Emergency evacuation involves rapid transfer of individuals from hazardous areas,where limited time and space can lead to collisions.Although the collision behavior of evacuees has been studied previously,there is a l...Emergency evacuation involves rapid transfer of individuals from hazardous areas,where limited time and space can lead to collisions.Although the collision behavior of evacuees has been studied previously,there is a lack of systematic summaries.This study used the CiteSpace visualization software to analyze keywords in the evacuation collision literature.Based on the frequency of keyword occurrence,we determined the research trend;classified the keywords;and analyzed and summarized their influencing factors,behavioral characteristics,and research methods.Clearly,the evacuation environment and emergency guidance directly affect individual behavior and emotions,mainly affecting gait adjustment and decisionmaking processes,which in turn determine evacuation efficiency and collision risk.In the future,emphasis should be placed on post-collision psychological activities,coping strategies,and the application of virtual and mixed reality technologies to observe the interaction between individuals and the environment and to strengthen evacuation research.展开更多
Nickel (hydr)oxide (NiOH) is known to be good co-catalyst for the photoelectrochemical oxidation of water,and for the photocatalytic oxidation of organics on different semiconductors.Herein we report a greatly improve...Nickel (hydr)oxide (NiOH) is known to be good co-catalyst for the photoelectrochemical oxidation of water,and for the photocatalytic oxidation of organics on different semiconductors.Herein we report a greatly improved activity of Bi_(2)MoO_(6)(BMO) by nickel hexammine perchlorate (NiNH).Under visible light,phenol oxidation on BMO was slow.After NiNH,NiOH,and Ni^(2+)loading,a maximum rate of phenol oxidation increased by factors of approximately 16,8.8,and 4.7,respectively.With a BMO electrode,all catalysts inhibited O_(2)reduction,enhanced water (photo-)oxidation,and facilitated the charge transfer at solidliquid interface,respectively,the degree of which was always NiNH>NiOH>Ni^(2+).Solid emission spectra indicated that all catalysts improved the charge separation of BMO,the degree of which also varied as NiNH>NiOH>Ni^(2+).Furthermore,after a phenol-free aqueous suspension of NiNH/BMO was irradiated,there was a considerable Ni(Ⅲ) species,but a negligible NH_(2)radical.Accordingly,a plausible mechanism is proposed,involving the hole oxidation of Ni(Ⅱ) into Ni(Ⅳ),which is reactive to phenol oxidation,and hence promotes O_(2)reduction.Because NH_(3)is a stronger ligand than H_(2)O,the Ni(Ⅱ) oxidation is easier for Ni(NH_(3))6+than for Ni(H_(2)O)6+.This work shows a simple route how to improve BMO photocatalysis through a co-catalyst.展开更多
The growing demand for surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensors in biochemical detection,environmental monitoring,microfluidics,and other fields has promoted the development of highly sensitive and stable substrates....The growing demand for surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensors in biochemical detection,environmental monitoring,microfluidics,and other fields has promoted the development of highly sensitive and stable substrates.Femtosecond laser-fabricated surfaces with controlled wettability,unique micro/nanostructure designs,and tunable extreme wetting properties can significantly enhance the signal amplification and reproducibility of surface-enhanced Raman scattering techniques.In this review,we offer a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in surface-enhanced Raman scattering techniques based on superwetting surfaces fabricated by femtosecond laser processing,including fully superhydrophobic surfaces,hybrid wettability surfaces,and visual localization surfaces.The main research areas,such as pattern optimization,dynamic measurements,hot spot enhancement,and stability improvement,are highlighted.We also summarize the practical applications of surface-enhanced Raman scattering in chemical detection,microfluidic control,medical diagnosis,and food safety evaluation.Finally,the current challenges and limitations in the development of femtosecond laser-processed superwetting substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering are described.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52304273)Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Civil Aviation Emergency Science&Technology(CAAC)(Grant No.NJ2022022)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2023XJAQ01).
文摘Emergency evacuation involves rapid transfer of individuals from hazardous areas,where limited time and space can lead to collisions.Although the collision behavior of evacuees has been studied previously,there is a lack of systematic summaries.This study used the CiteSpace visualization software to analyze keywords in the evacuation collision literature.Based on the frequency of keyword occurrence,we determined the research trend;classified the keywords;and analyzed and summarized their influencing factors,behavioral characteristics,and research methods.Clearly,the evacuation environment and emergency guidance directly affect individual behavior and emotions,mainly affecting gait adjustment and decisionmaking processes,which in turn determine evacuation efficiency and collision risk.In the future,emphasis should be placed on post-collision psychological activities,coping strategies,and the application of virtual and mixed reality technologies to observe the interaction between individuals and the environment and to strengthen evacuation research.
基金supported by the Funds for Creative Research Group of NSFC (No.21621005)。
文摘Nickel (hydr)oxide (NiOH) is known to be good co-catalyst for the photoelectrochemical oxidation of water,and for the photocatalytic oxidation of organics on different semiconductors.Herein we report a greatly improved activity of Bi_(2)MoO_(6)(BMO) by nickel hexammine perchlorate (NiNH).Under visible light,phenol oxidation on BMO was slow.After NiNH,NiOH,and Ni^(2+)loading,a maximum rate of phenol oxidation increased by factors of approximately 16,8.8,and 4.7,respectively.With a BMO electrode,all catalysts inhibited O_(2)reduction,enhanced water (photo-)oxidation,and facilitated the charge transfer at solidliquid interface,respectively,the degree of which was always NiNH>NiOH>Ni^(2+).Solid emission spectra indicated that all catalysts improved the charge separation of BMO,the degree of which also varied as NiNH>NiOH>Ni^(2+).Furthermore,after a phenol-free aqueous suspension of NiNH/BMO was irradiated,there was a considerable Ni(Ⅲ) species,but a negligible NH_(2)radical.Accordingly,a plausible mechanism is proposed,involving the hole oxidation of Ni(Ⅱ) into Ni(Ⅳ),which is reactive to phenol oxidation,and hence promotes O_(2)reduction.Because NH_(3)is a stronger ligand than H_(2)O,the Ni(Ⅱ) oxidation is easier for Ni(NH_(3))6+than for Ni(H_(2)O)6+.This work shows a simple route how to improve BMO photocatalysis through a co-catalyst.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:6240032084Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,Grant/Award Number:2023-JC-QN-0711+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities111 Project。
文摘The growing demand for surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensors in biochemical detection,environmental monitoring,microfluidics,and other fields has promoted the development of highly sensitive and stable substrates.Femtosecond laser-fabricated surfaces with controlled wettability,unique micro/nanostructure designs,and tunable extreme wetting properties can significantly enhance the signal amplification and reproducibility of surface-enhanced Raman scattering techniques.In this review,we offer a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in surface-enhanced Raman scattering techniques based on superwetting surfaces fabricated by femtosecond laser processing,including fully superhydrophobic surfaces,hybrid wettability surfaces,and visual localization surfaces.The main research areas,such as pattern optimization,dynamic measurements,hot spot enhancement,and stability improvement,are highlighted.We also summarize the practical applications of surface-enhanced Raman scattering in chemical detection,microfluidic control,medical diagnosis,and food safety evaluation.Finally,the current challenges and limitations in the development of femtosecond laser-processed superwetting substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering are described.
