Carbon dioxide is an important medium of the global carbon cycle,and has the dual properties of realizing the conversion of organic matter in the ecosystem and causing the greenhouse effect.The fixed or available carb...Carbon dioxide is an important medium of the global carbon cycle,and has the dual properties of realizing the conversion of organic matter in the ecosystem and causing the greenhouse effect.The fixed or available carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is defined as"gray carbon",while the carbon dioxide that cannot be fixed or used and remains in the atmosphere is called"black carbon".Carbon neutral is the consensus of human development,but its implementation still faces many challenges in politics,resources,technology,market,and energy structure,etc.It is proposed that carbon replacement,carbon emission reduction,carbon sequestration,and carbon cycle are the four main approaches to achieve carbon neutral,among which carbon replacement is the backbone.New energy has become the leading role of the third energy conversion and will dominate carbon neutral in the future.Nowadays,solar energy,wind energy,hydropower,nuclear energy and hydrogen energy are the main forces of new energy,helping the power sector to achieve low carbon emissions."Green hydrogen"is the reserve force of new energy,helping further reduce carbon emissions in industrial and transportation fields.Artificial carbon conversion technology is a bridge connecting new energy and fossil energy,effectively reducing the carbon emissions of fossil energy.It is predicted that the peak value of China’s carbon dioxide emissions will reach 110×10^(8) t in 2030.The study predicts that China’s carbon emissions will drop to 22×10^(8) t,33×10^(8) t and 44×10^(8) t,respectively,in 2060 according to three scenarios of high,medium,and low levels.To realize carbon neutral in China,seven implementation suggestions have been put forward to build a new"three small and one large"energy structure in China and promote the realization of China’s energy independence strategy.展开更多
The microstructures of shale samples before and after hydration were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), and the differences in microstructure and physical parameters of original shale...The microstructures of shale samples before and after hydration were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), and the differences in microstructure and physical parameters of original shale samples, water saturated samples and samples with water centrifugated were examined by micro CT, porosity and permeability tests. The FESEM test shows that the hydration has no effect on the main morphology, position and pores of organic matter(OM). Hydration can increase the number and width of fractures in shale, including generation of new fractures and extension of existent fractures between inorganic minerals and width increase of fractures between banded organic matter and inorganic minerals. Micro CT results of samples with different water saturations show that the intensity of hydration is dominated by primary fracture development, in other words, the more developed the primary fractures of the shale, the stronger the hydration will be. The width of fractures increased two to five times by intense hydration. The porosity of shale is mainly controlled by organic matter content and secondly influenced by the fracture development. The permeability of shale is mainly affected by fracture development and secondly by the porosity. The fracture development influenced both porosity and permeability, but more strongly on permeability than porosity.展开更多
Global climate change caused by geological processes is one of the main causes of the 5 global mass extinctions in geological history.Human industrialization activities have caused serious damage to the ecosystem,the ...Global climate change caused by geological processes is one of the main causes of the 5 global mass extinctions in geological history.Human industrialization activities have caused serious damage to the ecosystem,the greenhouse effect of atmospheric CO_(2)has intensified,and the living environment is facing threats and challenges.Carbon neutrality is the active action and common goal of mankind in the face of the climate change crisis,therefore,probing into its theoretical and technological connotation,scientific and technological innovation system has far-reaching significance and broad prospects.Studies indicate that(1)Carbon neutrality reflects the theoretical connotations of“energy science”and“carbon neutrality science”,including technical connotations of carbon emission reduction,zero carbon emission,negative carbon emission,and carbon trading.(2)Carbon neutrality spawns new industries such as carbon industry centering on CO_(2)capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS,or CO_(2)capture and storage CCS),and hydrogen industry centering on green hydrogen.“Gray carbon”and“black carbon”are the two application attributes of CO_(2).“Carbon+”,“Carbon−”,and“Carbon=”are three carbon-neutral products and technologies.(3)China faces three major challenges in achieving the goal of carbon neutrality:first,energy transition is large in scale and the cycle is short;Second,there are many problems in the process of energy transition,such as security uncertainties,economic utilization,and unpredictable disruptive technologies;Third,after transition,we may face new key techno-logical“bottlenecks”and“broken chain”of key mineral resources.(4)Based on current knowledge to predict the top 10 disruptive technologies and industries in the energy field:underground coal gasification,in-situ conversion process of medium and low-mature shale oil,CCUS/CCS,hydrogen energy and fuel cells,bio-photovoltaic power generation,space-based solar power generation,optical storage smart micro-grid,super energy storage,controllable nuclear fusion,wisdom energy Internet.Five strategic projects will be implemented,including energy conservation and efficiency improvement,carbon reduction and sequestration,scientific and technological innovation,emergency reserve and policy support.(5)In the future,different types of energy will have different orientations.Coal will play the role of ensuring the national energy strategy“reserve”and“guarantee the bottom line”.Petroleum will play the role of ensuring national energy security“urgent need”and the“cornerstone”of raw materials in people's livelihood.Natural gas will play the role in ensuring national energy“safety”and“best partner”of new energy.New energy will play the role in ensuring the“replacement”and“main force”of the national energy strategy.(6)Carbon neutrality is a major practice of the green industrial revolution,carbon reduction energy revolution,and ecological technology revolution,which will bring new and profound changes to human society,the environment and the economy.(7)Carbon neutrality needs to follow the four principles of“disruptive breakthroughs in technology,guarantee of energy security,realization of economic feasibility,and controllable social stability”.We should rely on technological innovation and management changes to ensure the realization of national energy“independence”and carbon neutrality goal,and make China's contribution to the construction of a livable earth,green development,and ecological civilization.展开更多
Overview of global carbon neutrality Types of“carbon”.Carbon is one of the primary elements in living matters and an important constituent of organic matters.It exists in the earth’s atmosphere,terrestrial ecosyste...Overview of global carbon neutrality Types of“carbon”.Carbon is one of the primary elements in living matters and an important constituent of organic matters.It exists in the earth’s atmosphere,terrestrial ecosystem,oceanic circle and lithosphere in the forms of carbon dioxide,organic matters and inorganic matters.In this article,we define fixed or utilizable carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as“grey carbon”,and carbon dioxide that cannot be fixed or used and remains in the atmosphere as“black carbon”.Since humans entered the industrialization era,the consumption of fossil fuels has increased dramatically.展开更多
文摘Carbon dioxide is an important medium of the global carbon cycle,and has the dual properties of realizing the conversion of organic matter in the ecosystem and causing the greenhouse effect.The fixed or available carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is defined as"gray carbon",while the carbon dioxide that cannot be fixed or used and remains in the atmosphere is called"black carbon".Carbon neutral is the consensus of human development,but its implementation still faces many challenges in politics,resources,technology,market,and energy structure,etc.It is proposed that carbon replacement,carbon emission reduction,carbon sequestration,and carbon cycle are the four main approaches to achieve carbon neutral,among which carbon replacement is the backbone.New energy has become the leading role of the third energy conversion and will dominate carbon neutral in the future.Nowadays,solar energy,wind energy,hydropower,nuclear energy and hydrogen energy are the main forces of new energy,helping the power sector to achieve low carbon emissions."Green hydrogen"is the reserve force of new energy,helping further reduce carbon emissions in industrial and transportation fields.Artificial carbon conversion technology is a bridge connecting new energy and fossil energy,effectively reducing the carbon emissions of fossil energy.It is predicted that the peak value of China’s carbon dioxide emissions will reach 110×10^(8) t in 2030.The study predicts that China’s carbon emissions will drop to 22×10^(8) t,33×10^(8) t and 44×10^(8) t,respectively,in 2060 according to three scenarios of high,medium,and low levels.To realize carbon neutral in China,seven implementation suggestions have been put forward to build a new"three small and one large"energy structure in China and promote the realization of China’s energy independence strategy.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51376104)China National 13th Five-Year Plan Science and Technology Major Project(2017ZX05035002)
文摘The microstructures of shale samples before and after hydration were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), and the differences in microstructure and physical parameters of original shale samples, water saturated samples and samples with water centrifugated were examined by micro CT, porosity and permeability tests. The FESEM test shows that the hydration has no effect on the main morphology, position and pores of organic matter(OM). Hydration can increase the number and width of fractures in shale, including generation of new fractures and extension of existent fractures between inorganic minerals and width increase of fractures between banded organic matter and inorganic minerals. Micro CT results of samples with different water saturations show that the intensity of hydration is dominated by primary fracture development, in other words, the more developed the primary fractures of the shale, the stronger the hydration will be. The width of fractures increased two to five times by intense hydration. The porosity of shale is mainly controlled by organic matter content and secondly influenced by the fracture development. The permeability of shale is mainly affected by fracture development and secondly by the porosity. The fracture development influenced both porosity and permeability, but more strongly on permeability than porosity.
文摘Global climate change caused by geological processes is one of the main causes of the 5 global mass extinctions in geological history.Human industrialization activities have caused serious damage to the ecosystem,the greenhouse effect of atmospheric CO_(2)has intensified,and the living environment is facing threats and challenges.Carbon neutrality is the active action and common goal of mankind in the face of the climate change crisis,therefore,probing into its theoretical and technological connotation,scientific and technological innovation system has far-reaching significance and broad prospects.Studies indicate that(1)Carbon neutrality reflects the theoretical connotations of“energy science”and“carbon neutrality science”,including technical connotations of carbon emission reduction,zero carbon emission,negative carbon emission,and carbon trading.(2)Carbon neutrality spawns new industries such as carbon industry centering on CO_(2)capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS,or CO_(2)capture and storage CCS),and hydrogen industry centering on green hydrogen.“Gray carbon”and“black carbon”are the two application attributes of CO_(2).“Carbon+”,“Carbon−”,and“Carbon=”are three carbon-neutral products and technologies.(3)China faces three major challenges in achieving the goal of carbon neutrality:first,energy transition is large in scale and the cycle is short;Second,there are many problems in the process of energy transition,such as security uncertainties,economic utilization,and unpredictable disruptive technologies;Third,after transition,we may face new key techno-logical“bottlenecks”and“broken chain”of key mineral resources.(4)Based on current knowledge to predict the top 10 disruptive technologies and industries in the energy field:underground coal gasification,in-situ conversion process of medium and low-mature shale oil,CCUS/CCS,hydrogen energy and fuel cells,bio-photovoltaic power generation,space-based solar power generation,optical storage smart micro-grid,super energy storage,controllable nuclear fusion,wisdom energy Internet.Five strategic projects will be implemented,including energy conservation and efficiency improvement,carbon reduction and sequestration,scientific and technological innovation,emergency reserve and policy support.(5)In the future,different types of energy will have different orientations.Coal will play the role of ensuring the national energy strategy“reserve”and“guarantee the bottom line”.Petroleum will play the role of ensuring national energy security“urgent need”and the“cornerstone”of raw materials in people's livelihood.Natural gas will play the role in ensuring national energy“safety”and“best partner”of new energy.New energy will play the role in ensuring the“replacement”and“main force”of the national energy strategy.(6)Carbon neutrality is a major practice of the green industrial revolution,carbon reduction energy revolution,and ecological technology revolution,which will bring new and profound changes to human society,the environment and the economy.(7)Carbon neutrality needs to follow the four principles of“disruptive breakthroughs in technology,guarantee of energy security,realization of economic feasibility,and controllable social stability”.We should rely on technological innovation and management changes to ensure the realization of national energy“independence”and carbon neutrality goal,and make China's contribution to the construction of a livable earth,green development,and ecological civilization.
文摘Overview of global carbon neutrality Types of“carbon”.Carbon is one of the primary elements in living matters and an important constituent of organic matters.It exists in the earth’s atmosphere,terrestrial ecosystem,oceanic circle and lithosphere in the forms of carbon dioxide,organic matters and inorganic matters.In this article,we define fixed or utilizable carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as“grey carbon”,and carbon dioxide that cannot be fixed or used and remains in the atmosphere as“black carbon”.Since humans entered the industrialization era,the consumption of fossil fuels has increased dramatically.
