With the increasing severity of network security threats,Network Intrusion Detection(NID)has become a key technology to ensure network security.To address the problem of low detection rate of traditional intrusion det...With the increasing severity of network security threats,Network Intrusion Detection(NID)has become a key technology to ensure network security.To address the problem of low detection rate of traditional intrusion detection models,this paper proposes a Dual-Attention model for NID,which combines Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(BiLSTM)to design two modules:the FocusConV and the TempoNet module.The FocusConV module,which automatically adjusts and weights CNN extracted local features,focuses on local features that are more important for intrusion detection.The TempoNet module focuses on global information,identifies more important features in time steps or sequences,and filters and weights the information globally to further improve the accuracy and robustness of NID.Meanwhile,in order to solve the class imbalance problem in the dataset,the EQL v2 method is used to compute the class weights of each class and to use them in the loss computation,which optimizes the performance of the model on the class imbalance problem.Extensive experiments were conducted on the NSL-KDD,UNSW-NB15,and CIC-DDos2019 datasets,achieving average accuracy rates of 99.66%,87.47%,and 99.39%,respectively,demonstrating excellent detection accuracy and robustness.The model also improves the detection performance of minority classes in the datasets.On the UNSW-NB15 dataset,the detection rates for Analysis,Exploits,and Shellcode attacks increased by 7%,7%,and 10%,respectively,demonstrating the Dual-Attention CNN-BiLSTM model’s excellent performance in NID.展开更多
As the adoption of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks(VANETs)grows,ensuring secure communication between smart vehicles and remote application servers(APPs)has become a critical challenge.While existing solutions focus on vari...As the adoption of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks(VANETs)grows,ensuring secure communication between smart vehicles and remote application servers(APPs)has become a critical challenge.While existing solutions focus on various aspects of security,gaps remain in addressing both high security requirements and the resource-constrained nature of VANET environments.This paper proposes an extended-Kerberos protocol that integrates Physical Unclonable Function(PUF)for authentication and key agreement,offering a comprehensive solution to the security challenges in VANETs.The protocol facilitates mutual authentication and secure key agreement between vehicles and APPs,ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of vehicle-to-network(V2N)communications and preventing malicious data injection.Notably,by replacing traditional Kerberos password authentication with Challenge-Response Pairs(CRPs)generated by PUF,the protocol significantly reduces the risk of key leakage.The inherent properties of PUF—such as unclonability and unpredictability—make it an ideal defense against physical attacks,including intrusion,semi-intrusion,and side-channel attacks.The results of this study demonstrate that this approach not only enhances security but also optimizes communication efficiency,reduces latency,and improves overall user experience.The analysis proves that our protocol achieves at least 86%improvement in computational efficiency compared to some existed protocols.This is particularly crucial in resource-constrained VANET environments,where it enables efficient data transmission between vehicles and applications,reduces latency,and enhances the overall user experience.展开更多
Aqueous Zn-metal batteries(AZMBs)performance is hampered by freezing water at low temperatures,which hampers their multi-scenario application.Hydrogen bonds(HBs)play a pivotal role in water freezing,and proton transpo...Aqueous Zn-metal batteries(AZMBs)performance is hampered by freezing water at low temperatures,which hampers their multi-scenario application.Hydrogen bonds(HBs)play a pivotal role in water freezing,and proton transport is indispensable for the establishment of HBs.Here,the accelerated proton transport modulates the dynamic hydrogen bonding network of a Zn(BF4)2/EMIMBF4impregnated polyacrylamide/poly(vinyl alcohol)/xanthan gum dual network eutectic gel electrolyte(PPX-ILZSE)for lowtemperature AZMBs.The PPX-ILZSE forms more HBs,shorter HBs lifetimes,higher tetrahedral entropy,and faster desolvation processes,as demonstrated by experimental and theoretical calculations.This enhanced dynamic proton transport promotes rapid cycling of HBs formation-failure,and for polyaniline cathode(PANI)abundant redox sites of proton,confers excellent low temperature electrochemical performance to the Zn//PANI full cell.Specific capacities for 1000 and 5000 cycles at 1 and 5 A g^(-1)were149.8 and 128.4 m A h g^(-1)at room temperature,respectively.Furthermore,specific capacities of 131.1 mA hg^(-1)(92.4%capacity retention)and 0.0066%capacity decay per lap were achieved for 3000and 3500 laps at-30 and 40℃,respectively,at 0.5 A g^(-1).Furthermore,in-situ protective layer of ZnOHF nano-arrays on the Zn anode surface to eliminate dendrite growth and accelerate Zn-ions adsorption and charge transfer.展开更多
High-throughput sequencing(HTS)and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry(GC-TOF-MS)were used to compare the microbiota structure and metabolic compounds of traditional suancai from Heilongjiang(HLJ),Shan...High-throughput sequencing(HTS)and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry(GC-TOF-MS)were used to compare the microbiota structure and metabolic compounds of traditional suancai from Heilongjiang(HLJ),Shanxi(SX)and Qinghai(QH)in China.Besides,the physicochemical properties such as total number of colonies,p H and total acid content were determined,and the related factors of the differences were analyzed.The salinity of the 3 samples was 1.9%,8.0%and 10.0%,respectively,and the dominant bacterial genera were Loigolactobacillus,Arcobacter,and Marinomonas.Meanwhile,Loigolactobacillus was significantly positively associated with p H and nitrite in HLJ,Arcobacter was inversely related to p H and nitrite,while Marinomonas was negatively correlated with all physicochemical properties in QH which had the highest salinity.In addition,the 5 main differential metabolites in the 3 samples were acetic acid,4-ethylphenol,2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate,2,4-tert-butylphenol,and 3-butenenitrile.Among them,the ketones and acids were positively correlated with the core bacteria in HLJ with the lowest salinity,and the main genera in SX were positively associated with various alcohols,while there was a positive correlation between Marinomonas and butyronitrile alcohol in QH with the highest salinity.This study provided a guidance for the differences and correlations of microorganisms,flavor compounds,and quality characteristics from a regional perspective by studying the various quality characteristics of the suancai.展开更多
Traditional studies on transforming selenate and selenite are often limited by static measurements and low spatial resolution.They do not fully consider the impact of moisture content.This paper uses the DGT(diffusive...Traditional studies on transforming selenate and selenite are often limited by static measurements and low spatial resolution.They do not fully consider the impact of moisture content.This paper uses the DGT(diffusive gradients in thin films)technique to deeply explore how moisture changes affect the transformation of selenate and selenite in the environment(changes in properties over time).First,representative soil samples(loess)are prepared,and their moisture content is adjusted.Fixed concentrations of selenate and selenite are added,and then the DGT device simulates their migration in the natural environment.The experiment covers drought,moisture,and high moisture environments,and the experiment is repeated under each condition to ensure the accuracy of the data.The sample quality is verified and further analyzed by ion chromatography(IC)and atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS).This article uses DGT technology to study the influence of moisture content on the migration and transformation of selenate and selenite in soil.Results indicate that increased moisture content leads to higher concentrations,diffusion rates,and DGT capture efficiency of both selenium species,highlighting the importance of moisture in their environmental behavior.When the moisture content increased from 25%to 65%,the coefficient of variation of selenate and selenite increased.The DGT technique proved effective in capturing spatial heterogeneity and providing high-precision measurements,offering robust data to advance research on selenium behavior in soils.展开更多
The effects of long-term moisture changes on the migration,release,and bioavailability of selenium in soil are complex.Due to the lack of effective monitoring methods for precise quantification,its dynamic behavior is...The effects of long-term moisture changes on the migration,release,and bioavailability of selenium in soil are complex.Due to the lack of effective monitoring methods for precise quantification,its dynamic behavior is still unclear.Based on the DGT(Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films)technology,this study sets up three moisture control scenarios:continuous wet,wet-dry alternating,and continuous dry,and carries out a 6-month soil moisture control experiment.In the experiment,the DGT device collected the diffusion gradient data of soil selenium under different scenarios,and analyzed the migration characteristics of selenium in combination with the adsorption isotherm.Meanwhile,the release rate,migration coefficient,and bioavailability parameters of selenium are calculated by fitting the first-order kinetic model,further verifying the reliability and applicability of the DGT data.The experimental results demonstrate that under continuous wet conditions,the release rate of soil selenium reaches 1.85µg·cm^(-2)·h^(-1),with a migration coefficient of 0.012 cm^(2)·h^(-1)and a bioavailability parameter of 0.74;under wet-dry alternating conditions,they are 1.42µg·cm^(-2)·h^(-1),0.01 cm^(2)·h^(-1),and 0.68,respectively;under continuous dry conditions,the release rate of soil selenium is the smallest,at 0.88µg·cm^(-2)·h^(-1),with a migration coefficient of 0.004 cm^(-2)·h^(-1)and a bioavailability parameter of 0.5.The results of this experiment reveal the dynamic behavior of soil selenium under different moisture conditions and reflect the high efficiency of DGT technology in dynamic monitoring and quantitative analysis of soil selenium behavior,providing a scientific basis for the optimal management of rhizosphere soil selenium.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the mechanism by which moxibustion regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines in ulcerative colitis(UC)rats through the P2X7 receptor(P2X7R)/nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)pathway.Metho...Objective:To investigate the mechanism by which moxibustion regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines in ulcerative colitis(UC)rats through the P2X7 receptor(P2X7R)/nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)pathway.Methods:UC was induced using dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)in both wild-type(WT)and P2X7R knockout(KO)mice.General health conditions,pathological changes,and periodic acid-Schiff(PAS)staining of the colonic tissues were analyzed.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect NF-κB p65 protein expression in colonic tissues.Male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly assigned to four groups:normal,model,normal+herb-partitioned moxibustion,and model+herb-partitioned moxibustion.UC was induced in rats by cyclic DSS administration.Rats in the herb-partitioned moxibustion group received moxibustion at the bilateral Tianshu(ST25)and Qihai(RN6)acupoints.The effects of herb-partitioned moxibustion were evaluated regarding general health conditions and histopathological alterations in colon tissue.The protein expression of P2X7R and NF-κB p65 in colonic tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry,whereas interleukin(IL)-10 mRNA levels were quantified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR).Furthermore,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to measure serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)and IL-6.Results:Colonic epithelial damage and inflammatory cell infiltration were significantly reduced in P2X7R KO mice compared to WT mice,along with reduced expression of NF-κB p65 protein in colonic tissues(P<0.05).Moxibustion improves histopathological damage,goblet cell number,and intestinal mucus secretion in rats with UC.Compared to the normal group,the model group exhibited increased histopathological scores,serum TNF-α,and IL-6 levels,as well as elevated P2X7R and NF-κB p65 protein expression in colonic tissues(P<0.05).In comparison to the model group,the model+herb-partitioned moxibustion group demonstrated significantly lower histopathological scores,reduced serum TNF-αand IL-6 levels,and decreased P2X7R and NF-κB p65 protein expression(P<0.05).Conclusions:Moxibustion at“Tianshu”and“Qihai”acupoints may inhibit the levels of IL-6 and TNF-αinflammatory factors and reduce inflammation in the UC colonic mucosa by regulating the P2X7R/NF-κB p65 pathway in UC colonic tissues.展开更多
Neuromorphic devices,inspired by the intricate architecture of the human brain,have garnered recognition for their prodigious computational speed and sophisticated parallel computing capabilities.Vision,the primary mo...Neuromorphic devices,inspired by the intricate architecture of the human brain,have garnered recognition for their prodigious computational speed and sophisticated parallel computing capabilities.Vision,the primary mode of external information acquisition in living organisms,has garnered substantial scholarly interest.Notwithstanding numerous studies simulating the retina through optical synapses,their applications remain circumscribed to single-mode perception.Moreover,the pivotal role of temperature,a fundamental regulator of biological activities,has regrettably been relegated to the periphery.To address these limitations,we proffer a neuromorphic device endowed with multimodal perception,grounded in the principles of light-modulated semiconductors.This device seamlessly accomplishes dynamic hybrid visual and thermal multimodal perception,featuring temperature-dependent paired pulse facilitation properties and adaptive storage.Crucially,our meticulous examination of transfer curves,capacitance–voltage(C–V)tests,and noise measurements provides insights into interface and bulk defects,elucidating the physical mechanisms underlying adaptive storage and other functionalities.Additionally,the device demonstrates a variety of synaptic functionalities,including filtering properties,Ebbinghaus curves,and memory applications in image recognition.Surprisingly,the digital recognition rate achieves a remarkable value of 98.8%.展开更多
Traditional weather observation methods have limitations in detecting low-altitude,small-scale areas and sudden weather events.They often have insufficient coverage,slow response,or high costs.Multi-rotor unmanned aer...Traditional weather observation methods have limitations in detecting low-altitude,small-scale areas and sudden weather events.They often have insufficient coverage,slow response,or high costs.Multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),with their strong vertical take-off and landing ability,precise hovering,flexible movement,and ability to carry various small sensors,are gradually becoming key tools to fill these gaps and build three-dimensional weather observation networks.They show important value in medium-and small-scale weather monitoring and emergency weather support.This paper reviews the main sensors for multi-rotor weather drones,their operating modes,and key supporting technologies,summarizes the current state of technology,and provides references for future development.展开更多
Radon is the most important source of natural radiation to human beings and the second major causative agent of lung cancer other than smoking. In recent years, the hazards of human exposure to thoron (Rn-220), anothe...Radon is the most important source of natural radiation to human beings and the second major causative agent of lung cancer other than smoking. In recent years, the hazards of human exposure to thoron (Rn-220), another isotope of radon, and its progeny have gained consensus. To accurately evaluate the dose level and hazards of Rn-220 and its progeny, a standard Rn-220 chamber with strong regulation ability for Rn-220 and its progeny needs to be established for the scale or calibration of measurement instruments. This paper describes the hazards, sources, behavioral characteristics of Rn-220 and its progeny, and some representative Rn-220 chambers established in various countries.展开更多
Objective:Macrophages are a major component of the tumor microenvironment.M1 macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory factors that inhibit tumor growth and development,whereas tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs)mainly exhi...Objective:Macrophages are a major component of the tumor microenvironment.M1 macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory factors that inhibit tumor growth and development,whereas tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs)mainly exhibit an M2 phenotype.Our previous studies have shown that the interleukin-33/ST2(IL-33/ST2)axis is essential for activation of the M1 phenotype.This study investigates the role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in TAMs,its effects on tumor growth,and whether it participates in the mutual conversion between the M1 and M2 phenotypes.Methods:Bone marrow-derived macrophages were extracted from wildtype,ST2 knockout(ST2-/-),and Il33-overexpressing mice and differentiated with IL-4.The mitochondrial and lysosomal number and location,and the expression of related proteins were used to analyze mitophagy.Oxygen consumption rates and glucose and lactate levels were measured to reveal metabolic changes.Results:The IL-33/ST2 axis was demonstrated to play an important role in the metabolic conversion of macrophages from OXPHOS to glycolysis by altering mitophagy levels.The IL-33/ST2 axis promoted enhanced cell oxidative phosphorylation,thereby further increasing M2 polarization gene expression and ultimately promoting tumor growth(P<0.05)(Figure 4).This metabolic shift was not due to mitochondrial damage,because the mitochondrial membrane potential was not significantly altered by IL-4 stimulation or ST2 knockout;however,it might be associated with the m TOR activity.Conclusions:These results clarify the interaction between the IL-33/ST2 pathway and macrophage polarization,and may pave the way to the development of new cancer immunotherapies targeting the IL-33/ST2 axis.展开更多
Serving multiple cell-edge mobile terminals poses multifaceted challenges due to the increased transmission power and interferences, which could be overcome by relay communications. With the recent advancement of 5G t...Serving multiple cell-edge mobile terminals poses multifaceted challenges due to the increased transmission power and interferences, which could be overcome by relay communications. With the recent advancement of 5G technologies, non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) has been used at relay node to transmit multiple messages simultaneously to multiple cell-edge users. In this paper, a Collaborative NOMA Assisted Relaying(CNAR) system for 5G is proposed by enabling the collaboration of source-relay(S-R) and relay-destination(R-D) NOMA links. The relay node of the CNAR decodes the message for itself from S-R NOMA signal and transmits the remaining messages to the multiple cell-edge users in R-D link. A simplified-CNAR(S-CNAR) system is then developed to reduce the relay complexity. The outage probabilities for both systems are analyzed by considering outage behaviors in S-R and R-D links separately. To guarantee the data rate, the optimal power allocation among NOMA users is achieved by minimizing the outage probability. The ergodic sum capacity in high SNR regime is also approximated. Our mathematical analysis and simulation results show that CNAR system outperforms existing transmission strategies and S-CNAR reaches similar performance with much lower complexity.展开更多
With the rapid development of technologies such as big data and cloud computing,data communication and data computing in the form of exponential growth have led to a large amount of energy consumption in data centers....With the rapid development of technologies such as big data and cloud computing,data communication and data computing in the form of exponential growth have led to a large amount of energy consumption in data centers.Globally,data centers will become the world’s largest users of energy consumption,with the ratio rising from 3%in 2017 to 4.5%in 2025.Due to its unique climate and energy-saving advantages,the high-latitude area in the Pan-Arctic region has gradually become a hotspot for data center site selection in recent years.In order to predict and analyze the future energy consumption and carbon emissions of global data centers,this paper presents a new method based on global data center traffic and power usage effectiveness(PUE)for energy consumption prediction.Firstly,global data center traffic growth is predicted based on the Cisco’s research.Secondly,the dynamic global average PUE and the high latitude PUE based on Romonet simulation model are obtained,and then global data center energy consumption with two different scenarios,the decentralized scenario and the centralized scenario,is analyzed quantitatively via the polynomial fitting method.The simulation results show that,in 2030,the global data center energy consumption and carbon emissions are reduced by about 301 billion kWh and 720 million tons CO2 in the centralized scenario compared with that of the decentralized scenario,which confirms that the establishment of data centers in the Pan-Arctic region in the future can effectively relief the climate change and energy problems.This study provides support for global energy consumption prediction,and guidance for the layout of future global data centers from the perspective of energy consumption.Moreover,it provides support of the feasibility of the integration of energy and information networks under the Global Energy Interconnection conception.展开更多
We prepared the Fe3O4/g‐C3N4nanoparticles(NPs)through a simple electrostatic self‐assembly method with a3:97weight ratio to investigate their Fenton,photo‐Fenton and oxidative functionalities besides photocatalytic...We prepared the Fe3O4/g‐C3N4nanoparticles(NPs)through a simple electrostatic self‐assembly method with a3:97weight ratio to investigate their Fenton,photo‐Fenton and oxidative functionalities besides photocatalytic functionality.We observed an improvement of the Fenton and photo‐Fenton activities of the Fe3O4/g‐C3N4nanocomposites.This improvement was attributed to efficient charge transfer between Fe3O4and g‐C3N4at the heterojunctions,inhibition of electron‐hole recombination,a high surface area,and stabilization of Fe3O4against leaching by the hydrophobic g‐C3N4.The obtained NPs showed a higher degradation potential for rhodamine B(RhB)dye than those of Fe3O4and g‐C3N4.As compared to photocatalysis,the efficiency of RhB degradation in the Fenton and photo‐Fenton reactions was increased by20%and90%,respectively.Additionally,the horseradish peroxidase(HRP)activity of the prepared nanomaterials was studied with3,3,5,5‐tetramethylbenzidinedihydrochloride(TMB)as a substrate.Dopamine oxidation was also examined.Results indicate that Fe3O4/g‐C3N4nanocomposites offers more efficient degradation of RhB dye in a photo‐Fenton system compared with regular photocatalytic degradation,which requires a long time.Our study also confirmed that Fe3O4/g‐C3N4nanocomposites can be used as a potential material for mimicking HRP owing to its high affinity for TMB.These findings suggest good potential for applications in biosensing and as a catalyst in oxidation reactions.展开更多
Refractory high-entropy alloys(RHEAs)have promising applications as the new generation of hightemperature alloys in hypersonic vehicles,aero-engines,gas turbines,and nuclear power plants.This study focuses on the micr...Refractory high-entropy alloys(RHEAs)have promising applications as the new generation of hightemperature alloys in hypersonic vehicles,aero-engines,gas turbines,and nuclear power plants.This study focuses on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the NbMoTaW(HfN)_(x)(x=0,0.3,0.7,and 1.0)RHEAs.The alloys consist of multiple phases of body-centered cubic(BCC),hafnium nitride(HfN),or multicomponent nitride(MN)phases.As the x contents increase,the grain size becomes smaller,and the strength gradually increases.The compressive yield strengths of the NbMoTaWHfN RHEA at ambient temperature,1000,1400,and 1800℃ were found to be 1682,1192,792,and 288 MPa,respectively.The high-temperature strength of this alloy is an inspiring result that exceeds the high temperature and strength of most known alloys,including high-entropy alloys,refractory metals,and superalloys.The HfN phase has a significant effect on strengthening due to its high structural stability and sluggish grain coarsening,even at ultra-high temperatures.Its superior properties endow the NbMoTaWHfN RHEA with potential for a wide range of engineering applications at ultra-high temperatures.This work offers a strategy for the design of high-temperature alloys and proposes an ultra-high-temperature alloy with potential for future engineering applications.展开更多
Polarization and conductance losses are the fundamental dielectric attenuation mechanisms for graphene-based absorbers, but it is not fully understood in revealing the loss mechanism of affect graphene itself. For the...Polarization and conductance losses are the fundamental dielectric attenuation mechanisms for graphene-based absorbers, but it is not fully understood in revealing the loss mechanism of affect graphene itself. For the first time, the reduced graphene oxide(RGO) based absorbers are developed with regulatory absorption properties and the absorption mechanism of RGO is mainly originated from the carrier injection behavior of trace metal Fe nanosheets on graphene. Accordingly, the minimum reflection loss(RLmin) of Fe/RGO-2composite reaches-53.38 dB(2.45 mm), and the effective absorption bandwidth achieves 7.52 GHz(2.62 mm) with lower filling loading of 2 wt%. Using off-axis electron hologram testing combined with simulation calculation and carrier transport property experiments, we demonstrate here the carrier injection behavior from Fe to graphene at the interface and the induced charge accumulation and rearrangement, resulting in the increased interfacial and dipole polarization and the conductance loss. This work has confirmed that regulating the dielectric property of graphene itself by adding trace metals can not only ensure good impedance matching, but also fully exploit the dielectric loss ability of graphene at low filler content,which opens up an efficient way for designing lightweight absorbers and may be extended to other types materials.展开更多
Currently, accumulating pieces of evidence indicate that probiotics, living in the gastrointestinal tract, play an important role in regulating host metabolism. As a tool, probiotics have great potential for treating ...Currently, accumulating pieces of evidence indicate that probiotics, living in the gastrointestinal tract, play an important role in regulating host metabolism. As a tool, probiotics have great potential for treating lipid metabolism diseases. However, the relationship between probiotics and abnormal lipid metabolism is still unclear, and the mechanism of action has been become a focus of microbiome research. Therefore, taking intestinal probiotics as the starting point, this article combs the relationship between probiotics and lipid metabolism. Moreover, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of intestinal probiotics regulating lipid metabolism and summarize the therapeutic strategies for abnormal lipids metabolism. This article provides a reference for the further utilization of probiotics in the field of functional foods(food industry). Meanwhile, it will benefit the clinical diagnosis and treatment of lipid metabolism diseases.展开更多
基金supported by the High-Level Talent Foundation of Jinling Institute of Technology(grant number.JIT-B-202413).
文摘With the increasing severity of network security threats,Network Intrusion Detection(NID)has become a key technology to ensure network security.To address the problem of low detection rate of traditional intrusion detection models,this paper proposes a Dual-Attention model for NID,which combines Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(BiLSTM)to design two modules:the FocusConV and the TempoNet module.The FocusConV module,which automatically adjusts and weights CNN extracted local features,focuses on local features that are more important for intrusion detection.The TempoNet module focuses on global information,identifies more important features in time steps or sequences,and filters and weights the information globally to further improve the accuracy and robustness of NID.Meanwhile,in order to solve the class imbalance problem in the dataset,the EQL v2 method is used to compute the class weights of each class and to use them in the loss computation,which optimizes the performance of the model on the class imbalance problem.Extensive experiments were conducted on the NSL-KDD,UNSW-NB15,and CIC-DDos2019 datasets,achieving average accuracy rates of 99.66%,87.47%,and 99.39%,respectively,demonstrating excellent detection accuracy and robustness.The model also improves the detection performance of minority classes in the datasets.On the UNSW-NB15 dataset,the detection rates for Analysis,Exploits,and Shellcode attacks increased by 7%,7%,and 10%,respectively,demonstrating the Dual-Attention CNN-BiLSTM model’s excellent performance in NID.
基金supported in part by the Jiangsu“Qing Lan Project”,Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(Major Research Project:23KJA520007)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.SJCX25_1303).
文摘As the adoption of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks(VANETs)grows,ensuring secure communication between smart vehicles and remote application servers(APPs)has become a critical challenge.While existing solutions focus on various aspects of security,gaps remain in addressing both high security requirements and the resource-constrained nature of VANET environments.This paper proposes an extended-Kerberos protocol that integrates Physical Unclonable Function(PUF)for authentication and key agreement,offering a comprehensive solution to the security challenges in VANETs.The protocol facilitates mutual authentication and secure key agreement between vehicles and APPs,ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of vehicle-to-network(V2N)communications and preventing malicious data injection.Notably,by replacing traditional Kerberos password authentication with Challenge-Response Pairs(CRPs)generated by PUF,the protocol significantly reduces the risk of key leakage.The inherent properties of PUF—such as unclonability and unpredictability—make it an ideal defense against physical attacks,including intrusion,semi-intrusion,and side-channel attacks.The results of this study demonstrate that this approach not only enhances security but also optimizes communication efficiency,reduces latency,and improves overall user experience.The analysis proves that our protocol achieves at least 86%improvement in computational efficiency compared to some existed protocols.This is particularly crucial in resource-constrained VANET environments,where it enables efficient data transmission between vehicles and applications,reduces latency,and enhances the overall user experience.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 52432002,52372041,and 52302087)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023 M740895)+1 种基金Heilongjiang Touyan Team Programthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.HIT.OCEF.2021003 and HIT.DZJJ.2025002)。
文摘Aqueous Zn-metal batteries(AZMBs)performance is hampered by freezing water at low temperatures,which hampers their multi-scenario application.Hydrogen bonds(HBs)play a pivotal role in water freezing,and proton transport is indispensable for the establishment of HBs.Here,the accelerated proton transport modulates the dynamic hydrogen bonding network of a Zn(BF4)2/EMIMBF4impregnated polyacrylamide/poly(vinyl alcohol)/xanthan gum dual network eutectic gel electrolyte(PPX-ILZSE)for lowtemperature AZMBs.The PPX-ILZSE forms more HBs,shorter HBs lifetimes,higher tetrahedral entropy,and faster desolvation processes,as demonstrated by experimental and theoretical calculations.This enhanced dynamic proton transport promotes rapid cycling of HBs formation-failure,and for polyaniline cathode(PANI)abundant redox sites of proton,confers excellent low temperature electrochemical performance to the Zn//PANI full cell.Specific capacities for 1000 and 5000 cycles at 1 and 5 A g^(-1)were149.8 and 128.4 m A h g^(-1)at room temperature,respectively.Furthermore,specific capacities of 131.1 mA hg^(-1)(92.4%capacity retention)and 0.0066%capacity decay per lap were achieved for 3000and 3500 laps at-30 and 40℃,respectively,at 0.5 A g^(-1).Furthermore,in-situ protective layer of ZnOHF nano-arrays on the Zn anode surface to eliminate dendrite growth and accelerate Zn-ions adsorption and charge transfer.
基金supported by the Key R&D Project of Ningbo City(2022Z176)the Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources,Jiangnan University(SKLF-KF-202306)。
文摘High-throughput sequencing(HTS)and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry(GC-TOF-MS)were used to compare the microbiota structure and metabolic compounds of traditional suancai from Heilongjiang(HLJ),Shanxi(SX)and Qinghai(QH)in China.Besides,the physicochemical properties such as total number of colonies,p H and total acid content were determined,and the related factors of the differences were analyzed.The salinity of the 3 samples was 1.9%,8.0%and 10.0%,respectively,and the dominant bacterial genera were Loigolactobacillus,Arcobacter,and Marinomonas.Meanwhile,Loigolactobacillus was significantly positively associated with p H and nitrite in HLJ,Arcobacter was inversely related to p H and nitrite,while Marinomonas was negatively correlated with all physicochemical properties in QH which had the highest salinity.In addition,the 5 main differential metabolites in the 3 samples were acetic acid,4-ethylphenol,2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate,2,4-tert-butylphenol,and 3-butenenitrile.Among them,the ketones and acids were positively correlated with the core bacteria in HLJ with the lowest salinity,and the main genera in SX were positively associated with various alcohols,while there was a positive correlation between Marinomonas and butyronitrile alcohol in QH with the highest salinity.This study provided a guidance for the differences and correlations of microorganisms,flavor compounds,and quality characteristics from a regional perspective by studying the various quality characteristics of the suancai.
文摘Traditional studies on transforming selenate and selenite are often limited by static measurements and low spatial resolution.They do not fully consider the impact of moisture content.This paper uses the DGT(diffusive gradients in thin films)technique to deeply explore how moisture changes affect the transformation of selenate and selenite in the environment(changes in properties over time).First,representative soil samples(loess)are prepared,and their moisture content is adjusted.Fixed concentrations of selenate and selenite are added,and then the DGT device simulates their migration in the natural environment.The experiment covers drought,moisture,and high moisture environments,and the experiment is repeated under each condition to ensure the accuracy of the data.The sample quality is verified and further analyzed by ion chromatography(IC)and atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS).This article uses DGT technology to study the influence of moisture content on the migration and transformation of selenate and selenite in soil.Results indicate that increased moisture content leads to higher concentrations,diffusion rates,and DGT capture efficiency of both selenium species,highlighting the importance of moisture in their environmental behavior.When the moisture content increased from 25%to 65%,the coefficient of variation of selenate and selenite increased.The DGT technique proved effective in capturing spatial heterogeneity and providing high-precision measurements,offering robust data to advance research on selenium behavior in soils.
文摘The effects of long-term moisture changes on the migration,release,and bioavailability of selenium in soil are complex.Due to the lack of effective monitoring methods for precise quantification,its dynamic behavior is still unclear.Based on the DGT(Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films)technology,this study sets up three moisture control scenarios:continuous wet,wet-dry alternating,and continuous dry,and carries out a 6-month soil moisture control experiment.In the experiment,the DGT device collected the diffusion gradient data of soil selenium under different scenarios,and analyzed the migration characteristics of selenium in combination with the adsorption isotherm.Meanwhile,the release rate,migration coefficient,and bioavailability parameters of selenium are calculated by fitting the first-order kinetic model,further verifying the reliability and applicability of the DGT data.The experimental results demonstrate that under continuous wet conditions,the release rate of soil selenium reaches 1.85µg·cm^(-2)·h^(-1),with a migration coefficient of 0.012 cm^(2)·h^(-1)and a bioavailability parameter of 0.74;under wet-dry alternating conditions,they are 1.42µg·cm^(-2)·h^(-1),0.01 cm^(2)·h^(-1),and 0.68,respectively;under continuous dry conditions,the release rate of soil selenium is the smallest,at 0.88µg·cm^(-2)·h^(-1),with a migration coefficient of 0.004 cm^(-2)·h^(-1)and a bioavailability parameter of 0.5.The results of this experiment reveal the dynamic behavior of soil selenium under different moisture conditions and reflect the high efficiency of DGT technology in dynamic monitoring and quantitative analysis of soil selenium behavior,providing a scientific basis for the optimal management of rhizosphere soil selenium.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82174501,82105012,82205293,82205262)Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation(22ZR1458400)+2 种基金Shanghai Talent Development Fund Project(2021058)Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Development Project(23KFL111)State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine high-level key discipline construction project(zyyzdxk-2023068)。
文摘Objective:To investigate the mechanism by which moxibustion regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines in ulcerative colitis(UC)rats through the P2X7 receptor(P2X7R)/nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)pathway.Methods:UC was induced using dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)in both wild-type(WT)and P2X7R knockout(KO)mice.General health conditions,pathological changes,and periodic acid-Schiff(PAS)staining of the colonic tissues were analyzed.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect NF-κB p65 protein expression in colonic tissues.Male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly assigned to four groups:normal,model,normal+herb-partitioned moxibustion,and model+herb-partitioned moxibustion.UC was induced in rats by cyclic DSS administration.Rats in the herb-partitioned moxibustion group received moxibustion at the bilateral Tianshu(ST25)and Qihai(RN6)acupoints.The effects of herb-partitioned moxibustion were evaluated regarding general health conditions and histopathological alterations in colon tissue.The protein expression of P2X7R and NF-κB p65 in colonic tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry,whereas interleukin(IL)-10 mRNA levels were quantified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR).Furthermore,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to measure serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)and IL-6.Results:Colonic epithelial damage and inflammatory cell infiltration were significantly reduced in P2X7R KO mice compared to WT mice,along with reduced expression of NF-κB p65 protein in colonic tissues(P<0.05).Moxibustion improves histopathological damage,goblet cell number,and intestinal mucus secretion in rats with UC.Compared to the normal group,the model group exhibited increased histopathological scores,serum TNF-α,and IL-6 levels,as well as elevated P2X7R and NF-κB p65 protein expression in colonic tissues(P<0.05).In comparison to the model group,the model+herb-partitioned moxibustion group demonstrated significantly lower histopathological scores,reduced serum TNF-αand IL-6 levels,and decreased P2X7R and NF-κB p65 protein expression(P<0.05).Conclusions:Moxibustion at“Tianshu”and“Qihai”acupoints may inhibit the levels of IL-6 and TNF-αinflammatory factors and reduce inflammation in the UC colonic mucosa by regulating the P2X7R/NF-κB p65 pathway in UC colonic tissues.
基金the financial support given by National Natural Science Foundation of China(52227808,62202285)the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(51725505)+1 种基金the Development Fund for Shanghai Talents(No.2021003)Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Intelligent Perception Chip Technology。
文摘Neuromorphic devices,inspired by the intricate architecture of the human brain,have garnered recognition for their prodigious computational speed and sophisticated parallel computing capabilities.Vision,the primary mode of external information acquisition in living organisms,has garnered substantial scholarly interest.Notwithstanding numerous studies simulating the retina through optical synapses,their applications remain circumscribed to single-mode perception.Moreover,the pivotal role of temperature,a fundamental regulator of biological activities,has regrettably been relegated to the periphery.To address these limitations,we proffer a neuromorphic device endowed with multimodal perception,grounded in the principles of light-modulated semiconductors.This device seamlessly accomplishes dynamic hybrid visual and thermal multimodal perception,featuring temperature-dependent paired pulse facilitation properties and adaptive storage.Crucially,our meticulous examination of transfer curves,capacitance–voltage(C–V)tests,and noise measurements provides insights into interface and bulk defects,elucidating the physical mechanisms underlying adaptive storage and other functionalities.Additionally,the device demonstrates a variety of synaptic functionalities,including filtering properties,Ebbinghaus curves,and memory applications in image recognition.Surprisingly,the digital recognition rate achieves a remarkable value of 98.8%.
基金supported by the High-Level Talent Foundation of Natural Science Research Funding Project for Ordinary Universities in Jiangsu Province(grant number.25KJD520004)Jinling Institute of Technology(grant number.JIT-B-202413).
文摘Traditional weather observation methods have limitations in detecting low-altitude,small-scale areas and sudden weather events.They often have insufficient coverage,slow response,or high costs.Multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),with their strong vertical take-off and landing ability,precise hovering,flexible movement,and ability to carry various small sensors,are gradually becoming key tools to fill these gaps and build three-dimensional weather observation networks.They show important value in medium-and small-scale weather monitoring and emergency weather support.This paper reviews the main sensors for multi-rotor weather drones,their operating modes,and key supporting technologies,summarizes the current state of technology,and provides references for future development.
文摘Radon is the most important source of natural radiation to human beings and the second major causative agent of lung cancer other than smoking. In recent years, the hazards of human exposure to thoron (Rn-220), another isotope of radon, and its progeny have gained consensus. To accurately evaluate the dose level and hazards of Rn-220 and its progeny, a standard Rn-220 chamber with strong regulation ability for Rn-220 and its progeny needs to be established for the scale or calibration of measurement instruments. This paper describes the hazards, sources, behavioral characteristics of Rn-220 and its progeny, and some representative Rn-220 chambers established in various countries.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.81672948 and 81772794)Jilin Provincial Research Foundation for Health Technology Innovation(Grant No.2019J009)+1 种基金Jilin Provincial Research Foundation for the Development of Science and Technology Projects(Grant Nos.20191004004TC and 20190103095JH)Jilin Provincial Industrial Innovation Project(Grant No.2018C052-7)。
文摘Objective:Macrophages are a major component of the tumor microenvironment.M1 macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory factors that inhibit tumor growth and development,whereas tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs)mainly exhibit an M2 phenotype.Our previous studies have shown that the interleukin-33/ST2(IL-33/ST2)axis is essential for activation of the M1 phenotype.This study investigates the role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in TAMs,its effects on tumor growth,and whether it participates in the mutual conversion between the M1 and M2 phenotypes.Methods:Bone marrow-derived macrophages were extracted from wildtype,ST2 knockout(ST2-/-),and Il33-overexpressing mice and differentiated with IL-4.The mitochondrial and lysosomal number and location,and the expression of related proteins were used to analyze mitophagy.Oxygen consumption rates and glucose and lactate levels were measured to reveal metabolic changes.Results:The IL-33/ST2 axis was demonstrated to play an important role in the metabolic conversion of macrophages from OXPHOS to glycolysis by altering mitophagy levels.The IL-33/ST2 axis promoted enhanced cell oxidative phosphorylation,thereby further increasing M2 polarization gene expression and ultimately promoting tumor growth(P<0.05)(Figure 4).This metabolic shift was not due to mitochondrial damage,because the mitochondrial membrane potential was not significantly altered by IL-4 stimulation or ST2 knockout;however,it might be associated with the m TOR activity.Conclusions:These results clarify the interaction between the IL-33/ST2 pathway and macrophage polarization,and may pave the way to the development of new cancer immunotherapies targeting the IL-33/ST2 axis.
文摘Serving multiple cell-edge mobile terminals poses multifaceted challenges due to the increased transmission power and interferences, which could be overcome by relay communications. With the recent advancement of 5G technologies, non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) has been used at relay node to transmit multiple messages simultaneously to multiple cell-edge users. In this paper, a Collaborative NOMA Assisted Relaying(CNAR) system for 5G is proposed by enabling the collaboration of source-relay(S-R) and relay-destination(R-D) NOMA links. The relay node of the CNAR decodes the message for itself from S-R NOMA signal and transmits the remaining messages to the multiple cell-edge users in R-D link. A simplified-CNAR(S-CNAR) system is then developed to reduce the relay complexity. The outage probabilities for both systems are analyzed by considering outage behaviors in S-R and R-D links separately. To guarantee the data rate, the optimal power allocation among NOMA users is achieved by minimizing the outage probability. The ergodic sum capacity in high SNR regime is also approximated. Our mathematical analysis and simulation results show that CNAR system outperforms existing transmission strategies and S-CNAR reaches similar performance with much lower complexity.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(61472042)Corporation Science and Technology Program of Global Energy Interconnection Group Ltd.(GEIGC-D-[2018]024)
文摘With the rapid development of technologies such as big data and cloud computing,data communication and data computing in the form of exponential growth have led to a large amount of energy consumption in data centers.Globally,data centers will become the world’s largest users of energy consumption,with the ratio rising from 3%in 2017 to 4.5%in 2025.Due to its unique climate and energy-saving advantages,the high-latitude area in the Pan-Arctic region has gradually become a hotspot for data center site selection in recent years.In order to predict and analyze the future energy consumption and carbon emissions of global data centers,this paper presents a new method based on global data center traffic and power usage effectiveness(PUE)for energy consumption prediction.Firstly,global data center traffic growth is predicted based on the Cisco’s research.Secondly,the dynamic global average PUE and the high latitude PUE based on Romonet simulation model are obtained,and then global data center energy consumption with two different scenarios,the decentralized scenario and the centralized scenario,is analyzed quantitatively via the polynomial fitting method.The simulation results show that,in 2030,the global data center energy consumption and carbon emissions are reduced by about 301 billion kWh and 720 million tons CO2 in the centralized scenario compared with that of the decentralized scenario,which confirms that the establishment of data centers in the Pan-Arctic region in the future can effectively relief the climate change and energy problems.This study provides support for global energy consumption prediction,and guidance for the layout of future global data centers from the perspective of energy consumption.Moreover,it provides support of the feasibility of the integration of energy and information networks under the Global Energy Interconnection conception.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51572253,21771171)Scientific Research Grant of Hefei Science Center of CAS(2015SRG-HSC048)+1 种基金cooperation between NSFC and Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research(51561135011)CAS-TWAS Scholarship Program~~
文摘We prepared the Fe3O4/g‐C3N4nanoparticles(NPs)through a simple electrostatic self‐assembly method with a3:97weight ratio to investigate their Fenton,photo‐Fenton and oxidative functionalities besides photocatalytic functionality.We observed an improvement of the Fenton and photo‐Fenton activities of the Fe3O4/g‐C3N4nanocomposites.This improvement was attributed to efficient charge transfer between Fe3O4and g‐C3N4at the heterojunctions,inhibition of electron‐hole recombination,a high surface area,and stabilization of Fe3O4against leaching by the hydrophobic g‐C3N4.The obtained NPs showed a higher degradation potential for rhodamine B(RhB)dye than those of Fe3O4and g‐C3N4.As compared to photocatalysis,the efficiency of RhB degradation in the Fenton and photo‐Fenton reactions was increased by20%and90%,respectively.Additionally,the horseradish peroxidase(HRP)activity of the prepared nanomaterials was studied with3,3,5,5‐tetramethylbenzidinedihydrochloride(TMB)as a substrate.Dopamine oxidation was also examined.Results indicate that Fe3O4/g‐C3N4nanocomposites offers more efficient degradation of RhB dye in a photo‐Fenton system compared with regular photocatalytic degradation,which requires a long time.Our study also confirmed that Fe3O4/g‐C3N4nanocomposites can be used as a potential material for mimicking HRP owing to its high affinity for TMB.These findings suggest good potential for applications in biosensing and as a catalyst in oxidation reactions.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFE0201600 and 2018YFC1902400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51975582)a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘Refractory high-entropy alloys(RHEAs)have promising applications as the new generation of hightemperature alloys in hypersonic vehicles,aero-engines,gas turbines,and nuclear power plants.This study focuses on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the NbMoTaW(HfN)_(x)(x=0,0.3,0.7,and 1.0)RHEAs.The alloys consist of multiple phases of body-centered cubic(BCC),hafnium nitride(HfN),or multicomponent nitride(MN)phases.As the x contents increase,the grain size becomes smaller,and the strength gradually increases.The compressive yield strengths of the NbMoTaWHfN RHEA at ambient temperature,1000,1400,and 1800℃ were found to be 1682,1192,792,and 288 MPa,respectively.The high-temperature strength of this alloy is an inspiring result that exceeds the high temperature and strength of most known alloys,including high-entropy alloys,refractory metals,and superalloys.The HfN phase has a significant effect on strengthening due to its high structural stability and sluggish grain coarsening,even at ultra-high temperatures.Its superior properties endow the NbMoTaWHfN RHEA with potential for a wide range of engineering applications at ultra-high temperatures.This work offers a strategy for the design of high-temperature alloys and proposes an ultra-high-temperature alloy with potential for future engineering applications.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 52372041, 52302087, 51772060, 51672059 and 51621091)Heilongjiang Touyan Team Program+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. HIT.OCEF.2021003)the Shanghai Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Fund (SAST2022-60)。
文摘Polarization and conductance losses are the fundamental dielectric attenuation mechanisms for graphene-based absorbers, but it is not fully understood in revealing the loss mechanism of affect graphene itself. For the first time, the reduced graphene oxide(RGO) based absorbers are developed with regulatory absorption properties and the absorption mechanism of RGO is mainly originated from the carrier injection behavior of trace metal Fe nanosheets on graphene. Accordingly, the minimum reflection loss(RLmin) of Fe/RGO-2composite reaches-53.38 dB(2.45 mm), and the effective absorption bandwidth achieves 7.52 GHz(2.62 mm) with lower filling loading of 2 wt%. Using off-axis electron hologram testing combined with simulation calculation and carrier transport property experiments, we demonstrate here the carrier injection behavior from Fe to graphene at the interface and the induced charge accumulation and rearrangement, resulting in the increased interfacial and dipole polarization and the conductance loss. This work has confirmed that regulating the dielectric property of graphene itself by adding trace metals can not only ensure good impedance matching, but also fully exploit the dielectric loss ability of graphene at low filler content,which opens up an efficient way for designing lightweight absorbers and may be extended to other types materials.
基金sponsored by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LQ22C200002)Shenzhen Peacock Talent Programs Research Start-up Grant (802-012677)Shenzhen Key Laboratory Foundation (ZDSYS20200811143757022)。
文摘Currently, accumulating pieces of evidence indicate that probiotics, living in the gastrointestinal tract, play an important role in regulating host metabolism. As a tool, probiotics have great potential for treating lipid metabolism diseases. However, the relationship between probiotics and abnormal lipid metabolism is still unclear, and the mechanism of action has been become a focus of microbiome research. Therefore, taking intestinal probiotics as the starting point, this article combs the relationship between probiotics and lipid metabolism. Moreover, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of intestinal probiotics regulating lipid metabolism and summarize the therapeutic strategies for abnormal lipids metabolism. This article provides a reference for the further utilization of probiotics in the field of functional foods(food industry). Meanwhile, it will benefit the clinical diagnosis and treatment of lipid metabolism diseases.
