Selective mitochondrial autophagy or mitophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process that selectively degrades superfluous, damaged, and dysfunctional mitochondria. This process is believed to be a mitochond...Selective mitochondrial autophagy or mitophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process that selectively degrades superfluous, damaged, and dysfunctional mitochondria. This process is believed to be a mitochondrial quality control system crucial for intracellular homeostasis. Recently, researchers developed a range of methods to induce mitophagy and a variety of assays to monitor this process. With these new methods, the research on mitophagy has been developed rapidly. In particular, some key receptors and regulatory factors in fungi have been identified, which provides a basis for further understanding of the mechanism of this process. Although it has been studied extensively in the model yeast <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>, mitophagy in pathogenic fungi remains poorly understood. However recent studies have shown that mitophagy is involved in the regulation of pathogenicity of pathogenic fungi, which greatly increases the importance of mitophagy. Therefore, it is necessary to review the current research on mitophagy in order to provide an accurate understanding of mitophagy and promote mitophagy research in the pathogenic fungi.展开更多
Plant-microbe interactions are profoundly shaped by the avail-ability of phosphate(Pi)in both the host and the ambient environ-ment,spanning a spectrum from mutualism to pathogenicity.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)...Plant-microbe interactions are profoundly shaped by the avail-ability of phosphate(Pi)in both the host and the ambient environ-ment,spanning a spectrum from mutualism to pathogenicity.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)enhance the nutrition of many vascular plants by facilitating the acquisition of inorganic Pi and other nutrients from the environment through symbiotic exchanges,thereby promoting plant growth.In contrast,pathogens hijack plant mineral resources,and paradoxically,an adequate supply of phosphorus can actually change plant susceptibility to such fungal invasions,with the underlying molecular mechanisms remaining poorly understood[1].Recent breakthroughs by McCombe et al.(2025)have unveiled sophisticated strategies employed by phytopathogenic fungi to manipulate host phosphate signaling pathways.This study identified a novel effector family with Nudix hydrolase activity in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae,the Brassicaceae anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum hig-ginsianum,and maize anthracnose pathogen C.graminicola.These secreted Nudix effectors selectively hydrolyze inositol pyrophos-phate(PP-InsP),thereby mimicking Pi starvation and activating the phosphate starvation response pathway,which in turn pro-motes disease[2].展开更多
As a staple food for approximately half of the global population,rice production is under mounting pressure from pathogeninduced diseases that cause devastating yield losses and threaten worldwide food security.Unders...As a staple food for approximately half of the global population,rice production is under mounting pressure from pathogeninduced diseases that cause devastating yield losses and threaten worldwide food security.Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying rice immunity has therefore become critical for developing sustainable agricultural strategies that can ensure stable food supplies(Kou et al.,2024).Rice has evolved a sophisticated two-tiered immune defense system comprising pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI).Substantial evidence indicates that the small GTPase Os-Rac1,together with its regulatory proteins,serves as a central hub in both PTI and effector-triggered immunity(Akamatsu et al.,2013,2021;Wang et al.,2018).Multiple upstream signaling pathways-including those mediated by the chitin receptor,nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeatcontaining receptor,trimeric G protein,E3 ubiquitin ligase,and specific OsRac1 activators and inactivators-converge on Os-Rac1 to orchestrate immune responses(Engelhardt et al.,2020;Akamatsu et al.,2021).Liu et al.(2015)previously identified SPIN6 as an OsRac1 inactivator that negatively regulates rice immunity through modulation of OsRac1 activity.Building on this foundation,He et al.展开更多
Changes in global temperatures profoundly affect the occurrence of plant diseases.It is well known that rice blast can easily become epidemic in relatively warm weather.However,the molecular mechanism remains unclear....Changes in global temperatures profoundly affect the occurrence of plant diseases.It is well known that rice blast can easily become epidemic in relatively warm weather.However,the molecular mechanism remains unclear.In this study,we show that enhanced blast development at a warm temperature(22C)compared with the normal growth temperature(28C)is rice plant-determined.Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that jasmonic acid(JA)biosynthesis and signaling genes in rice could be effectively induced by Magnaporthe oryzae at 28C but not at 22C.Phenotypic analyses of the osaoc1 and osmyc2 mutants,OsCOI1 RNAi lines,and OsMYC2-OE plants further demonstrated that compromised M.oryzaeinduced JA biosynthesis and signaling lead to enhanced blast susceptibility at the warm temperature.Consistent with these results,we found that exogenous application of methyl jasmonate served as an effective strategy for improving blast resistance under the warm environmental conditions.Furthermore,decreased activation of JA signaling resulted in the downregulated expression of some key basal resistance genes at 22C when compared with 28C.Among these affected genes,OsCEBiP(chitin elicitorbinding protein precursor)was found to be directly regulated by OsMYB22 and its interacting protein OsMYC2,a key component of JA signaling,and this contributed to temperature-modulated blast resistance.Taken together,these results suggest that warm temperature compromises basal resistance in rice and enhances M.oryzae infection by reducing JA biosynthesis and signaling,providing potential new strategies for managing rice blast disease under warm climate conditions.展开更多
Rice blast,caused by Magnaporthe oryzae,is one of the most devastating diseases of rice.During infection,M.oryzae secretes effectors to facilitate blast development.Among these effectors,the avirulence factor AvrPi9 i...Rice blast,caused by Magnaporthe oryzae,is one of the most devastating diseases of rice.During infection,M.oryzae secretes effectors to facilitate blast development.Among these effectors,the avirulence factor AvrPi9 is recognized by Pi9,a broad-spectrum blast resistance protein that triggers Pi9-mediated resistance in rice.However,little is known about the interaction between AvrPi9 and Pi9 and how AvrPi9 exerts virulence to promote infection.In this study,we found that ectopic expression of AvrPi9 in the Pi9-lacking cultivar TP309 suppressed basal resistance against M.oryzae.Furthermore,we identified an AvrPi9-interacting protein in rice,which we named OsRGLG5,encoding a functional RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase.During infection,AvrPi9 was ubiquitinated and degraded by OsRGLG5.Meanwhile,AvrPi9 affected the stability of OsRGLG5.Infection assays revealed that OsRGLG5 is a positive regulator of basal resistance against M.oryzae,but it is not essential for Pi9-mediated blast resistance in rice.In conclusion,our results revealed that OsRGLG5 is targeted by the M.oryzae effector AvrPi9 and positively regulates basal resistance against rice blast.展开更多
Di-and tri-methylation of lysine 36 on histone H3(H3K36me2/3)is catalysed by histone methyltransferase Set2,which plays an essential role in transcriptional regulation.Although there is a single H3K36 methyltransferas...Di-and tri-methylation of lysine 36 on histone H3(H3K36me2/3)is catalysed by histone methyltransferase Set2,which plays an essential role in transcriptional regulation.Although there is a single H3K36 methyltransferase in yeast and higher eukaryotes,two H3K36 methyltransferases,Ash1 and Set2,were present in many filamentous fungi.However,their roles in H3K36 methylation and transcriptional regulation remained unclear.Combined with methods of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq,we revealed that both Ash1 and Set2 are redundantly required for the full H3K36me2/3 activity in Magnaporthe oryzae,which causes the devastating worldwide rice blast disease.Ash1 and Set2 distinguish genomic H3K36me2/3-marked regions and are differentially associated with repressed and activated transcription,respectively.Furthermore,Ash1-catalysed H3K36me2 was co-localized with H3K27me3 at the chromatin,and Ash1 was required for the enrichment and transcriptional silencing of H3K27me3-occupied genes.With the different roles of Ash1 and Set2,in H3K36me2/3 enrichment and transcriptional regulation on the stress-responsive genes,they differentially respond to various stresses in M.oryzae.Overall,we reveal a novel mechanism by which two H3K36 methyltransferases catalyze H3K36me2/3 that differentially associate with transcriptional activities and contribute to enrichment of facultative heterochromatin in eukaryotes.展开更多
Blast disease,caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae,wreaks havoc on crops worldwide,resulting in an approximate loss of 20%-30%of the annual rice yield(He et al.,2020;Liu et al.,2024).M.oryzae heads the top 10 list ...Blast disease,caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae,wreaks havoc on crops worldwide,resulting in an approximate loss of 20%-30%of the annual rice yield(He et al.,2020;Liu et al.,2024).M.oryzae heads the top 10 list of the most devastating phytopathogens and serves as a model system for investigating fungal diseases in plants,thus offering insights relevant to disease control in important agricultural crops.展开更多
文摘Selective mitochondrial autophagy or mitophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process that selectively degrades superfluous, damaged, and dysfunctional mitochondria. This process is believed to be a mitochondrial quality control system crucial for intracellular homeostasis. Recently, researchers developed a range of methods to induce mitophagy and a variety of assays to monitor this process. With these new methods, the research on mitophagy has been developed rapidly. In particular, some key receptors and regulatory factors in fungi have been identified, which provides a basis for further understanding of the mechanism of this process. Although it has been studied extensively in the model yeast <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>, mitophagy in pathogenic fungi remains poorly understood. However recent studies have shown that mitophagy is involved in the regulation of pathogenicity of pathogenic fungi, which greatly increases the importance of mitophagy. Therefore, it is necessary to review the current research on mitophagy in order to provide an accurate understanding of mitophagy and promote mitophagy research in the pathogenic fungi.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20178 and 32441050)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LR24C140001 and LZ23C130002)+2 种基金Zhejiang Science and Technology Major Program on Rice New Variety Breeding(2021C02063-3)the Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-CSCB-202301)Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund of China National Rice Research Institute(Y2025YC94,Y2023QC22 and CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202116).
文摘Plant-microbe interactions are profoundly shaped by the avail-ability of phosphate(Pi)in both the host and the ambient environ-ment,spanning a spectrum from mutualism to pathogenicity.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)enhance the nutrition of many vascular plants by facilitating the acquisition of inorganic Pi and other nutrients from the environment through symbiotic exchanges,thereby promoting plant growth.In contrast,pathogens hijack plant mineral resources,and paradoxically,an adequate supply of phosphorus can actually change plant susceptibility to such fungal invasions,with the underlying molecular mechanisms remaining poorly understood[1].Recent breakthroughs by McCombe et al.(2025)have unveiled sophisticated strategies employed by phytopathogenic fungi to manipulate host phosphate signaling pathways.This study identified a novel effector family with Nudix hydrolase activity in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae,the Brassicaceae anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum hig-ginsianum,and maize anthracnose pathogen C.graminicola.These secreted Nudix effectors selectively hydrolyze inositol pyrophos-phate(PP-InsP),thereby mimicking Pi starvation and activating the phosphate starvation response pathway,which in turn pro-motes disease[2].
基金supported by grants from the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LD25C140001 and LR24C140001)Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Y2025YC94)+2 种基金JSPS KAKENHI(20H02988,21H05035,23H02213,23K26906,23K18030.and 24H01371)JSPSBilateral Pro grams(JPJSBP20237408)Ohara foundation,the Naito foundation,the Takeda Science Foundation,the Joint Usage/Research Center,and the Institute of Plant Science and Resources.
文摘As a staple food for approximately half of the global population,rice production is under mounting pressure from pathogeninduced diseases that cause devastating yield losses and threaten worldwide food security.Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying rice immunity has therefore become critical for developing sustainable agricultural strategies that can ensure stable food supplies(Kou et al.,2024).Rice has evolved a sophisticated two-tiered immune defense system comprising pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI).Substantial evidence indicates that the small GTPase Os-Rac1,together with its regulatory proteins,serves as a central hub in both PTI and effector-triggered immunity(Akamatsu et al.,2013,2021;Wang et al.,2018).Multiple upstream signaling pathways-including those mediated by the chitin receptor,nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeatcontaining receptor,trimeric G protein,E3 ubiquitin ligase,and specific OsRac1 activators and inactivators-converge on Os-Rac1 to orchestrate immune responses(Engelhardt et al.,2020;Akamatsu et al.,2021).Liu et al.(2015)previously identified SPIN6 as an OsRac1 inactivator that negatively regulates rice immunity through modulation of OsRac1 activity.Building on this foundation,He et al.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32000103 to Y.K.)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LQ19C130007)+1 种基金key R&D project of China National Rice Research Institute,grand number“CNRRI-2020-04”supported by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences under the“Elite Youth”Program and the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program.N.I.N acknowledges funding support from the Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory,Singapore.
文摘Changes in global temperatures profoundly affect the occurrence of plant diseases.It is well known that rice blast can easily become epidemic in relatively warm weather.However,the molecular mechanism remains unclear.In this study,we show that enhanced blast development at a warm temperature(22C)compared with the normal growth temperature(28C)is rice plant-determined.Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that jasmonic acid(JA)biosynthesis and signaling genes in rice could be effectively induced by Magnaporthe oryzae at 28C but not at 22C.Phenotypic analyses of the osaoc1 and osmyc2 mutants,OsCOI1 RNAi lines,and OsMYC2-OE plants further demonstrated that compromised M.oryzaeinduced JA biosynthesis and signaling lead to enhanced blast susceptibility at the warm temperature.Consistent with these results,we found that exogenous application of methyl jasmonate served as an effective strategy for improving blast resistance under the warm environmental conditions.Furthermore,decreased activation of JA signaling resulted in the downregulated expression of some key basal resistance genes at 22C when compared with 28C.Among these affected genes,OsCEBiP(chitin elicitorbinding protein precursor)was found to be directly regulated by OsMYB22 and its interacting protein OsMYC2,a key component of JA signaling,and this contributed to temperature-modulated blast resistance.Taken together,these results suggest that warm temperature compromises basal resistance in rice and enhances M.oryzae infection by reducing JA biosynthesis and signaling,providing potential new strategies for managing rice blast disease under warm climate conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171944 to Y.K.)the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences under the Elite Youth program and the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program+1 种基金Youth Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Y2023QC22)the Key Projects of Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LZ23C130002).
文摘Rice blast,caused by Magnaporthe oryzae,is one of the most devastating diseases of rice.During infection,M.oryzae secretes effectors to facilitate blast development.Among these effectors,the avirulence factor AvrPi9 is recognized by Pi9,a broad-spectrum blast resistance protein that triggers Pi9-mediated resistance in rice.However,little is known about the interaction between AvrPi9 and Pi9 and how AvrPi9 exerts virulence to promote infection.In this study,we found that ectopic expression of AvrPi9 in the Pi9-lacking cultivar TP309 suppressed basal resistance against M.oryzae.Furthermore,we identified an AvrPi9-interacting protein in rice,which we named OsRGLG5,encoding a functional RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase.During infection,AvrPi9 was ubiquitinated and degraded by OsRGLG5.Meanwhile,AvrPi9 affected the stability of OsRGLG5.Infection assays revealed that OsRGLG5 is a positive regulator of basal resistance against M.oryzae,but it is not essential for Pi9-mediated blast resistance in rice.In conclusion,our results revealed that OsRGLG5 is targeted by the M.oryzae effector AvrPi9 and positively regulates basal resistance against rice blast.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32170192 and 32370200 to Z.T)National Youth Talent Support Program.
文摘Di-and tri-methylation of lysine 36 on histone H3(H3K36me2/3)is catalysed by histone methyltransferase Set2,which plays an essential role in transcriptional regulation.Although there is a single H3K36 methyltransferase in yeast and higher eukaryotes,two H3K36 methyltransferases,Ash1 and Set2,were present in many filamentous fungi.However,their roles in H3K36 methylation and transcriptional regulation remained unclear.Combined with methods of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq,we revealed that both Ash1 and Set2 are redundantly required for the full H3K36me2/3 activity in Magnaporthe oryzae,which causes the devastating worldwide rice blast disease.Ash1 and Set2 distinguish genomic H3K36me2/3-marked regions and are differentially associated with repressed and activated transcription,respectively.Furthermore,Ash1-catalysed H3K36me2 was co-localized with H3K27me3 at the chromatin,and Ash1 was required for the enrichment and transcriptional silencing of H3K27me3-occupied genes.With the different roles of Ash1 and Set2,in H3K36me2/3 enrichment and transcriptional regulation on the stress-responsive genes,they differentially respond to various stresses in M.oryzae.Overall,we reveal a novel mechanism by which two H3K36 methyltransferases catalyze H3K36me2/3 that differentially associate with transcriptional activities and contribute to enrichment of facultative heterochromatin in eukaryotes.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171944)the Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Y2023QC22 and CAAS-CSCB202301).
文摘Blast disease,caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae,wreaks havoc on crops worldwide,resulting in an approximate loss of 20%-30%of the annual rice yield(He et al.,2020;Liu et al.,2024).M.oryzae heads the top 10 list of the most devastating phytopathogens and serves as a model system for investigating fungal diseases in plants,thus offering insights relevant to disease control in important agricultural crops.
