9Cr3W3 CoB steels are developed to serve at the temperature range of 620-650℃,and have been recognized as the most promising martensitic heat-resistant steels for supercritical power plants.Due to the high W and Co c...9Cr3W3 CoB steels are developed to serve at the temperature range of 620-650℃,and have been recognized as the most promising martensitic heat-resistant steels for supercritical power plants.Due to the high W and Co contents,the Fe_(2)W Laves phase in such 9Cr3W3 CoB steel possesses some specialties in thermodynamics.In the present research,it was found that even when aged at 800℃in the 9Cr3W3 CoB steel,instead of dissolving,Laves phase formed after 50 h and kept on increasing in size and number density until 1000 h,indicating that the Laves phase was marching for the thermodynamic equilibrium during aging.In this thermodynamic process,the W-rich M_(3)B_(2)borides in as-received steel and M23C6 carbides were revealed to dissolve,supporting the growth of Laves phase.SEM investigation indicates that Laves phase tended to form clusters,and finally grow as a unit bulk Laves phase with an irregular shape.Besides,Laves phase nucleated next to M23C6 carbides and enwrapped them inside at 800℃.In addition,the growth processes of Laves phase and M23C6 carbides were a competitive procedure,the coarsening of M23C6 carbides was prior to the growth of Laves phase at 750℃while the growth of Laves phase was prior to the coarsening of M23C6 carbides at 800℃.展开更多
The oxidation behavior of two Ferritic/Martensitic(F/M)steels including novel SIMP steel and commercial P91 steel were investigated by exposure to flowing deaerated supercritical water(SCW)at 700℃for up to 1000 h.The...The oxidation behavior of two Ferritic/Martensitic(F/M)steels including novel SIMP steel and commercial P91 steel were investigated by exposure to flowing deaerated supercritical water(SCW)at 700℃for up to 1000 h.The kinetic weight gain curves follow parabolic and near-cubic rate equations for SIMP and P91 steels,respectively.X-Ray Diffraction analysis showed the presence of magnetite and a spinel phase in flowing SCW for both steels.The morphology and structure of the oxide scales formed on these two steels were analyzed.The relationship between the microstructure and oxidation behavior and the reason that SIMP steel showed better oxidation resistance than P91 steel were discussed.展开更多
The sewer system plays an important role in protecting rainfall and treating urban wastewater.Due to the harsh internal environment and complex structure of the sewer,it is difficult to monitor the sewer system.Resear...The sewer system plays an important role in protecting rainfall and treating urban wastewater.Due to the harsh internal environment and complex structure of the sewer,it is difficult to monitor the sewer system.Researchers are developing different methods,such as the Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence,to monitor and detect the faults in the sewer system.Deep learning is a promising artificial intelligence technology that can effectively identify and classify different sewer system defects.However,the existing deep learning based solution does not provide high accuracy prediction and the defect class considered for classification is very small,which can affect the robustness of the model in the constraint environment.As a result,this paper proposes a sewer condition monitoring framework based on deep learning,which can effectively detect and evaluate defects in sewer pipelines with high accuracy.We also introduce a large dataset of sewer defects with 20 different defect classes found in the sewer pipeline.This study modified the original RegNet model by modifying the squeeze excitation(SE)block and adding the dropout layer and Leaky Rectified Linear Units(LeakyReLU)activation function in the Block structure of RegNet model.This study explored different deep learning methods such as RegNet,ResNet50,very deep convolutional networks(VGG),and GoogleNet to train on the sewer defect dataset.The experimental results indicate that the proposed system framework based on the modified-RegNet(RegNet+)model achieves the highest accuracy of 99.5 compared with the commonly used deep learning models.The proposed model provides a robust deep learning model that can effectively classify 20 different sewer defects and be utilized in real-world sewer condition monitoring applications.展开更多
Bear bile has been a valuable and effective medicinal material in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for over 13 centuries.However,the current practice of obtaining it through bear farming is under scrutiny for its adve...Bear bile has been a valuable and effective medicinal material in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for over 13 centuries.However,the current practice of obtaining it through bear farming is under scrutiny for its adverse impact on bear welfare.Here,we present a new approach for creating artificial bear bile(ABB)as a high-quality and sustainable alternative to natural bear bile.This study addresses the scientific challenges of creating bear bile alternatives through interdisciplinary collaborations across various fields,including resources,chemistry,biology,medicine,pharmacology,and TCM.A comprehensive efficacy assessment system that bridges the gap between TCM and modern medical terminology has been established,allowing for the systematic screening of therapeutic constituents.Through the utilization of chemical synthesis and enzyme engineering technologies,our research has achieved the environmentally friendly,large-scale production of bear bile therapeutic compounds,as well as the optimization and recomposition of ABB formulations.The resulting ABB not only closely resembles natural bear bile in its composition but also offers advantages such as consistent product quality,availability of raw materials,and independence from threatened or wild resources.Comprehensive preclinical efficacy evaluations have demonstrated the equivalence of the therapeutic effects from ABB and those from commercially available drained bear bile(DBB).Furthermore,preclinical toxicological assessment and phase I clinical trials show that the safety of ABB is on par with that of the currently used DBB.This innovative strategy can serve as a new research paradigm for developing alternatives for other endangered TCMs,thereby strengthening the integrity and sustainability of TCM.展开更多
Endo-periodontal lesions (EPLs) involve both the periodontium and pulp tissue and have complicated etiologies and pathogenic mechanisms,including unique anatomical and microbiological characteristics and multiple cont...Endo-periodontal lesions (EPLs) involve both the periodontium and pulp tissue and have complicated etiologies and pathogenic mechanisms,including unique anatomical and microbiological characteristics and multiple contributing factors.This etiological complexity leads to difficulties in determining patient prognosis,posing great challenges in clinical practice.Furthermore,EPL-affected teeth require multidisciplinary therapy,including periodontal therapy,endodontic therapy and others,but there is still much debate about the appropriate timing of periodontal therapy and root canal therapy.By compiling the most recent findings on the etiology,pathogenesis,clinical characteristics,diagnosis,therapy,and prognosis of EPL-affected teeth,this consensus sought to support clinicians in making the best possible treatment decisions based on both biological and clinical evidence.展开更多
Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of ATP-based tumor chemosensitivity assay(ATP-TCA) in patients with platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer(PRROC).Methods A total of 43 patients with PRROC ...Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of ATP-based tumor chemosensitivity assay(ATP-TCA) in patients with platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer(PRROC).Methods A total of 43 patients with PRROC who underwent chemotherapy based on the results of ATPTCA in the Cancer Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences were included in the present study.As controls,we selected another 43 patients with PRROC who were treated at the physician's discretion within the same time period and had the same clinical characteristics as the patients in the ATP-TCA group.Logrank test and Cox proportional hazards model were adopted for analysis.Results A total of 86 patients were retrospectively analyzed in the present study.Patients were routinely monitored to evaluate the rate of progression-free survival(PFS).The median follow-up time was 13 months.The PFS for the ATP-TCA and control groups was 5 and 3 months,respectively(P = 0.027).Multivariate analysis showed that the type of treatment was an independent prognostic factor for PFS(P = 0.040;HR:0.623;95% CI:0.313–0.973).Subgroup analysis showed that among patients with a treatmentfree interval(TFI) of ≥ 3 months(n = 50),those in the ATP-TCA group had longer PFS than those in the control group(7 vs 4 months,P = 0.010).Meanwhile,the median PFS of patients who underwent ≤ 2 prior chemotherapy regimens(PCR,n = 52) in the ATP-TCA and control groups was 6 months and 4 months,respectively(P = 0.025).Conclusion ATP-TCA-directed chemotherapy might improve the PFS in PRROC.In particular,the survival benefit from ATP-TCA is higher in patients with a TFI of ≥ 3 months or treated with ≤ 2 PCR.展开更多
Critical oral-maxillofacial bone defects,damaged by trauma and tumors,not only affect the physiological functions and mental health of patients but are also highly challenging to reconstruct.Personalized biomaterials ...Critical oral-maxillofacial bone defects,damaged by trauma and tumors,not only affect the physiological functions and mental health of patients but are also highly challenging to reconstruct.Personalized biomaterials customized by 3D printing technology have the potential to match oralmaxillofacial bone repair and regeneration requirements.Laponite(LAP)nanosilicates have been added to biomaterials to achieve biofunctional modification owing to their excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity.Herein,porous nanosilicate-functionalized polycaprolactone(PCL/LAP)was fabricated by 3D printing technology,and its bioactivities in bone regeneration were investigated in vitro and in vivo.In vitro experiments demonstrated that PCL/LAP exhibited good cytocompatibility and enhanced the viability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs).PCL/LAP functioned to stimulate osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs at the mRNA and protein levels and elevated angiogenic gene expression and cytokine secretion.Moreover,BMSCs cultured on PCL/LAP promoted the angiogenesis potential of endothelial cells by angiogenic cytokine secretion.Then,PCL/LAP scaffolds were implanted into the calvarial defect model.Toxicological safety of PCL/LAP was confirmed,and significant enhancement of vascularized bone formation was observed.Taken together,3D-printed PCL/LAP scaffolds with brilliant osteogenesis to enhance bone regeneration could be envisaged as an outstanding bone substitute for a promising change in oral-maxillofacial bone defect reconstruction.展开更多
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli is one of the most prevalent foodborne pathogens and poses significant clinical chal-lenges due to increasing rates of antibiotic resistance.In this study,9,068 diarrheagenic E.coli isol...Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli is one of the most prevalent foodborne pathogens and poses significant clinical chal-lenges due to increasing rates of antibiotic resistance.In this study,9,068 diarrheagenic E.coli isolates from sporadic diarrhea cases across 20 provinces of China from 2016 to 2022 were systematically analyzed to determine the preva-lence and distribution of resistance.A total of 14 antibiotics were included in the antimicrobial resistance surveil-lance.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated that the majority of the isolates(89.3%)were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent,with a significant proportion(60.3%)demonstrating multidrug resistance.Isolates showed high levels of resistance to ampicillin(68.2%)and high sensitivity to imipenem(97.0%).Over the 7 years,an increas-ing trend in resistance to cefoxitin and chloramphenicol among the isolates was found.Enteroaggregative E.coli was identified as the predominant pathotype.Furthermore,antimicrobial resistance rates were higher among the iso-lates from infants under 1 year of age compared to other populations and resistance levels differed among patho-types.In summary,our findings revealed the detailed resistance characteristics of diarrheagenic E.coli strains isolated from human sporadic diarrhea cases in China,offering valuable insights that can inform clinical antibiotic treatment strategies and priorities.展开更多
Salmonella is widely known as one of the most common foodborne pathogens,and antibiotics remain effective in clinical therapies against its infections.To guide better clinical antibiotic treatment,we analyzed the anti...Salmonella is widely known as one of the most common foodborne pathogens,and antibiotics remain effective in clinical therapies against its infections.To guide better clinical antibiotic treatment,we analyzed the antimicrobial resistance(AMR)profiles of a nation-wide collection of 36,822 Salmonella isolates derived from sporadic diarrhea cases in China from 2014 to 2021.A panel of 15 antibiotics,including 10 critically important and 5 highly important antimicrobial agents for human medicine based on the WHO CIA List,was selected for AMR surveillance.Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium,Enteritidis,I 4,[5],12:i:-,London,and Stanley were turns to be the top five serotypes from human diarrhea cases in China.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that the majority of the isolates(87.2%)were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent,and 66.5%were multidrug resistant(MDR).Salmonella isolates were found to be highly resistant to ampicillin(73.4%)while sensitive to imipenem(98.73%).Over the eight years,the isolates were demonstrated generally an increase in resistance to ampicillin,chloramphenicol,trimethoprim-sulfameth-oxazole,and azithromycin,but displayed varied resistance profiles in terms of serotypes.Stanley(0.66-27.18%)and Agona(0.78-45.30%)had lower resistance rates compared to Typhimurium(1.11-85.6%),Enteritidis(1.55-91.29%),and I 4,[5],12:i:-(1.02-94.28%).In conclusion,our results provide systematic data on the resistance characteristics of Salmonella isolates from human diarrhea cases in China.Furthermore,this data identifies priorities for the clinical treatments of antibiotics.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51971226)the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2017YFB0305201)。
文摘9Cr3W3 CoB steels are developed to serve at the temperature range of 620-650℃,and have been recognized as the most promising martensitic heat-resistant steels for supercritical power plants.Due to the high W and Co contents,the Fe_(2)W Laves phase in such 9Cr3W3 CoB steel possesses some specialties in thermodynamics.In the present research,it was found that even when aged at 800℃in the 9Cr3W3 CoB steel,instead of dissolving,Laves phase formed after 50 h and kept on increasing in size and number density until 1000 h,indicating that the Laves phase was marching for the thermodynamic equilibrium during aging.In this thermodynamic process,the W-rich M_(3)B_(2)borides in as-received steel and M23C6 carbides were revealed to dissolve,supporting the growth of Laves phase.SEM investigation indicates that Laves phase tended to form clusters,and finally grow as a unit bulk Laves phase with an irregular shape.Besides,Laves phase nucleated next to M23C6 carbides and enwrapped them inside at 800℃.In addition,the growth processes of Laves phase and M23C6 carbides were a competitive procedure,the coarsening of M23C6 carbides was prior to the growth of Laves phase at 750℃while the growth of Laves phase was prior to the coarsening of M23C6 carbides at 800℃.
基金financially supported by the project 2018NMSAKF03 of CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment,Institute of Metal Research,Chinese Academy of SciencesKey fund from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1832206)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.20180771-T-605)“Excellent Scholar Funding”initialed by Institute for Materials Research,Chinese Academy of Science(IMR-CAS)(No.JY7A7A111A1)。
文摘The oxidation behavior of two Ferritic/Martensitic(F/M)steels including novel SIMP steel and commercial P91 steel were investigated by exposure to flowing deaerated supercritical water(SCW)at 700℃for up to 1000 h.The kinetic weight gain curves follow parabolic and near-cubic rate equations for SIMP and P91 steels,respectively.X-Ray Diffraction analysis showed the presence of magnetite and a spinel phase in flowing SCW for both steels.The morphology and structure of the oxide scales formed on these two steels were analyzed.The relationship between the microstructure and oxidation behavior and the reason that SIMP steel showed better oxidation resistance than P91 steel were discussed.
基金supported by Basic ScienceResearch Program through the National Research Foundation ofKorea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(2020R1A6A1A03038540)by Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food,Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries(IPET)through Digital Breeding Transformation Technology Development Program,funded by Ministry of Agriculture,Food and Rural Affairs(MAFRA)(322063-03-1-SB010)by the Technology development Program(RS-2022-00156456)funded by the Ministry of SMEs and Startups(MSS,Korea).
文摘The sewer system plays an important role in protecting rainfall and treating urban wastewater.Due to the harsh internal environment and complex structure of the sewer,it is difficult to monitor the sewer system.Researchers are developing different methods,such as the Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence,to monitor and detect the faults in the sewer system.Deep learning is a promising artificial intelligence technology that can effectively identify and classify different sewer system defects.However,the existing deep learning based solution does not provide high accuracy prediction and the defect class considered for classification is very small,which can affect the robustness of the model in the constraint environment.As a result,this paper proposes a sewer condition monitoring framework based on deep learning,which can effectively detect and evaluate defects in sewer pipelines with high accuracy.We also introduce a large dataset of sewer defects with 20 different defect classes found in the sewer pipeline.This study modified the original RegNet model by modifying the squeeze excitation(SE)block and adding the dropout layer and Leaky Rectified Linear Units(LeakyReLU)activation function in the Block structure of RegNet model.This study explored different deep learning methods such as RegNet,ResNet50,very deep convolutional networks(VGG),and GoogleNet to train on the sewer defect dataset.The experimental results indicate that the proposed system framework based on the modified-RegNet(RegNet+)model achieves the highest accuracy of 99.5 compared with the commonly used deep learning models.The proposed model provides a robust deep learning model that can effectively classify 20 different sewer defects and be utilized in real-world sewer condition monitoring applications.
基金supported by the Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2192970-T2192974)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS,2021-I2M-1-027).
文摘Bear bile has been a valuable and effective medicinal material in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for over 13 centuries.However,the current practice of obtaining it through bear farming is under scrutiny for its adverse impact on bear welfare.Here,we present a new approach for creating artificial bear bile(ABB)as a high-quality and sustainable alternative to natural bear bile.This study addresses the scientific challenges of creating bear bile alternatives through interdisciplinary collaborations across various fields,including resources,chemistry,biology,medicine,pharmacology,and TCM.A comprehensive efficacy assessment system that bridges the gap between TCM and modern medical terminology has been established,allowing for the systematic screening of therapeutic constituents.Through the utilization of chemical synthesis and enzyme engineering technologies,our research has achieved the environmentally friendly,large-scale production of bear bile therapeutic compounds,as well as the optimization and recomposition of ABB formulations.The resulting ABB not only closely resembles natural bear bile in its composition but also offers advantages such as consistent product quality,availability of raw materials,and independence from threatened or wild resources.Comprehensive preclinical efficacy evaluations have demonstrated the equivalence of the therapeutic effects from ABB and those from commercially available drained bear bile(DBB).Furthermore,preclinical toxicological assessment and phase I clinical trials show that the safety of ABB is on par with that of the currently used DBB.This innovative strategy can serve as a new research paradigm for developing alternatives for other endangered TCMs,thereby strengthening the integrity and sustainability of TCM.
基金supported by Jiangsu Province Key Research and Development Program(No.BE2022670)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC2506300)+1 种基金Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline Cultivation Unit(No.JSDW202246)Nanjing Medical Science and Technology development Fund(ZKX22054).
文摘Endo-periodontal lesions (EPLs) involve both the periodontium and pulp tissue and have complicated etiologies and pathogenic mechanisms,including unique anatomical and microbiological characteristics and multiple contributing factors.This etiological complexity leads to difficulties in determining patient prognosis,posing great challenges in clinical practice.Furthermore,EPL-affected teeth require multidisciplinary therapy,including periodontal therapy,endodontic therapy and others,but there is still much debate about the appropriate timing of periodontal therapy and root canal therapy.By compiling the most recent findings on the etiology,pathogenesis,clinical characteristics,diagnosis,therapy,and prognosis of EPL-affected teeth,this consensus sought to support clinicians in making the best possible treatment decisions based on both biological and clinical evidence.
基金Supported by a grant from the Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research(No.Z131107002213013)
文摘Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of ATP-based tumor chemosensitivity assay(ATP-TCA) in patients with platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer(PRROC).Methods A total of 43 patients with PRROC who underwent chemotherapy based on the results of ATPTCA in the Cancer Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences were included in the present study.As controls,we selected another 43 patients with PRROC who were treated at the physician's discretion within the same time period and had the same clinical characteristics as the patients in the ATP-TCA group.Logrank test and Cox proportional hazards model were adopted for analysis.Results A total of 86 patients were retrospectively analyzed in the present study.Patients were routinely monitored to evaluate the rate of progression-free survival(PFS).The median follow-up time was 13 months.The PFS for the ATP-TCA and control groups was 5 and 3 months,respectively(P = 0.027).Multivariate analysis showed that the type of treatment was an independent prognostic factor for PFS(P = 0.040;HR:0.623;95% CI:0.313–0.973).Subgroup analysis showed that among patients with a treatmentfree interval(TFI) of ≥ 3 months(n = 50),those in the ATP-TCA group had longer PFS than those in the control group(7 vs 4 months,P = 0.010).Meanwhile,the median PFS of patients who underwent ≤ 2 prior chemotherapy regimens(PCR,n = 52) in the ATP-TCA and control groups was 6 months and 4 months,respectively(P = 0.025).Conclusion ATP-TCA-directed chemotherapy might improve the PFS in PRROC.In particular,the survival benefit from ATP-TCA is higher in patients with a TFI of ≥ 3 months or treated with ≤ 2 PCR.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81870766)the Fujian Medical Innovation Project,Fujian Province(2020CXA048)+1 种基金the Fujian Medical Talents Training Project(2020GGA061)the Startup Fund for scientific research,Fujian Medical University(Grant No.2019QH2041).
文摘Critical oral-maxillofacial bone defects,damaged by trauma and tumors,not only affect the physiological functions and mental health of patients but are also highly challenging to reconstruct.Personalized biomaterials customized by 3D printing technology have the potential to match oralmaxillofacial bone repair and regeneration requirements.Laponite(LAP)nanosilicates have been added to biomaterials to achieve biofunctional modification owing to their excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity.Herein,porous nanosilicate-functionalized polycaprolactone(PCL/LAP)was fabricated by 3D printing technology,and its bioactivities in bone regeneration were investigated in vitro and in vivo.In vitro experiments demonstrated that PCL/LAP exhibited good cytocompatibility and enhanced the viability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs).PCL/LAP functioned to stimulate osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs at the mRNA and protein levels and elevated angiogenic gene expression and cytokine secretion.Moreover,BMSCs cultured on PCL/LAP promoted the angiogenesis potential of endothelial cells by angiogenic cytokine secretion.Then,PCL/LAP scaffolds were implanted into the calvarial defect model.Toxicological safety of PCL/LAP was confirmed,and significant enhancement of vascularized bone formation was observed.Taken together,3D-printed PCL/LAP scaffolds with brilliant osteogenesis to enhance bone regeneration could be envisaged as an outstanding bone substitute for a promising change in oral-maxillofacial bone defect reconstruction.
基金support provided by The National Key Research and Development Program of China,under Grant number 2022YFD1800403.
文摘Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli is one of the most prevalent foodborne pathogens and poses significant clinical chal-lenges due to increasing rates of antibiotic resistance.In this study,9,068 diarrheagenic E.coli isolates from sporadic diarrhea cases across 20 provinces of China from 2016 to 2022 were systematically analyzed to determine the preva-lence and distribution of resistance.A total of 14 antibiotics were included in the antimicrobial resistance surveil-lance.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated that the majority of the isolates(89.3%)were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent,with a significant proportion(60.3%)demonstrating multidrug resistance.Isolates showed high levels of resistance to ampicillin(68.2%)and high sensitivity to imipenem(97.0%).Over the 7 years,an increas-ing trend in resistance to cefoxitin and chloramphenicol among the isolates was found.Enteroaggregative E.coli was identified as the predominant pathotype.Furthermore,antimicrobial resistance rates were higher among the iso-lates from infants under 1 year of age compared to other populations and resistance levels differed among patho-types.In summary,our findings revealed the detailed resistance characteristics of diarrheagenic E.coli strains isolated from human sporadic diarrhea cases in China,offering valuable insights that can inform clinical antibiotic treatment strategies and priorities.
基金supported by The National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant number 2022YFC2303900).
文摘Salmonella is widely known as one of the most common foodborne pathogens,and antibiotics remain effective in clinical therapies against its infections.To guide better clinical antibiotic treatment,we analyzed the antimicrobial resistance(AMR)profiles of a nation-wide collection of 36,822 Salmonella isolates derived from sporadic diarrhea cases in China from 2014 to 2021.A panel of 15 antibiotics,including 10 critically important and 5 highly important antimicrobial agents for human medicine based on the WHO CIA List,was selected for AMR surveillance.Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium,Enteritidis,I 4,[5],12:i:-,London,and Stanley were turns to be the top five serotypes from human diarrhea cases in China.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that the majority of the isolates(87.2%)were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent,and 66.5%were multidrug resistant(MDR).Salmonella isolates were found to be highly resistant to ampicillin(73.4%)while sensitive to imipenem(98.73%).Over the eight years,the isolates were demonstrated generally an increase in resistance to ampicillin,chloramphenicol,trimethoprim-sulfameth-oxazole,and azithromycin,but displayed varied resistance profiles in terms of serotypes.Stanley(0.66-27.18%)and Agona(0.78-45.30%)had lower resistance rates compared to Typhimurium(1.11-85.6%),Enteritidis(1.55-91.29%),and I 4,[5],12:i:-(1.02-94.28%).In conclusion,our results provide systematic data on the resistance characteristics of Salmonella isolates from human diarrhea cases in China.Furthermore,this data identifies priorities for the clinical treatments of antibiotics.
