To the Editor:Immunoglobulin A nephropathy(IgAN)is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide.[1]Observational studies suggest a link between circulating inflammatory cytokines and IgAN.[2]However,th...To the Editor:Immunoglobulin A nephropathy(IgAN)is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide.[1]Observational studies suggest a link between circulating inflammatory cytokines and IgAN.[2]However,the causal roles of these cytokines in IgAN are not yet systematically understood.Mendelian randomization(MR)uses genetic variants as instrumental variables(IVs)in observational epidemiology to infer the causality of modifiable disease risk factors.Since genetic alleles are randomly assigned at conception,this method reduces confounding and reverse causation and has been widely used to explore causal relationships between exposures and diseases.This study explored the causal relationship between circulating inflammatory cytokines and IgAN using MR and identified upstream systemic regulators.展开更多
This paper has proposed an experimental system for non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)wireless optical communication in challenging underwater turbulent environments,employing the gallium nitride(GaN)-based micro-LED...This paper has proposed an experimental system for non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)wireless optical communication in challenging underwater turbulent environments,employing the gallium nitride(GaN)-based micro-LED array.This design of the GaN-based micro-LED array enables the independent transmission of signals from distinct data streams within the NOMA framework,facilitating direct optical power-domain superposition of NOMA signals.The experimental setup involves emulating oceanic turbulence channels,characterized by varying the level of scintillation intensity,to thoroughly investigate the bit error rate(BER)performance.The outcomes unequivocally demonstrate the superiority of our proposed NOMA scheme,as compared to conventional circuit-driven optical NOMA systems utilizing fixed LED array grouping,particularly in the presence of turbulent underwater channels.The proposed NOMA scheme exhibits consistently superior BER performance and maintains excellent linearity at the lower frequencies while effectively mitigating signal distortion at the higher frequencies.展开更多
In order to alleviate the impact of turbulence on the performance of underwater wireless optical communication(UWOC)in real time,and achieve high-speed real-time transmission and low cost and miniaturization of equipm...In order to alleviate the impact of turbulence on the performance of underwater wireless optical communication(UWOC)in real time,and achieve high-speed real-time transmission and low cost and miniaturization of equipment,a 2×2 real-time multiple-input and multiple-output(MIMO)high-speed miniaturized UWOC system based on a field-programmable gate array(FPGA)and a high-power light-emitting diode(LED)array is designed in this Letter.In terms of multiplexing gain,the imaging MIMO spatial multiplexing and high-order modulation for the first time are combined and the real-time high-speed transmission of PAM-4 signal based on the LED array light source in 12 m underwater channel at 100 Mbps rate is implemented,which effectively improves the throughput of the UWOC system with a high-power commercial LED light source.In light of diversity gain,the system employs the diversity of repeated coding scheme to receive two identical non-return-to-zero on-off keying(NRZ-OOK)signals,which can compensate the fading or flickering sublinks in real time under the bubble-like simulated turbulence condition,and has high robustness.To our knowledge,this is the first instance of a high rate and long-distance implementation of a turbulence-resistant real-time MIMO miniaturized UWOC system based on FPGA and high-power LED arrays.With spatial diversity or spatial multiplexing capabilities,its low cost,integrity,and high robustness provide the system with important practical prospects.展开更多
基金supported by the Multidisciplinary Clinical Research Innovation Project(No.CYDXK202213)the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62476181)+1 种基金the Jinzhongzi project of Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital(No.CYJZ202203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82170686).
文摘To the Editor:Immunoglobulin A nephropathy(IgAN)is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide.[1]Observational studies suggest a link between circulating inflammatory cytokines and IgAN.[2]However,the causal roles of these cytokines in IgAN are not yet systematically understood.Mendelian randomization(MR)uses genetic variants as instrumental variables(IVs)in observational epidemiology to infer the causality of modifiable disease risk factors.Since genetic alleles are randomly assigned at conception,this method reduces confounding and reverse causation and has been widely used to explore causal relationships between exposures and diseases.This study explored the causal relationship between circulating inflammatory cytokines and IgAN using MR and identified upstream systemic regulators.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.61871418)。
文摘This paper has proposed an experimental system for non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)wireless optical communication in challenging underwater turbulent environments,employing the gallium nitride(GaN)-based micro-LED array.This design of the GaN-based micro-LED array enables the independent transmission of signals from distinct data streams within the NOMA framework,facilitating direct optical power-domain superposition of NOMA signals.The experimental setup involves emulating oceanic turbulence channels,characterized by varying the level of scintillation intensity,to thoroughly investigate the bit error rate(BER)performance.The outcomes unequivocally demonstrate the superiority of our proposed NOMA scheme,as compared to conventional circuit-driven optical NOMA systems utilizing fixed LED array grouping,particularly in the presence of turbulent underwater channels.The proposed NOMA scheme exhibits consistently superior BER performance and maintains excellent linearity at the lower frequencies while effectively mitigating signal distortion at the higher frequencies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.61871418)。
文摘In order to alleviate the impact of turbulence on the performance of underwater wireless optical communication(UWOC)in real time,and achieve high-speed real-time transmission and low cost and miniaturization of equipment,a 2×2 real-time multiple-input and multiple-output(MIMO)high-speed miniaturized UWOC system based on a field-programmable gate array(FPGA)and a high-power light-emitting diode(LED)array is designed in this Letter.In terms of multiplexing gain,the imaging MIMO spatial multiplexing and high-order modulation for the first time are combined and the real-time high-speed transmission of PAM-4 signal based on the LED array light source in 12 m underwater channel at 100 Mbps rate is implemented,which effectively improves the throughput of the UWOC system with a high-power commercial LED light source.In light of diversity gain,the system employs the diversity of repeated coding scheme to receive two identical non-return-to-zero on-off keying(NRZ-OOK)signals,which can compensate the fading or flickering sublinks in real time under the bubble-like simulated turbulence condition,and has high robustness.To our knowledge,this is the first instance of a high rate and long-distance implementation of a turbulence-resistant real-time MIMO miniaturized UWOC system based on FPGA and high-power LED arrays.With spatial diversity or spatial multiplexing capabilities,its low cost,integrity,and high robustness provide the system with important practical prospects.
