Arisaema heterophyllum Blume is one of the three medicinal plants known as traditional Chinese medicine Rhizoma Arisaematis(RA). RA has been popularly used to treat patients with convulsions, inflammation, and cancer ...Arisaema heterophyllum Blume is one of the three medicinal plants known as traditional Chinese medicine Rhizoma Arisaematis(RA). RA has been popularly used to treat patients with convulsions, inflammation, and cancer for a long time. However, the underlying mechanisms for RA effects are still unclear. The present study was designed to determine the cytotoxicity of agglutinin isolated from Arisema heterophyllum Blume(AHA) and explore the possible mechanisms in human non-small-cell lung cancer A549 cells. AHA with purity up to 95% was isolated and purified from Arisaema heterophyllum Blume using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. AHA dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells and induced G_1 phase cell cycle arrest. AHA induced apoptosis by up-regulating pro-apoptotic Bax, decreasing anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, and activating caspase-9 and caspase-3. In A549 cells treated with AHA, the PI3K/Akt pathway was inhibited. Furthermore, AHA induced increase in the levels of ER stress markers such as phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α(p-eIF2α), C/EBP-homologous protein(CHOP), inositol-requiring enzyme 1α(IRE1α), and phosphorylated c-Jun NH_2-terminal kinase(p-JNK). AHA also induced autophagy in A549 cells. Staining of acidic vesicular organelles(AVOs) and increase in the levels of LC3II and ATG7 were observed in AHA-treated cells. These findings suggested that AHA might be one of the active components with anti-cancer effects in Arisaema heterophyllum Blume. In conclusion, cytotoxicity of AHA on cancer cells might be related to its effects on apoptosis and autophagy through inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway and induction of ER stress.展开更多
2002年,CHOW等人根据数字版权管理(Digital Rights Management,DRM)应用场景定义了白盒攻击环境的概念,并将其模型化为一种极端的攻击模型,即白盒模型。白盒模型颠覆了以往攻击模型中对攻击者能力的诸多限制,从软件保护角度考虑,攻击者...2002年,CHOW等人根据数字版权管理(Digital Rights Management,DRM)应用场景定义了白盒攻击环境的概念,并将其模型化为一种极端的攻击模型,即白盒模型。白盒模型颠覆了以往攻击模型中对攻击者能力的诸多限制,从软件保护角度考虑,攻击者被认为拥有对目标软件及其执行的完全控制权。因此,在白盒模型中,数字版权管理系统中的设备,如智能卡、机顶盒等都存在被攻击者篡改的可能。文章基于CLEFIA算法的白盒实现方案,为数字版权管理系统提供一种软件防篡改方案。该方案将软件的二进制代码文件所解释的查找表隐藏在CLEFIA算法的白盒实现方案的查找表集合中,使软件的防篡改安全性与CLEFIA算法的白盒实现方案的加解密正确性结合在一起。一旦软件发生篡改,CLEFIA算法的白盒实现方案的加解密结果将产生错误。CLEFIA算法白盒实现方案的明密文对也将发生变化,而攻击者很难对其进行修复。展开更多
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.81373964)Shanghai Science&Technology Support Program(No.13431900401)+1 种基金Shanghai Science&Technology Innovation Action Program(No.15140904800)the National Science&Technology Major Project of China(No.2014 ZX09301-306-03)
文摘Arisaema heterophyllum Blume is one of the three medicinal plants known as traditional Chinese medicine Rhizoma Arisaematis(RA). RA has been popularly used to treat patients with convulsions, inflammation, and cancer for a long time. However, the underlying mechanisms for RA effects are still unclear. The present study was designed to determine the cytotoxicity of agglutinin isolated from Arisema heterophyllum Blume(AHA) and explore the possible mechanisms in human non-small-cell lung cancer A549 cells. AHA with purity up to 95% was isolated and purified from Arisaema heterophyllum Blume using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. AHA dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells and induced G_1 phase cell cycle arrest. AHA induced apoptosis by up-regulating pro-apoptotic Bax, decreasing anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, and activating caspase-9 and caspase-3. In A549 cells treated with AHA, the PI3K/Akt pathway was inhibited. Furthermore, AHA induced increase in the levels of ER stress markers such as phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α(p-eIF2α), C/EBP-homologous protein(CHOP), inositol-requiring enzyme 1α(IRE1α), and phosphorylated c-Jun NH_2-terminal kinase(p-JNK). AHA also induced autophagy in A549 cells. Staining of acidic vesicular organelles(AVOs) and increase in the levels of LC3II and ATG7 were observed in AHA-treated cells. These findings suggested that AHA might be one of the active components with anti-cancer effects in Arisaema heterophyllum Blume. In conclusion, cytotoxicity of AHA on cancer cells might be related to its effects on apoptosis and autophagy through inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway and induction of ER stress.
文摘2002年,CHOW等人根据数字版权管理(Digital Rights Management,DRM)应用场景定义了白盒攻击环境的概念,并将其模型化为一种极端的攻击模型,即白盒模型。白盒模型颠覆了以往攻击模型中对攻击者能力的诸多限制,从软件保护角度考虑,攻击者被认为拥有对目标软件及其执行的完全控制权。因此,在白盒模型中,数字版权管理系统中的设备,如智能卡、机顶盒等都存在被攻击者篡改的可能。文章基于CLEFIA算法的白盒实现方案,为数字版权管理系统提供一种软件防篡改方案。该方案将软件的二进制代码文件所解释的查找表隐藏在CLEFIA算法的白盒实现方案的查找表集合中,使软件的防篡改安全性与CLEFIA算法的白盒实现方案的加解密正确性结合在一起。一旦软件发生篡改,CLEFIA算法的白盒实现方案的加解密结果将产生错误。CLEFIA算法白盒实现方案的明密文对也将发生变化,而攻击者很难对其进行修复。
