer（ABL）. During the observational period, the maximum hourly mean PM_（2.5） and PM10 concentrations in Shenyang, Anshan, Fushun, and Benxi ranged from 276 to 355 μg m–3 and from 378 to 442 μg m–3, respectively, and the lowest hourly mean atmospheric visibility（VIS） in different cities ranged from 0.14 to 0.64 km. The central Liaoning city cluster was located in the front of a slowly moving high pressure and was mainly controlled by southerly winds. Wind speed（WS） within the ABL（〈 2 km） decreased significantly and WS at 10-m height mostly remained below 2 m s–1 during the hazy episodes, which was favorable for the accumulation of air pollutants. A potential temperature inversion layer existed throughout the entire ABL during the earlier hazy episode [from 0500 Local Time（LT） 18 December to 1100 LT 19 December], and then a potential temperature inversion layer developed with the bottom gradually decreased from 900 m to 300 m. Such a stable atmospheric stratification further weakened pollutant dispersion. The atmospheric boundary layer height（ABLH） estimated based on potential temperature profiles was mostly lower than 400 m and varied oppositely with PM_（2.5） in Shenyang. In summary, weak winds due to calm synoptic conditions, strong thermal inversion layer, and shallow atmospheric boundary layer contributed to the formation and development of this haze event.The backward trajectory analysis revealed the sources of air masses and explained the different characteristics of the haze episodes in the four cities.展开更多
The relationship between low levels of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)and subsequent cognitive decline remains unclear.The present study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal association between low LDL-...The relationship between low levels of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)and subsequent cognitive decline remains unclear.The present study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal association between low LDL-C levels and cognition decline in the context of the current aggressive guideline-recommended targets(LDL-C levels less than 55 mg/dL for individuals at very high risk of cardiovascular events,and less than 70 mg/dL for high risk individuals).Data from wave 13(2016)to wave 14(2018)of the Health and Retirement Study(HRS)were utilized.LDL-C concentrations measured at wave 13 were categorized into 5 levels,reflecting currently recommended values for lipid lowering treatment.Of 7129 included participants(mean age:69.0±9.9 years,60.3%female),we found that compared to participants with LDL-C levels of 70.0-99.9 mg/dL,those with LDL-C levels of<55 mg/dL had significantly slower 2-year decline rates in global cognitive function(0.244 point/year;95%confidence interval(CI):0.065-0.422;P=0.008),working memory(0.068 point/year;95%CI:0.004-0.133;P=0.038),and borderline significantly in episodic memory(0.155 point/year;95%CI:-0.004-0.315;P=0.057).Similarly,significantly slower decline rates were observed in those with LDL-C levels of 55.0-69.9 mg/dL.The present study demonstrated that compared with LDL-C levels 70.0-99.9 mg/dL,low LDL-C levels(<70 mg/dL,especially<55 mg/dL)were associated with significantly slower cognitive decline in population-based setting.Future randomized controlled trials are warranted to ascertain the safety and benefit of current aggressive guideline-recommended targets on cognitive function.展开更多
This study analyzes and compares aerosol properties and meteorological conditions during two air pollution episodes in 19–22（E1） and 25–26（E2） December 2016 in Northeast China. The visibility, particulate matter...This study analyzes and compares aerosol properties and meteorological conditions during two air pollution episodes in 19–22（E1） and 25–26（E2） December 2016 in Northeast China. The visibility, particulate matter（PM） mass concentration, and surface meteorological observations were examined, together with the planetary boundary layer（PBL） properties and vertical profiles of aerosol extinction coefficient and volume depolarization ratio that were measured by a ground-based lidar in Shenyang of Liaoning Province, China during December 2016–January 2017.Results suggest that the low PBL height led to poor pollution dilution in E1, while the high PBL accompanied by low visibility in E2 might have been due to cross-regional and vertical air transmission. The PM mass concentration decreased as the PBL height increased in E1 while these two variables were positively correlated in E2. The enhanced winds in E2 diffused the pollutants and contributed largely to the aerosol transport. Strong temperature inversion in E1 resulted in increased PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations, and the winds in E2 favoured the southwesterly transport of aerosols from the North China Plain into the region surrounding Shenyang. The large extinction coefficient was partially attributed to the local pollution under the low PBL with high ground-surface PM mass concentrations in E1,whereas the cross-regional transport of aerosols within a high PBL and the low PM mass concentration near the ground in E2 were associated with severe aerosol extinction at high altitudes. These results may facilitate better understanding of the vertical distribution of aerosol properties during winter pollution events in Northeast China.展开更多
Atmospheric visibility impairment due to human activities is becoming increasingly significant in metropolitan 8henyang, China. In this study, hourly data of relevant factors throughout the year 2010 in Shenyang were ...Atmospheric visibility impairment due to human activities is becoming increasingly significant in metropolitan 8henyang, China. In this study, hourly data of relevant factors throughout the year 2010 in Shenyang were used to evaluate the local atmospheric extinction properties. The results show that the average coefficient of total extinction and aerosol single-scattering albedo in 2010 were 622.72 Mm^-1 and 0.87, respectively, values that are characteristic of the ＂municipal pollution type＂. Visibility is most impaired during winter and especially in January. The coefficient of total extinction exhibits a single daily cycle with a maximum at 5-6 am and a minimum at 3 pm. The mean extinction contributions of the constituents, from high to low, were particle scattering （87.49%）, particle absorption, gas absorption, and gas scattering. The extinction contribution of gas molecules was little more than 4.5%, far smaller than that of particles. Scattering by particles was the main contributor to extinction, especially in the morning and around midnight.展开更多
Ischemic cardiovascular diseases(ICVD),including ischemic stroke and coronary heart disease,has become the top cause of death in China[11.A 10-year 1CVD risk prediction model in Chinese adults has been developed and v...Ischemic cardiovascular diseases(ICVD),including ischemic stroke and coronary heart disease,has become the top cause of death in China[11.A 10-year 1CVD risk prediction model in Chinese adults has been developed and validated,which involved seven parameters including sex,age,systolic blood pressure,total cholesterol,body mass index,current smoking status,and diabetes[2].Since this model requires information from questionnaire,invasive blood tests,and physical examinations,its practice in primary healthcare settings is limited[2].展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81473183,81773696)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,China(KYCX17_2042)
文摘Rare earth elements(REEs)have been widely applied as efficient elicitors to improve production of biologically important secondary metabolites in plants.However,their effects on microbial secondary metabolites were seldom reported.In this study,lanthanum(LaCl3)was used as an elicitor in mycelium cultures of Shiraia bambusicola to stimulate the production of hypocrellin A(HA),a promising photosensitizer for anticancer photodynamic therapy.La^3+at 1.0 g/L not only increases HA content by 2.50-fold in mycelia,but stimulates HA exudation to the medium with the highest production(225.05 mg/L)on day 6.Further analysis shows that La^3+can induce the intracellular ROS(reactive oxygen species)accumulation with 2.33-fold higher contents of H2O2 in mycelium.HA production induced by La^3+treatment can be suppressed by ROS scavengers.Further analysis reveals that the elicitation of La^3+on HA accumulation is mediated by ROS generation to enhance expression of HA biosynthetical genes.The expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter gene(SbABC)for HA exudation is also regulated partially via ROS generated by NADPH oxidase.These results indicate that the enhanced HA production by La^3+might be mediated by ROS signaling pathway.Our results provide a basis for understanding REE elicitation on fungal metabolites and a practical biotechnological process for enhanced production of HA.
文摘[背景]大气颗粒物-9健康结局之间的相关性已在全球范围内广为报道。然而，有关不同粒径颗粒物对健康影响的研究却十分有限。[目的]以中国沈阳为例，探索不同粒径颗粒物的数量浓度（particle number concentrations，PNCs）与每日死亡率之间的关系。[方法]研究时间为2006年12月1日至2008年11月30日，分别收集每日死因别死亡率和直径为0．25~10岬颗粒物的每日PNCs。用基于半泊松回归的广义相加模型来评估PNCs-9死亡率之间的相关性，同时采用自然样条平滑函数校正随时间变化的协变量、长期趋势及季节性趋势。[结果]在研究时间内，归因于非意外的自然死亡、心血管疾病和呼吸系统疾病的平均每日死亡数分别为67、32和7。直径为0．25-0．50gm的颗粒物PNCs与总死亡率和心血管疾病死亡率明显相关，但与呼吸系统疾病死亡率无明显相关性。与冷季相比，暖季里PNCs效应估计值较大，并且效应值随着颗粒物粒径的减小而增加。0．25～0．28p,m、O．35～0．40μm和0．45—0．50gm的颗粒物PNCs每增加1个IQR浓度，与之相关的总死亡风险分别增大2．41％（95％CI：1．23％～3．58％）、1．31％（95％CI：0．52％～2．09％）和0．45％（95％CI：0．04％-0．87％）。校正大气颗粒物和气态污染物的质量浓度后，这种相关性仍然保持稳定。[结论]研究结果提示，直径〈0．5μm的颗粒物可能是空气污染颗粒中导致不良健康影响的最主要成分，并且对健康的不利影响随着颗粒直径的减小而增加。
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41730647)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(No.2020-MS-350)+3 种基金the Science&Technology Project of Liaoning Province(No.2019JH8/10300095)the Key Program of Science Foundation of Liaoning Meteorological Office(Nos.201904,D202101)the Basic Research Funds of Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(Nos.2018SYIAEZD4,2020SYIAEZD1)the Open Project of Shangdianzi National Atmosphere Background Station(No.SDZ2020620)
文摘Visibility observed at different altitudes is favorable to understand the causes of air pol-lution.We conducted 4-years of observations of visibility at 2.8 and 60 m and particulate matter(PM)concentrations from 2015 to 2018 in Shenyang,a provincial city in Northeast China.The results indicated that visibility increased with the increasing height in winter(especially at night),and decreased with height in summer(especially at the daytime).PM concentration exhibited opposite vertical variation to visibility,reflecting that visibility de-grades with the increase of aerosol concentration in the air.The radiosonde meteorological data showed that weak turbulence in the planetary boundary layer(PBL)in winter favored aerosols'accumulation near the surface.Whereas in summer,unstable atmospheric con-ditions,upper-level moister environment,and regional transport of air pollutants resulted in the deterioration of upper-level visibility.Inter-annual variation in the two-level visibility indicated that the upper-level visibility improved more significantly than low-level visibil-ity,much likely due to the reduction in emission of elevated point sources in Shenyang.Our study suggested that strengthening the control of surface non-point emissions is a promis-ing control strategy to improve Shenyang air quality.
基金Financial assistances of the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFB3809000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52105228)the Defense Industrial Technology Development Program(No.JCKY2021130B038)were greatly appreciated.
文摘Magnesium silicate hydroxides(MSHs)with granular,schistose,and tubular morphologies were separately incorporated to enhance the tribological properties of phosphate/MoS_(2) composite coatings.The nano-schistose MSH demonstrated superior tribological performance due to its effective interactions with the worn surface and frictional synergies with solid lubricants.Incorporation of nano-schistose MSH decreased the friction coefficient of composite coatings by about 34.7%and increased the anti-wear performance of composite coatings by about thirteen times.Nano-schistose MSH facilitated the formation of a friction-induced multi-layer heterogenous slipping structure with layered solid lubricants at the friction interface.Moreover,tribo-chemical reactions between nano-schistose MSH and worn surface promoted the in-situ formation of a cermet supporting film,and this also induced the gradual in-situ formation of a lubrication film on the top of worn surface.Consequently,the contact state between tribo-pairs was timely regulated and the invalidation of the nanocomposite slipping structure was effectively restrained during the friction process.As a result,the service life of the phosphate composite coatings was significantly extended and further abrasion on the worn surface was notably reduced.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFC0203304)Science and Technology Research Project(Doctoral Research Special Fund)of Liaoning Meteorological Office(D201603)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41375146 and41605081)China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund(GYHY201406031)Basic Research Funds of Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(2016SYIAEZD3)China Meteorological Administration Special Funds for Core Business Development(CMAHX20160306)
文摘The characteristics of boundary layer structure during a persistent regional haze event over the central Liaoning city cluster of Northeast China from 16 to 21 December 2016 were investigated based on the measurements of particulate matter（PM） concentration and the meteorological data within the atmospheric boundary layer（ABL）. During the observational period, the maximum hourly mean PM_（2.5） and PM10 concentrations in Shenyang, Anshan, Fushun, and Benxi ranged from 276 to 355 μg m–3 and from 378 to 442 μg m–3, respectively, and the lowest hourly mean atmospheric visibility（VIS） in different cities ranged from 0.14 to 0.64 km. The central Liaoning city cluster was located in the front of a slowly moving high pressure and was mainly controlled by southerly winds. Wind speed（WS） within the ABL（〈 2 km） decreased significantly and WS at 10-m height mostly remained below 2 m s–1 during the hazy episodes, which was favorable for the accumulation of air pollutants. A potential temperature inversion layer existed throughout the entire ABL during the earlier hazy episode [from 0500 Local Time（LT） 18 December to 1100 LT 19 December], and then a potential temperature inversion layer developed with the bottom gradually decreased from 900 m to 300 m. Such a stable atmospheric stratification further weakened pollutant dispersion. The atmospheric boundary layer height（ABLH） estimated based on potential temperature profiles was mostly lower than 400 m and varied oppositely with PM_（2.5） in Shenyang. In summary, weak winds due to calm synoptic conditions, strong thermal inversion layer, and shallow atmospheric boundary layer contributed to the formation and development of this haze event.The backward trajectory analysis revealed the sources of air masses and explained the different characteristics of the haze episodes in the four cities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81974490)the 2019 Irma and Paul MilsteinProgram for Senior Health Research Project Award。
文摘The relationship between low levels of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)and subsequent cognitive decline remains unclear.The present study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal association between low LDL-C levels and cognition decline in the context of the current aggressive guideline-recommended targets(LDL-C levels less than 55 mg/dL for individuals at very high risk of cardiovascular events,and less than 70 mg/dL for high risk individuals).Data from wave 13(2016)to wave 14(2018)of the Health and Retirement Study(HRS)were utilized.LDL-C concentrations measured at wave 13 were categorized into 5 levels,reflecting currently recommended values for lipid lowering treatment.Of 7129 included participants(mean age:69.0±9.9 years,60.3%female),we found that compared to participants with LDL-C levels of 70.0-99.9 mg/dL,those with LDL-C levels of<55 mg/dL had significantly slower 2-year decline rates in global cognitive function(0.244 point/year;95%confidence interval(CI):0.065-0.422;P=0.008),working memory(0.068 point/year;95%CI:0.004-0.133;P=0.038),and borderline significantly in episodic memory(0.155 point/year;95%CI:-0.004-0.315;P=0.057).Similarly,significantly slower decline rates were observed in those with LDL-C levels of 55.0-69.9 mg/dL.The present study demonstrated that compared with LDL-C levels 70.0-99.9 mg/dL,low LDL-C levels(<70 mg/dL,especially<55 mg/dL)were associated with significantly slower cognitive decline in population-based setting.Future randomized controlled trials are warranted to ascertain the safety and benefit of current aggressive guideline-recommended targets on cognitive function.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC0203304 and 2016YFA0601901)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41605112,41590874,41375153,and 41375146)+2 种基金Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Basic Research Fund(2017Z011,2016Z001,and 2014R17)Climate Change Special Fund of China Meteorological Administration(CCSF201504)Special Project for Doctoral Research of Liaoning Provincial Meteorological Bureau(D201501)
文摘This study analyzes and compares aerosol properties and meteorological conditions during two air pollution episodes in 19–22（E1） and 25–26（E2） December 2016 in Northeast China. The visibility, particulate matter（PM） mass concentration, and surface meteorological observations were examined, together with the planetary boundary layer（PBL） properties and vertical profiles of aerosol extinction coefficient and volume depolarization ratio that were measured by a ground-based lidar in Shenyang of Liaoning Province, China during December 2016–January 2017.Results suggest that the low PBL height led to poor pollution dilution in E1, while the high PBL accompanied by low visibility in E2 might have been due to cross-regional and vertical air transmission. The PM mass concentration decreased as the PBL height increased in E1 while these two variables were positively correlated in E2. The enhanced winds in E2 diffused the pollutants and contributed largely to the aerosol transport. Strong temperature inversion in E1 resulted in increased PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations, and the winds in E2 favoured the southwesterly transport of aerosols from the North China Plain into the region surrounding Shenyang. The large extinction coefficient was partially attributed to the local pollution under the low PBL with high ground-surface PM mass concentrations in E1,whereas the cross-regional transport of aerosols within a high PBL and the low PM mass concentration near the ground in E2 were associated with severe aerosol extinction at high altitudes. These results may facilitate better understanding of the vertical distribution of aerosol properties during winter pollution events in Northeast China.
基金financially supported by the Basic Research and Service Fund Item of IAE(No.2013IAE-CMA05)the Integration and Application Item of Meteorological Key Technologies(No. CMAGJ2014M12)+3 种基金the National Science and Technology Pillar Program(No.2014BAC16B04)the Liaoning Province Key Technologies Program of China(No.2013229031)the Public Welfare Professional Item(Meteorology)(Nos.GYHY201406031 and 201206002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.40705037, 41375146,and 31270480)
文摘Atmospheric visibility impairment due to human activities is becoming increasingly significant in metropolitan 8henyang, China. In this study, hourly data of relevant factors throughout the year 2010 in Shenyang were used to evaluate the local atmospheric extinction properties. The results show that the average coefficient of total extinction and aerosol single-scattering albedo in 2010 were 622.72 Mm^-1 and 0.87, respectively, values that are characteristic of the ＂municipal pollution type＂. Visibility is most impaired during winter and especially in January. The coefficient of total extinction exhibits a single daily cycle with a maximum at 5-6 am and a minimum at 3 pm. The mean extinction contributions of the constituents, from high to low, were particle scattering （87.49%）, particle absorption, gas absorption, and gas scattering. The extinction contribution of gas molecules was little more than 4.5%, far smaller than that of particles. Scattering by particles was the main contributor to extinction, especially in the morning and around midnight.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81974489 and 81974490)。
文摘Ischemic cardiovascular diseases(ICVD),including ischemic stroke and coronary heart disease,has become the top cause of death in China[11.A 10-year 1CVD risk prediction model in Chinese adults has been developed and validated,which involved seven parameters including sex,age,systolic blood pressure,total cholesterol,body mass index,current smoking status,and diabetes[2].Since this model requires information from questionnaire,invasive blood tests,and physical examinations,its practice in primary healthcare settings is limited[2].
