It is fundamental and useful to investigate how deep learning forecasting models(DLMs)perform compared to operational oceanography forecast systems(OFSs).However,few studies have intercompared their performances using...It is fundamental and useful to investigate how deep learning forecasting models(DLMs)perform compared to operational oceanography forecast systems(OFSs).However,few studies have intercompared their performances using an identical reference.In this study,three physically reasonable DLMs are implemented for the forecasting of the sea surface temperature(SST),sea level anomaly(SLA),and sea surface velocity in the South China Sea.The DLMs are validated against both the testing dataset and the“OceanPredict”Class 4 dataset.Results show that the DLMs'RMSEs against the latter increase by 44%,245%,302%,and 109%for SST,SLA,current speed,and direction,respectively,compared to those against the former.Therefore,different references have significant influences on the validation,and it is necessary to use an identical and independent reference to intercompare the DLMs and OFSs.Against the Class 4 dataset,the DLMs present significantly better performance for SLA than the OFSs,and slightly better performances for other variables.The error patterns of the DLMs and OFSs show a high degree of similarity,which is reasonable from the viewpoint of predictability,facilitating further applications of the DLMs.For extreme events,the DLMs and OFSs both present large but similar forecast errors for SLA and current speed,while the DLMs are likely to give larger errors for SST and current direction.This study provides an evaluation of the forecast skills of commonly used DLMs and provides an example to objectively intercompare different DLMs.展开更多
Hypoxia is increasingly reported off the Changjiang River Estuary with the confluence of multiple high volume nutrient sources.The Regional Ocean Modeling System coupled with a biological model was used to analyze the...Hypoxia is increasingly reported off the Changjiang River Estuary with the confluence of multiple high volume nutrient sources.The Regional Ocean Modeling System coupled with a biological model was used to analyze the effect of different nutrient sources on the development of hypoxia off the Changjiang River Estuary.By comparing to observed data,our model suitably captured the regional dynamics of chlorophyll a,dissolved oxygen,and nutrient concentration.A series of sensitivity experiments were conducted to investigate the hypoxia response to the various nutrient sources,such as loading from the Changjiang River,Kuroshio and Taiwan Warm Current.Our model results indicated that nutrients from different sources significantly influenced the hypoxia off the Changjiang River Estuary,and it was mostly affected by nutrients sourced from the Kuroshio.The nutrients input from the Changjiang River had larger impacts on the hypoxia in the north of 30°N than that in the south of 30°N.The nutrients sourced from the Taiwan Strait had a least influence on the hypoxia off the Changjiang River Estuary.展开更多
In order to satisfy the increasing demand for the marine forecasting capacity,the Bohai Sea,the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea Operational Oceanography Forecasting System(BYEOFS)has been upgraded and improved to Ve...In order to satisfy the increasing demand for the marine forecasting capacity,the Bohai Sea,the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea Operational Oceanography Forecasting System(BYEOFS)has been upgraded and improved to Version 2.0.Based on the Regional Ocean Modeling System(ROMS),a series of comparative experiments were conducted during the improvement process,including correcting topography,changing sea surface atmospheric forcing mode,adjusting open boundary conditions,and considering atmospheric pressure correction.(1)After the topography correction,the volume transport and meridional velocity maximum of Yellow Sea Warm Current increase obviously and the unreasonable bending of its axis around 36.1°N,123.5°E disappears.(2)After the change of sea surface forcing mode,an effective negative feedback mechanism is formed between predicted sea surface temperature(SST)by the ocean model and sea surface radiation fluxes fields.The simulation errors of SST decreased significantly,and the annual average of root-mean-square error(RMSE)decreased by about 18%.(3)The change of the eastern lateral boundary condition of baroclinic velocity from mixed Radiation-Nudging to Clamped makes the unreasonable westward current in Tsushima Strait disappear.(4)The adding of mean sea level pressure correction option which forms the mean sea level gradient from the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea to the western Pacific in winter and autumn is helpful to increasing the fluctuation of SLA and outflow of the Yellow Sea when the cold high air pressure system controls the Yellow Sea area.展开更多
A high-resolution customized numerical model is used to analyze the water transport in the three major water passages between the Andaman Sea(AS)and the Bay of Bengal,i.e.,the Preparis Channel(PC),the Ten Degree Chann...A high-resolution customized numerical model is used to analyze the water transport in the three major water passages between the Andaman Sea(AS)and the Bay of Bengal,i.e.,the Preparis Channel(PC),the Ten Degree Channel(TDC),and the Great Channel(GC),based on the daily averaged simulation results ranging from 2010 to 2019.Spectral analysis and Empirical Orthogonal Function(EOF)methods are employed to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of the water exchange and controlling mechanisms.The results of model simulation indicate that the net average transports of the PC and GC,as well as their linear trend,are opposite to that of the TDC.This indicates that the PC and the GC are the main inflow channels of the AS,while the TDC is the main outflow channel of the AS.The transport variability is most pronounced at surface levels and between 100 m and 200 m depth,likely affected by monsoons and circulation.A 182.4-d semiannual variability is consistently seen in all three channels,which is also evident in their second principal components.Based on sea level anomalies and EOF analysis results,this is primarily due to equatorial winds during the monsoon transition period,causing eastward movement of Kelvin waves along the AS coast,thereby affecting the spatiotemporal characteristics of the flow in the AS.The first EOF of the PC flow field section shows a split at 100 m deep,likely due to topography.The first EOF of the TDC flow field section is steady but has potent seasonal oscillations in its time series.Meanwhile,the first EOF of the GC flow field section indicates a stable surface inflow,probably influenced by the equatorial Indian Ocean’s eastward current.展开更多
The ubiquitin–proteasome system and the autophagy system are the two primary mechanisms used by eukaryotes to maintain protein homeostasis,and both are closely related to the pathogenicity of the rice blast fungus.In...The ubiquitin–proteasome system and the autophagy system are the two primary mechanisms used by eukaryotes to maintain protein homeostasis,and both are closely related to the pathogenicity of the rice blast fungus.In this research,we identified MoCand2 as an inhibitor of ubiquitination in Magnaporthe oryzae.Through this role,MoCand2 participates in the regulation of autophagy and pathogenicity.Spe-cifically,we found that deletion of MoCand2 increased the ubiquitination level in M.oryzae,whereas overexpression of MoCand2 inhibited the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins.Interaction analyses showed that MoCand2 is a subunit of Cullin-RING ligases(CRLs).It suppresses ubiquitination by blocking the assembly of CRLs and downregulating the expression of key CRL subunits.Further research indi-cated that MoCand2 regulates autophagy through ubiquitination.MoCand2 knockout led to over-ubiquitination and over-degradation of MoTor,and we confirmed that MoTor content was negatively correlated with autophagy level.In addition,MoCand2 knockout accelerated the K63 ubiquitination of MoAtg6 and strengthened the assembly and activity of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase class 3 complex,thus enhancing autophagy.Abnormal ubiquitination and autophagy in DMocand2 resulted in defects in growth,conidiation,stress resistance,and pathogenicity.Finally,sequence alignment and functional an-alyses in other phytopathogenic fungi confirmed the high conservation of fungal Cand2s.Our research thus reveals a novel mechanism by which ubiquitination regulates autophagy and pathogenicity in phyto-pathogenic fungi.展开更多
Dear Editor,Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor[L.]Moench)(2n=20),a C4 droughttolerant cereal crop,is widely cultivated for food,feed,and biofuel,resulting in varieties with distinct morphological characteristics.The Sanger-seque...Dear Editor,Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor[L.]Moench)(2n=20),a C4 droughttolerant cereal crop,is widely cultivated for food,feed,and biofuel,resulting in varieties with distinct morphological characteristics.The Sanger-sequencing-based sorghum reference genome of the inbred variety BTx623(grain sorghum)was initially released in 2009(base error<1 per 10 kb)(Paterson et al.,2009),and the most widely used version 3 assembly(base error<1 per 100 kb),consisting of 4773 contigs with 2679 unresolved gaps(~28 Mb)in 10 chromosomes,was improved by next-generation sequencing in 2017(McCormick et al.,2018).展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42375062 and 42275158)the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project“Earth System Science Numerical Simulator Facility”(EarthLab)the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(Grant No.22JR5RF1080)。
文摘It is fundamental and useful to investigate how deep learning forecasting models(DLMs)perform compared to operational oceanography forecast systems(OFSs).However,few studies have intercompared their performances using an identical reference.In this study,three physically reasonable DLMs are implemented for the forecasting of the sea surface temperature(SST),sea level anomaly(SLA),and sea surface velocity in the South China Sea.The DLMs are validated against both the testing dataset and the“OceanPredict”Class 4 dataset.Results show that the DLMs'RMSEs against the latter increase by 44%,245%,302%,and 109%for SST,SLA,current speed,and direction,respectively,compared to those against the former.Therefore,different references have significant influences on the validation,and it is necessary to use an identical and independent reference to intercompare the DLMs and OFSs.Against the Class 4 dataset,the DLMs present significantly better performance for SLA than the OFSs,and slightly better performances for other variables.The error patterns of the DLMs and OFSs show a high degree of similarity,which is reasonable from the viewpoint of predictability,facilitating further applications of the DLMs.For extreme events,the DLMs and OFSs both present large but similar forecast errors for SLA and current speed,while the DLMs are likely to give larger errors for SST and current direction.This study provides an evaluation of the forecast skills of commonly used DLMs and provides an example to objectively intercompare different DLMs.
基金The Fund of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory under contract No.SML2020Sp008the National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract Nos 2016YFC1401605 and 2016YFC1401802。
文摘Hypoxia is increasingly reported off the Changjiang River Estuary with the confluence of multiple high volume nutrient sources.The Regional Ocean Modeling System coupled with a biological model was used to analyze the effect of different nutrient sources on the development of hypoxia off the Changjiang River Estuary.By comparing to observed data,our model suitably captured the regional dynamics of chlorophyll a,dissolved oxygen,and nutrient concentration.A series of sensitivity experiments were conducted to investigate the hypoxia response to the various nutrient sources,such as loading from the Changjiang River,Kuroshio and Taiwan Warm Current.Our model results indicated that nutrients from different sources significantly influenced the hypoxia off the Changjiang River Estuary,and it was mostly affected by nutrients sourced from the Kuroshio.The nutrients input from the Changjiang River had larger impacts on the hypoxia in the north of 30°N than that in the south of 30°N.The nutrients sourced from the Taiwan Strait had a least influence on the hypoxia off the Changjiang River Estuary.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2017YFA0604203the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 42176029 and 41806003。
文摘In order to satisfy the increasing demand for the marine forecasting capacity,the Bohai Sea,the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea Operational Oceanography Forecasting System(BYEOFS)has been upgraded and improved to Version 2.0.Based on the Regional Ocean Modeling System(ROMS),a series of comparative experiments were conducted during the improvement process,including correcting topography,changing sea surface atmospheric forcing mode,adjusting open boundary conditions,and considering atmospheric pressure correction.(1)After the topography correction,the volume transport and meridional velocity maximum of Yellow Sea Warm Current increase obviously and the unreasonable bending of its axis around 36.1°N,123.5°E disappears.(2)After the change of sea surface forcing mode,an effective negative feedback mechanism is formed between predicted sea surface temperature(SST)by the ocean model and sea surface radiation fluxes fields.The simulation errors of SST decreased significantly,and the annual average of root-mean-square error(RMSE)decreased by about 18%.(3)The change of the eastern lateral boundary condition of baroclinic velocity from mixed Radiation-Nudging to Clamped makes the unreasonable westward current in Tsushima Strait disappear.(4)The adding of mean sea level pressure correction option which forms the mean sea level gradient from the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea to the western Pacific in winter and autumn is helpful to increasing the fluctuation of SLA and outflow of the Yellow Sea when the cold high air pressure system controls the Yellow Sea area.
基金The Joint Advanced Marine and Ecological Studies(JAMES)in the Bay of Bengal and eastern equatorial Indian Ocean supported by the Global Change and Air-Sea InteractionⅡProgram under contract Nos GASI-01-EIND-STwin and GASI-04-WLHY-03Zhejiang Provincial Ten Thousand Talents Plan under contract No.2020R52038.
文摘A high-resolution customized numerical model is used to analyze the water transport in the three major water passages between the Andaman Sea(AS)and the Bay of Bengal,i.e.,the Preparis Channel(PC),the Ten Degree Channel(TDC),and the Great Channel(GC),based on the daily averaged simulation results ranging from 2010 to 2019.Spectral analysis and Empirical Orthogonal Function(EOF)methods are employed to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of the water exchange and controlling mechanisms.The results of model simulation indicate that the net average transports of the PC and GC,as well as their linear trend,are opposite to that of the TDC.This indicates that the PC and the GC are the main inflow channels of the AS,while the TDC is the main outflow channel of the AS.The transport variability is most pronounced at surface levels and between 100 m and 200 m depth,likely affected by monsoons and circulation.A 182.4-d semiannual variability is consistently seen in all three channels,which is also evident in their second principal components.Based on sea level anomalies and EOF analysis results,this is primarily due to equatorial winds during the monsoon transition period,causing eastward movement of Kelvin waves along the AS coast,thereby affecting the spatiotemporal characteristics of the flow in the AS.The first EOF of the PC flow field section shows a split at 100 m deep,likely due to topography.The first EOF of the TDC flow field section is steady but has potent seasonal oscillations in its time series.Meanwhile,the first EOF of the GC flow field section indicates a stable surface inflow,probably influenced by the equatorial Indian Ocean’s eastward current.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32270201,31972216,and 31970140)the Key Research and Development Project of Zhejiang Province,China (2021C02010)+1 种基金a Special Project for the Selection and Breeding of New Agricultural Varieties in Zhejiang Province,China (2021C02064)supported by the grant Organism Interaction from Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory (to F.L.).
文摘The ubiquitin–proteasome system and the autophagy system are the two primary mechanisms used by eukaryotes to maintain protein homeostasis,and both are closely related to the pathogenicity of the rice blast fungus.In this research,we identified MoCand2 as an inhibitor of ubiquitination in Magnaporthe oryzae.Through this role,MoCand2 participates in the regulation of autophagy and pathogenicity.Spe-cifically,we found that deletion of MoCand2 increased the ubiquitination level in M.oryzae,whereas overexpression of MoCand2 inhibited the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins.Interaction analyses showed that MoCand2 is a subunit of Cullin-RING ligases(CRLs).It suppresses ubiquitination by blocking the assembly of CRLs and downregulating the expression of key CRL subunits.Further research indi-cated that MoCand2 regulates autophagy through ubiquitination.MoCand2 knockout led to over-ubiquitination and over-degradation of MoTor,and we confirmed that MoTor content was negatively correlated with autophagy level.In addition,MoCand2 knockout accelerated the K63 ubiquitination of MoAtg6 and strengthened the assembly and activity of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase class 3 complex,thus enhancing autophagy.Abnormal ubiquitination and autophagy in DMocand2 resulted in defects in growth,conidiation,stress resistance,and pathogenicity.Finally,sequence alignment and functional an-alyses in other phytopathogenic fungi confirmed the high conservation of fungal Cand2s.Our research thus reveals a novel mechanism by which ubiquitination regulates autophagy and pathogenicity in phyto-pathogenic fungi.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Science and Technology Major Program on Agricultural New Variety Breeding(2021C02064-6)。
文摘Dear Editor,Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor[L.]Moench)(2n=20),a C4 droughttolerant cereal crop,is widely cultivated for food,feed,and biofuel,resulting in varieties with distinct morphological characteristics.The Sanger-sequencing-based sorghum reference genome of the inbred variety BTx623(grain sorghum)was initially released in 2009(base error<1 per 10 kb)(Paterson et al.,2009),and the most widely used version 3 assembly(base error<1 per 100 kb),consisting of 4773 contigs with 2679 unresolved gaps(~28 Mb)in 10 chromosomes,was improved by next-generation sequencing in 2017(McCormick et al.,2018).
