Partial least squares(PLS)model is the most typical data-driven method for quality-related industrial tasks like soft sensor.However,only linear relations are captured between the input and output data in the PLS.It i...Partial least squares(PLS)model is the most typical data-driven method for quality-related industrial tasks like soft sensor.However,only linear relations are captured between the input and output data in the PLS.It is difficult to obtain the remaining nonlinear information in the residual subspaces,which may deteriorate the prediction performance in complex industrial processes.To fully utilize data information in PLS residual subspaces,a deep residual PLS(DRPLS)framework is proposed for quality prediction in this paper.Inspired by deep learning,DRPLS is designed by stacking a number of PLSs successively,in which the input residuals of the previous PLS are used as the layer connection.To enhance representation,nonlinear function is applied to the input residuals before using them for stacking highlevel PLS.For each PLS,the output parts are just the output residuals from its previous PLS.Finally,the output prediction is obtained by adding the results of each PLS.The effectiveness of the proposed DRPLS is validated on an industrial hydrocracking process.展开更多
Dear Editor, This letter proposes a multimodal data-driven reinforcement learning-based method for operational decision-making in industrial processes. Due to the frequent fluctuations of feedstock properties and oper...Dear Editor, This letter proposes a multimodal data-driven reinforcement learning-based method for operational decision-making in industrial processes. Due to the frequent fluctuations of feedstock properties and operating conditions in the industrial processes, existing data-driven methods cannot effectively adjust the operational variables. In addition, multimodal data such as images, audio.展开更多
Determining soil N mineralization response to soil temperature and moisture changes is challenging in the field due to complicated effects from other factors. In the laboratory, N mineralization is highly dependent on...Determining soil N mineralization response to soil temperature and moisture changes is challenging in the field due to complicated effects from other factors. In the laboratory, N mineralization is highly dependent on temperature, moisture and sample size. In this study, a laboratory incubation experiment was carefully designed and conducted under controlled conditions to examine the effects of soil temperature and moisture on soil N mineralization using soil samples obtained from the Stipa krylovii grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. Five temperature（i.e. 9℃, 14℃, 22℃, 30℃ and 40℃） and five moisture levels（i.e. 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% WHC, where WHC is the soil water holding capacity） were included in a full-factorial design. During the 71-day incubation period, microbial biomass carbon（MBC）, ammonium nitrogen（NH4 ^＋-N） and nitrate nitrogen（NO3^--N） were measured approximately every 18 days; soil basal respiration for qCO2 index was measured once every 2 days（once a week near the end of the incubation period）. The results showed that the mineral N production and net N mineralization rates were positively correlated with temperature; the strongest correlation was observed for temperatures between 30℃ and 40℃. The relationships between moisture levels and both the mineral N production and net N mineralization rates were quadratic. The interaction between soil temperature and moisture was significant on N mineralization, i.e. increasing temperatures（moisture） enhanced the sensitivity of N mineralization to moisture（temperature）. Our results also showed a positive correlation between the net nitrification rate and temperature, while the correlation between the NH4 ^＋-N content and temperature was insignificant. The net nitrification rate was negatively correlated with high NH4 ^＋-N contents at 80%–100% WHC, suggesting an active denitrification in moist conditions. Moreover, qCO2 index was positively correlated with temperature, especially at 80% WHC. With a low net nitrification rate and high soil basal respiration rate, it was likely that the denitrification concealed the microbial gross mineralization activity; therefore, active soil N mineralization occurred in 60%–80% WHC conditions.展开更多
Iron ore sintering is a major source of gaseous and particulate pollutants emission in iron smelt plant. The aim of present study is to characterize the volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emission profiles from iron ore...Iron ore sintering is a major source of gaseous and particulate pollutants emission in iron smelt plant. The aim of present study is to characterize the volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emission profiles from iron ore sintering process. Both sinter pot test and sinter simulation experiment were conducted and compared. Out results showed that sinter process produced large quantity of VOCs together with NOxand SO_2. VOCs and NO were produced simultaneously in sinter pot test from 3 to 24 min after ignition, flowed by SO_2 production from 15 min to the end of sintering. Total VOCs(TVOC) concentration in sinter flue gas was affected by the coal and coke ratio in sinter raw material. The maximum TVOC concentration was 34.5 ppm when using 100% coal as fuel. Sinter simulation experiments found that the number of VOCs species and their concentrations were found by sinter temperature. The largest VOCs species varieties were obtained at 500 °C. Benzene, toluene,xylene and ethylbenzene were major VOCs in sinter flue gas based on the results from both simulation test and sinter pot. It thus demonstrated that in addition to NO_x, SO_2 and metal oxide particles, sinter flue gas also contained significant amount of VOCs whose environmental impact cannot be ignored. Based on our work, it is timely needed to establish a new VOC emission standard for sinter flue gas and develop advanced techniques to simultaneously eliminate multi-pollutants in iron ore sinter process.展开更多
Many genetic loci for wheat plant height(PH) have been reported, and 26 dwarfing genes have been catalogued. To identify major and stable genetic loci for PH, here we thoroughly summarized these functionally or geneti...Many genetic loci for wheat plant height(PH) have been reported, and 26 dwarfing genes have been catalogued. To identify major and stable genetic loci for PH, here we thoroughly summarized these functionally or genetic verified dwarfing loci from QTL linkage analysis and genome-wide association study published from 2003 to 2022. A total of 332 QTL, 270 GWAS loci and 83 genes for PH were integrated onto chromosomes according to their locations in the IWGSC RefSeq v2.1 and 65 QTL-rich clusters(QRC) were defined. Candidate genes in each QRC were predicted based on IWGSC Annotation v2.1 and the information on functional validation of homologous genes in other species. A total of 38 candidate genes were predicted for 65 QRC including three GA2ox genes in QRC-4B-IV, QRC-5A-VIII and QRC-6A-II(Rht24) as well as GA 20-oxidase 2(TaSD1-3A) in QRC-3A-IV. These outcomes lay concrete foundations for mapbased cloning of wheat dwarfing genes and application in breeding.展开更多
Decreasing wind speed is one aspect of global climate change as well as global warming, and has become a new research orientation in recent decades. The decrease is especially evident in places with frequent perennial...Decreasing wind speed is one aspect of global climate change as well as global warming, and has become a new research orientation in recent decades. The decrease is especially evident in places with frequent perennially high wind speeds. We simulated decreased wind speed by using a steel-sheet wind shield in a temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia to examine the changes in physical environmental variables, as well as their impacts on the photosynthesis of grass leaves and net ecosystem exchange （NEE）. We then used models to calculate the variation of boundary layer conductance （BLC） and its impact on leaf photosynthesis, and this allowed us to separate the direct effects of wind speed reduction on leaf photo- synthesis （BLC） from the indirect ones （via soil moisture balance）. The results showed that reduced wind speed primarily resulted in higher moisture and temperature in soil, and indirectly affected net assimilation and water use efficiency of the prevalent bunch grass Stipa krylovii. Moreover, the wind-sheltered plant community had a stronger ability to sequester carbon than did the wind-exposed community during the growing season.展开更多
In order to improve the efficiency as well the adaptability and operability of traditional devices used to dredge drainage pipelines a new design is presented here,obtained by matching the structural specifications of...In order to improve the efficiency as well the adaptability and operability of traditional devices used to dredge drainage pipelines a new design is presented here,obtained by matching the structural specifications of a drainage pipeline with the working principle of a high-pressure water jet(HPWJ).To effectively improve the water jet nozzle performances,the nozzle’s structural parameters of the proposed device have been analyzed through Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation.The corresponding behavior of the fluids inside and outside the selfrotational nozzle has been numerically simulated.The final design for the nozzle has been optimized taking into account such results.展开更多
The space charge accumulation in the heterogeneous insulation composed of cross-linked polyethylene(XLPE)cable and silicone rubber(SiR)accessory poses a serious threat to the safe operation of the high voltage direct ...The space charge accumulation in the heterogeneous insulation composed of cross-linked polyethylene(XLPE)cable and silicone rubber(SiR)accessory poses a serious threat to the safe operation of the high voltage direct current(HVDC)cable.When the cable is in heavy load,the charge transport behaviour in XLPE/SiR becomes more complicated due to the high temperature.In order to investigate the charge transport characteristics of XLPE/SiR under heavy load condition,the simultaneous measurement of space charge and relaxation current is performed on XLPE/SiR at both 70℃ and 30℃ with different polarities.The results show that the polarity of the interface charges in XLPE/SiR is always consistent with that of the SiR side electrode,and the influence of high temper-ature(70℃)caused by heavy load on the interface charge accumulation of XLPE/SiR is reversed at different polarities.The interface trap depth of XLPE/SiR is consistently greater than the bulk trap depths in both XLPE and SiR.When at high temperature of 70℃,the depth and density of interface traps increase,and the bulk traps in XLPE and SiR also exhibit increased depth.The component of polarisation relaxation current associated with space charge activity increases and exhibits longer decay time at 70℃,indicating more active and complex charge trapping-detrapping activities under heavy load condition.In this paper,an advanced simultaneous measurement is used to correlate the internal charge distribution with the external current for analysis,and the charge transport characteristics of XLPE/SiR under heavy load condition is revealed.The results can provide reference for the operation and maintenance of HVDC cable,and can also provide a basis for the space charge regulation of heterogeneous insulation at HVDC cable accessories.展开更多
Crocus sativus (saffron) is a globally autumn-flowering plant, and its stigmas are the most expensive spice and valuable herb medicine. Crocus specialized metabolites, crocins, are biosynthesized in distant species, G...Crocus sativus (saffron) is a globally autumn-flowering plant, and its stigmas are the most expensive spice and valuable herb medicine. Crocus specialized metabolites, crocins, are biosynthesized in distant species, Gardenia (eudicot) and Crocus (monocot), and the evolution of crocin biosynthesis remains poorly understood. With the chromosome-level Crocus genome assembly, we revealed that two rounds of lineage-specific whole genome triplication occurred, contributing important roles in the production of carotenoids and apocarotenoids. According to the kingdom-wide identification, phylogenetic analysis, and functional assays of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs), we deduced that the duplication, site positive selection, and neofunctionalization of Crocus-specific CCD2 from CCD1 members are responsible for the crocin biosynthesis. In addition, site mutation of CsCCD2 revealed the key amino acids, including I143, L146, R161, E181, T259, and S292 related to the catalytic activity of zeaxanthin cleavage. Our study provides important insights into the origin and evolution of plant specialized metabolites, which are derived by duplication events of biosynthetic genes.展开更多
Drought stress has negative effects on crop growth and production.Characterization of transcription factors that regulate the expression of drought-responsive genes is critical for understanding the transcriptional re...Drought stress has negative effects on crop growth and production.Characterization of transcription factors that regulate the expression of drought-responsive genes is critical for understanding the transcriptional regulatory networks in response to drought,which facilitates the improvement of crop drought tolerance.Here,we identified an Alfin-like(AL)family gene ZmAL14 that negatively regulates drought resistance.Overexpression of ZmAL14 exhibits susceptibility to drought while mutation of ZmAL14 enhances drought resistance.An abscisic acid(ABA)-activated protein kinase ZmSnRK2.2 interacts and phosphorylates ZmAL14 at T38 residue.Knockout of ZmSnRK2.2 gene decreases drought resistance of maize.A dehydration-induced Rho-like small guanosine triphosphatase gene ZmROP8 is directly targeted and repressed by ZmAL14.Phosphorylation of ZmAL14 by ZmSnRK2.2 prevents its binding to the ZmROP8 promoter,thereby releasing the repression of ZmROP8 transcription.Overexpression of ZmROP8 stimulates peroxidase activity and reduces hydrogen peroxide accumulation after drought treatment.Collectively,our study indicates that ZmAL14 is a negative regulator of drought resistance,which can be phosphorylated by ZmSnRK2.2 through the ABA signaling pathway,thus preventing its suppression on ZmROP8 transcription during drought stress response.展开更多
An ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor to detect trace Hg^(2+)in environmental samples was developed utilizing nanogold-decorated magnetic reduced graphene oxide(MrGO-AuNPs),exonuclease III-assisted target cycle(...An ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor to detect trace Hg^(2+)in environmental samples was developed utilizing nanogold-decorated magnetic reduced graphene oxide(MrGO-AuNPs),exonuclease III-assisted target cycle(Exo Ⅲ-ATC)and hybridization chain reaction(HCR)synergistic triple signal amplification.The MrGO-AuNPs is a superior carrier for capture DNA(cDNA)and acts as magnetic media for automatic separation and adsorption.This innovative utilization of the magnetism and improved sensing efficiency obviates the need for direct modification and repeated polishing of the working electrode.Additionally,the three DNA hairpins(cDNA,methylene blue(MB)labeled HP1 and HP2)further contribute to biosensor specificity and selectivity.When cDNA captures Hgt,it activates Exo Ⅲ-ATC due to the formation of a sticky end in the DNA stem via thymine-Hig-thymidine(T-Hg^(2+)-T),this leads to the hydrolysis of self-folded DNA by Exo Ⅲ-ATC to form"key"DNA(kDNA).The kDNA subsequently initiates HCR,resulting in massive super-sandwich structures(kDNA-[HP1/HP2])carrying signaling molecules on MrGO-AuNPs,and this overall structure serves as a signal probe(SP).Leveraging magnetic adsorption,the SP was automatically adsorbed onto the magneto-glass carbon electrode(MGCE),generating an amplified signal.This biosensor's detection limit(LOD)was 3.14 pmol/L,far below the limit of 10 nmol/L for mercury in drinking water set by the US EPA.The biosensor also showed excellent selectivity when challenged by interfering ions,and the results of its application in actual samples indicate that it has good potential for practical applications in environmental monitoring.展开更多
Primary bile acids were reported to augment secretion of chemokine(C-X-C motif)ligand16(CXCL16)from liver sinusoidal endothelial cells(LSECs)and trigger natural killer T(NKT)cellbased immunotherapy for liver cancer.Ho...Primary bile acids were reported to augment secretion of chemokine(C-X-C motif)ligand16(CXCL16)from liver sinusoidal endothelial cells(LSECs)and trigger natural killer T(NKT)cellbased immunotherapy for liver cancer.However,abundant expression of receptors for primary bile acids across the gastrointestinal tract overwhelms the possibility of using agonists against these receptors for liver cancer control.Taking advantage of the intrinsic property of LSECs in capturing circulating nanoparticles in the circulation,we proposed a strategy using nanoemulsion-loaded obeticholic acid(OCA),a clinically approved selective farnesoid X receptor(FXR)agonist,for precisely manipulating LSECs for triggering NKT cell-mediated liver cancer immunotherapy.The OCA-nanoemulsion(OCA-NE)was prepared via ultrasonic emulsification method,with a diameter of 184 nm and good stability.In vivo biodistribution studies confirmed that the injected OCA-NE mainly accumulated in the liver and especially in LSECs and Kupffer cells.As a result,OCA-NE treatment significantly suppressed hepatic tumor growth in a murine orthotopic H22 tumor model,which performed much better than oral medication of free OCA.Immunologic analysis revealed that the OCA-NE resulted in augmented secretion of CXCL16 and IFN-g,as well as increased NKT cell populations inside the tumor.Overall,our research provides a new evidence for the antitumor effect of receptors for primary bile acids,and should inspire using nanotechnology for precisely manipulating LSECs for liver cancer therapy.展开更多
The 2050 carbon-neutral vision spawns a novel energy structure revolution,and the construction of the future energy structure is based on equipment innovation.Insulating material,as the core of electrical power equipm...The 2050 carbon-neutral vision spawns a novel energy structure revolution,and the construction of the future energy structure is based on equipment innovation.Insulating material,as the core of electrical power equipment and electrified transportation asset,faces unprecedented challenges and opportunities.The goal of carbon neutral and the urgent need for innovation in electric power equipment and electrification assets are first discussed.The engineering challenges constrained by the insulation system in future electric power equipment/devices and electrified transportation assets are investigated.Insulating materials,including intelligent insulating material,high thermal conductivity insulating material,high energy storage density insulating material,extreme environment resistant insulating material,and environmental-friendly insulating material,are cat-egorised with their scientific issues,opportunities and challenges under the goal of carbon neutrality being discussed.In the context of carbon neutrality,not only improves the understanding of the insulation problems from a macro level,that is,electrical power equipment and electrified transportation asset,but also offers opportunities,remaining issues and challenges from the insulating material level.It is hoped that this paper en-visions the challenges regarding design and reliability of insulations in electrical equipment and electric vehicles in the context of policies towards carbon neutrality rules.The authors also hope that this paper can be helpful in future development and research of novel insulating materials,which promote the realisation of the carbon-neutral vision.展开更多
The composite insulation composed of cross‐linked polyethylene(XLPE)and silicone rubber(SiR)is common in high voltage direct current cable accessory installation.However,the space charge accumulation,especially the i...The composite insulation composed of cross‐linked polyethylene(XLPE)and silicone rubber(SiR)is common in high voltage direct current cable accessory installation.However,the space charge accumulation,especially the interfacial charge accumulation of XLPE/SiR,poses a serious threat to the safe operation of cable accessories,and its charge transport mechanism is still unclear,especially at the micro‐scale.In order to investigate the charge transport mechanism of XLPE/SiR,simultaneous measurement of space charge and relaxation current is performed on XLPE/SiR at various electric fields with different polarities,and the electronic energy levels of XLPE and SiR are determined by quantum chemical calculation(QCC).The results of QCC show that both the hole traps and the electron traps in XLPE are mainly shallow traps.As for SiR,the hole traps are shallow traps,while the electron traps are deep traps.The results of simultaneous measurement show that the interfacial charge accumulation and the composite conductivity of XLPE/SiR are significantly different under different polarities,that is,there is an obvious polarity effect.Based on the results of QCC,the electronic energy levels of XLPE/SiR system are constructed considering the interface between XLPE and SiR,as well as the interfaces between the materials and the electrodes.On this basis,the charge transport mechanism of XLPE/SiR is discussed in detail,and the polarity effect is well explained,which is believed to be related to the differences in the charge injection barrier and the interfacial barrier under different polarities,as well as the electron/hole traps in XLPE and SiR.展开更多
Form-wound windings in electric machines designed for electric aircraft propulsion face reliability challenges due to the severe operating environment,such as high temperature and low pressure.This study proposes a fo...Form-wound windings in electric machines designed for electric aircraft propulsion face reliability challenges due to the severe operating environment,such as high temperature and low pressure.This study proposes a forewarning method for insulation condition monitoring of form-wound windings based on partial discharge(PD)and deep learning neural network.Three PD features are extracted from the PD profile,which provides information about physics-of-failure and reflects the degree of insulation degradation.An algorithm fusion extracted from auto-encoder and long short-term recurrent neural network is proposed to synthesize one failure precursor from these three features and make multi-time-step prediction through historical data to provide forewarning.An electrical and thermal accelerated ageing test is performed on the form-wound windings at 0.2 atm to simulate working environment of electric aircraft.The proposed method is validated on the accelerated ageing dataset and shows better prediction accuracy than some existing time-series prediction methods,indicating the advantages of the proposed method.Moreover,an on-line hardware setup using a deep learning processor is rec-ommended to implement the forewarning method.The proposed approach has the potential to be widely applied to other insulation systems and contribute to work on condition monitoring.展开更多
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62173346,61988101,92267205,62103360,62303494)。
文摘Partial least squares(PLS)model is the most typical data-driven method for quality-related industrial tasks like soft sensor.However,only linear relations are captured between the input and output data in the PLS.It is difficult to obtain the remaining nonlinear information in the residual subspaces,which may deteriorate the prediction performance in complex industrial processes.To fully utilize data information in PLS residual subspaces,a deep residual PLS(DRPLS)framework is proposed for quality prediction in this paper.Inspired by deep learning,DRPLS is designed by stacking a number of PLSs successively,in which the input residuals of the previous PLS are used as the layer connection.To enhance representation,nonlinear function is applied to the input residuals before using them for stacking highlevel PLS.For each PLS,the output parts are just the output residuals from its previous PLS.Finally,the output prediction is obtained by adding the results of each PLS.The effectiveness of the proposed DRPLS is validated on an industrial hydrocracking process.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFB1713800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (92267205)+1 种基金the Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate (CX2022 0267)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (2022ZZTS0181)。
文摘Dear Editor, This letter proposes a multimodal data-driven reinforcement learning-based method for operational decision-making in industrial processes. Due to the frequent fluctuations of feedstock properties and operating conditions in the industrial processes, existing data-driven methods cannot effectively adjust the operational variables. In addition, multimodal data such as images, audio.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31270500, 31240002)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA05 050602)+1 种基金the Open Research Fund of the Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe support of the Duolun Restoration Ecology Research Station, which is part of the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for providing access to the sampling site
文摘Determining soil N mineralization response to soil temperature and moisture changes is challenging in the field due to complicated effects from other factors. In the laboratory, N mineralization is highly dependent on temperature, moisture and sample size. In this study, a laboratory incubation experiment was carefully designed and conducted under controlled conditions to examine the effects of soil temperature and moisture on soil N mineralization using soil samples obtained from the Stipa krylovii grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. Five temperature（i.e. 9℃, 14℃, 22℃, 30℃ and 40℃） and five moisture levels（i.e. 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% WHC, where WHC is the soil water holding capacity） were included in a full-factorial design. During the 71-day incubation period, microbial biomass carbon（MBC）, ammonium nitrogen（NH4 ^＋-N） and nitrate nitrogen（NO3^--N） were measured approximately every 18 days; soil basal respiration for qCO2 index was measured once every 2 days（once a week near the end of the incubation period）. The results showed that the mineral N production and net N mineralization rates were positively correlated with temperature; the strongest correlation was observed for temperatures between 30℃ and 40℃. The relationships between moisture levels and both the mineral N production and net N mineralization rates were quadratic. The interaction between soil temperature and moisture was significant on N mineralization, i.e. increasing temperatures（moisture） enhanced the sensitivity of N mineralization to moisture（temperature）. Our results also showed a positive correlation between the net nitrification rate and temperature, while the correlation between the NH4 ^＋-N content and temperature was insignificant. The net nitrification rate was negatively correlated with high NH4 ^＋-N contents at 80%–100% WHC, suggesting an active denitrification in moist conditions. Moreover, qCO2 index was positively correlated with temperature, especially at 80% WHC. With a low net nitrification rate and high soil basal respiration rate, it was likely that the denitrification concealed the microbial gross mineralization activity; therefore, active soil N mineralization occurred in 60%–80% WHC conditions.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFC0210500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21477076,2173700)+2 种基金support provided by Taiyuan Iron&Steel(Group)Co.Ltd.Shanghai Environmental Monitoring CentreBaosteel Central Research Institute
文摘Iron ore sintering is a major source of gaseous and particulate pollutants emission in iron smelt plant. The aim of present study is to characterize the volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emission profiles from iron ore sintering process. Both sinter pot test and sinter simulation experiment were conducted and compared. Out results showed that sinter process produced large quantity of VOCs together with NOxand SO_2. VOCs and NO were produced simultaneously in sinter pot test from 3 to 24 min after ignition, flowed by SO_2 production from 15 min to the end of sintering. Total VOCs(TVOC) concentration in sinter flue gas was affected by the coal and coke ratio in sinter raw material. The maximum TVOC concentration was 34.5 ppm when using 100% coal as fuel. Sinter simulation experiments found that the number of VOCs species and their concentrations were found by sinter temperature. The largest VOCs species varieties were obtained at 500 °C. Benzene, toluene,xylene and ethylbenzene were major VOCs in sinter flue gas based on the results from both simulation test and sinter pot. It thus demonstrated that in addition to NO_x, SO_2 and metal oxide particles, sinter flue gas also contained significant amount of VOCs whose environmental impact cannot be ignored. Based on our work, it is timely needed to establish a new VOC emission standard for sinter flue gas and develop advanced techniques to simultaneously eliminate multi-pollutants in iron ore sinter process.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32101733)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR202103020229)+1 种基金the High-Level Talents Project of Qingdao Agricultural University (663/1122023)National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund Project (U22A20457)。
文摘Many genetic loci for wheat plant height(PH) have been reported, and 26 dwarfing genes have been catalogued. To identify major and stable genetic loci for PH, here we thoroughly summarized these functionally or genetic verified dwarfing loci from QTL linkage analysis and genome-wide association study published from 2003 to 2022. A total of 332 QTL, 270 GWAS loci and 83 genes for PH were integrated onto chromosomes according to their locations in the IWGSC RefSeq v2.1 and 65 QTL-rich clusters(QRC) were defined. Candidate genes in each QRC were predicted based on IWGSC Annotation v2.1 and the information on functional validation of homologous genes in other species. A total of 38 candidate genes were predicted for 65 QRC including three GA2ox genes in QRC-4B-IV, QRC-5A-VIII and QRC-6A-II(Rht24) as well as GA 20-oxidase 2(TaSD1-3A) in QRC-3A-IV. These outcomes lay concrete foundations for mapbased cloning of wheat dwarfing genes and application in breeding.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41171445 and 41321001)the State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resources Ecology (No. 2012-TDZY-31)the National Program on Key Basic Research Project (No. 2014CB954303)
文摘Decreasing wind speed is one aspect of global climate change as well as global warming, and has become a new research orientation in recent decades. The decrease is especially evident in places with frequent perennially high wind speeds. We simulated decreased wind speed by using a steel-sheet wind shield in a temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia to examine the changes in physical environmental variables, as well as their impacts on the photosynthesis of grass leaves and net ecosystem exchange （NEE）. We then used models to calculate the variation of boundary layer conductance （BLC） and its impact on leaf photosynthesis, and this allowed us to separate the direct effects of wind speed reduction on leaf photo- synthesis （BLC） from the indirect ones （via soil moisture balance）. The results showed that reduced wind speed primarily resulted in higher moisture and temperature in soil, and indirectly affected net assimilation and water use efficiency of the prevalent bunch grass Stipa krylovii. Moreover, the wind-sheltered plant community had a stronger ability to sequester carbon than did the wind-exposed community during the growing season.
基金supported by the Program for Distinguished Talents of Six Domains in Jiangsu Province of China(No.GDZB-062)the Jiangsu Province Industry University Research Cooperation Prospective Study Project(No.BY2016061-14)the Jiangsu Province Graduate Research and Practice Innovation Program Project(SJCX22_1671).
文摘In order to improve the efficiency as well the adaptability and operability of traditional devices used to dredge drainage pipelines a new design is presented here,obtained by matching the structural specifications of a drainage pipeline with the working principle of a high-pressure water jet(HPWJ).To effectively improve the water jet nozzle performances,the nozzle’s structural parameters of the proposed device have been analyzed through Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation.The corresponding behavior of the fluids inside and outside the selfrotational nozzle has been numerically simulated.The final design for the nozzle has been optimized taking into account such results.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:52207025Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,Grant/Award Number:20YF1414700“Chen Guang”project supported by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Education Development Foundation,Grant/Award Number:21CGA63。
文摘The space charge accumulation in the heterogeneous insulation composed of cross-linked polyethylene(XLPE)cable and silicone rubber(SiR)accessory poses a serious threat to the safe operation of the high voltage direct current(HVDC)cable.When the cable is in heavy load,the charge transport behaviour in XLPE/SiR becomes more complicated due to the high temperature.In order to investigate the charge transport characteristics of XLPE/SiR under heavy load condition,the simultaneous measurement of space charge and relaxation current is performed on XLPE/SiR at both 70℃ and 30℃ with different polarities.The results show that the polarity of the interface charges in XLPE/SiR is always consistent with that of the SiR side electrode,and the influence of high temper-ature(70℃)caused by heavy load on the interface charge accumulation of XLPE/SiR is reversed at different polarities.The interface trap depth of XLPE/SiR is consistently greater than the bulk trap depths in both XLPE and SiR.When at high temperature of 70℃,the depth and density of interface traps increase,and the bulk traps in XLPE and SiR also exhibit increased depth.The component of polarisation relaxation current associated with space charge activity increases and exhibits longer decay time at 70℃,indicating more active and complex charge trapping-detrapping activities under heavy load condition.In this paper,an advanced simultaneous measurement is used to correlate the internal charge distribution with the external current for analysis,and the charge transport characteristics of XLPE/SiR under heavy load condition is revealed.The results can provide reference for the operation and maintenance of HVDC cable,and can also provide a basis for the space charge regulation of heterogeneous insulation at HVDC cable accessories.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81973424,82073966,82204346)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS)(Grant No.2021-I2M-1-029,China)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFC3504800)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central public welfare research institutes(ZZ16-YQ-047,ZZ16-ND-10-02,China)the Key Scientific Research Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Anhui Province,China(KJ2021A0235).
文摘Crocus sativus (saffron) is a globally autumn-flowering plant, and its stigmas are the most expensive spice and valuable herb medicine. Crocus specialized metabolites, crocins, are biosynthesized in distant species, Gardenia (eudicot) and Crocus (monocot), and the evolution of crocin biosynthesis remains poorly understood. With the chromosome-level Crocus genome assembly, we revealed that two rounds of lineage-specific whole genome triplication occurred, contributing important roles in the production of carotenoids and apocarotenoids. According to the kingdom-wide identification, phylogenetic analysis, and functional assays of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs), we deduced that the duplication, site positive selection, and neofunctionalization of Crocus-specific CCD2 from CCD1 members are responsible for the crocin biosynthesis. In addition, site mutation of CsCCD2 revealed the key amino acids, including I143, L146, R161, E181, T259, and S292 related to the catalytic activity of zeaxanthin cleavage. Our study provides important insights into the origin and evolution of plant specialized metabolites, which are derived by duplication events of biosynthetic genes.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1001600)STI2030-Major Projects(2030ZD0407101).
文摘Drought stress has negative effects on crop growth and production.Characterization of transcription factors that regulate the expression of drought-responsive genes is critical for understanding the transcriptional regulatory networks in response to drought,which facilitates the improvement of crop drought tolerance.Here,we identified an Alfin-like(AL)family gene ZmAL14 that negatively regulates drought resistance.Overexpression of ZmAL14 exhibits susceptibility to drought while mutation of ZmAL14 enhances drought resistance.An abscisic acid(ABA)-activated protein kinase ZmSnRK2.2 interacts and phosphorylates ZmAL14 at T38 residue.Knockout of ZmSnRK2.2 gene decreases drought resistance of maize.A dehydration-induced Rho-like small guanosine triphosphatase gene ZmROP8 is directly targeted and repressed by ZmAL14.Phosphorylation of ZmAL14 by ZmSnRK2.2 prevents its binding to the ZmROP8 promoter,thereby releasing the repression of ZmROP8 transcription.Overexpression of ZmROP8 stimulates peroxidase activity and reduces hydrogen peroxide accumulation after drought treatment.Collectively,our study indicates that ZmAL14 is a negative regulator of drought resistance,which can be phosphorylated by ZmSnRK2.2 through the ABA signaling pathway,thus preventing its suppression on ZmROP8 transcription during drought stress response.
基金This study was supported by the Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC0213400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21737002,21976119,and 22176126)。
文摘An ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor to detect trace Hg^(2+)in environmental samples was developed utilizing nanogold-decorated magnetic reduced graphene oxide(MrGO-AuNPs),exonuclease III-assisted target cycle(Exo Ⅲ-ATC)and hybridization chain reaction(HCR)synergistic triple signal amplification.The MrGO-AuNPs is a superior carrier for capture DNA(cDNA)and acts as magnetic media for automatic separation and adsorption.This innovative utilization of the magnetism and improved sensing efficiency obviates the need for direct modification and repeated polishing of the working electrode.Additionally,the three DNA hairpins(cDNA,methylene blue(MB)labeled HP1 and HP2)further contribute to biosensor specificity and selectivity.When cDNA captures Hgt,it activates Exo Ⅲ-ATC due to the formation of a sticky end in the DNA stem via thymine-Hig-thymidine(T-Hg^(2+)-T),this leads to the hydrolysis of self-folded DNA by Exo Ⅲ-ATC to form"key"DNA(kDNA).The kDNA subsequently initiates HCR,resulting in massive super-sandwich structures(kDNA-[HP1/HP2])carrying signaling molecules on MrGO-AuNPs,and this overall structure serves as a signal probe(SP).Leveraging magnetic adsorption,the SP was automatically adsorbed onto the magneto-glass carbon electrode(MGCE),generating an amplified signal.This biosensor's detection limit(LOD)was 3.14 pmol/L,far below the limit of 10 nmol/L for mercury in drinking water set by the US EPA.The biosensor also showed excellent selectivity when challenged by interfering ions,and the results of its application in actual samples indicate that it has good potential for practical applications in environmental monitoring.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51673189,51973215,51833010and 51520105004)Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Project 2018ZX09711003-012)+1 种基金the Program of Scientific Development of Jilin Province(20170101100JC,20180520207JH,20190103112JH,China)supported by NIH grant CA198999(USA)
文摘Primary bile acids were reported to augment secretion of chemokine(C-X-C motif)ligand16(CXCL16)from liver sinusoidal endothelial cells(LSECs)and trigger natural killer T(NKT)cellbased immunotherapy for liver cancer.However,abundant expression of receptors for primary bile acids across the gastrointestinal tract overwhelms the possibility of using agonists against these receptors for liver cancer control.Taking advantage of the intrinsic property of LSECs in capturing circulating nanoparticles in the circulation,we proposed a strategy using nanoemulsion-loaded obeticholic acid(OCA),a clinically approved selective farnesoid X receptor(FXR)agonist,for precisely manipulating LSECs for triggering NKT cell-mediated liver cancer immunotherapy.The OCA-nanoemulsion(OCA-NE)was prepared via ultrasonic emulsification method,with a diameter of 184 nm and good stability.In vivo biodistribution studies confirmed that the injected OCA-NE mainly accumulated in the liver and especially in LSECs and Kupffer cells.As a result,OCA-NE treatment significantly suppressed hepatic tumor growth in a murine orthotopic H22 tumor model,which performed much better than oral medication of free OCA.Immunologic analysis revealed that the OCA-NE resulted in augmented secretion of CXCL16 and IFN-g,as well as increased NKT cell populations inside the tumor.Overall,our research provides a new evidence for the antitumor effect of receptors for primary bile acids,and should inspire using nanotechnology for precisely manipulating LSECs for liver cancer therapy.
文摘The 2050 carbon-neutral vision spawns a novel energy structure revolution,and the construction of the future energy structure is based on equipment innovation.Insulating material,as the core of electrical power equipment and electrified transportation asset,faces unprecedented challenges and opportunities.The goal of carbon neutral and the urgent need for innovation in electric power equipment and electrification assets are first discussed.The engineering challenges constrained by the insulation system in future electric power equipment/devices and electrified transportation assets are investigated.Insulating materials,including intelligent insulating material,high thermal conductivity insulating material,high energy storage density insulating material,extreme environment resistant insulating material,and environmental-friendly insulating material,are cat-egorised with their scientific issues,opportunities and challenges under the goal of carbon neutrality being discussed.In the context of carbon neutrality,not only improves the understanding of the insulation problems from a macro level,that is,electrical power equipment and electrified transportation asset,but also offers opportunities,remaining issues and challenges from the insulating material level.It is hoped that this paper en-visions the challenges regarding design and reliability of insulations in electrical equipment and electric vehicles in the context of policies towards carbon neutrality rules.The authors also hope that this paper can be helpful in future development and research of novel insulating materials,which promote the realisation of the carbon-neutral vision.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:52207025Shanghai Sailing Program,Grant/Award Number:20YF1414700。
文摘The composite insulation composed of cross‐linked polyethylene(XLPE)and silicone rubber(SiR)is common in high voltage direct current cable accessory installation.However,the space charge accumulation,especially the interfacial charge accumulation of XLPE/SiR,poses a serious threat to the safe operation of cable accessories,and its charge transport mechanism is still unclear,especially at the micro‐scale.In order to investigate the charge transport mechanism of XLPE/SiR,simultaneous measurement of space charge and relaxation current is performed on XLPE/SiR at various electric fields with different polarities,and the electronic energy levels of XLPE and SiR are determined by quantum chemical calculation(QCC).The results of QCC show that both the hole traps and the electron traps in XLPE are mainly shallow traps.As for SiR,the hole traps are shallow traps,while the electron traps are deep traps.The results of simultaneous measurement show that the interfacial charge accumulation and the composite conductivity of XLPE/SiR are significantly different under different polarities,that is,there is an obvious polarity effect.Based on the results of QCC,the electronic energy levels of XLPE/SiR system are constructed considering the interface between XLPE and SiR,as well as the interfaces between the materials and the electrodes.On this basis,the charge transport mechanism of XLPE/SiR is discussed in detail,and the polarity effect is well explained,which is believed to be related to the differences in the charge injection barrier and the interfacial barrier under different polarities,as well as the electron/hole traps in XLPE and SiR.
文摘Form-wound windings in electric machines designed for electric aircraft propulsion face reliability challenges due to the severe operating environment,such as high temperature and low pressure.This study proposes a forewarning method for insulation condition monitoring of form-wound windings based on partial discharge(PD)and deep learning neural network.Three PD features are extracted from the PD profile,which provides information about physics-of-failure and reflects the degree of insulation degradation.An algorithm fusion extracted from auto-encoder and long short-term recurrent neural network is proposed to synthesize one failure precursor from these three features and make multi-time-step prediction through historical data to provide forewarning.An electrical and thermal accelerated ageing test is performed on the form-wound windings at 0.2 atm to simulate working environment of electric aircraft.The proposed method is validated on the accelerated ageing dataset and shows better prediction accuracy than some existing time-series prediction methods,indicating the advantages of the proposed method.Moreover,an on-line hardware setup using a deep learning processor is rec-ommended to implement the forewarning method.The proposed approach has the potential to be widely applied to other insulation systems and contribute to work on condition monitoring.
