Drought and salinity are major environmental stresses that impair crop growth and productivity worldwide. Improving drought and salt tolerance of crops with microbial mutualists is an effective and environmentally sou...Drought and salinity are major environmental stresses that impair crop growth and productivity worldwide. Improving drought and salt tolerance of crops with microbial mutualists is an effective and environmentally sound strategy to meet the demands of the ever-growing world population. In the present study, we found that the Streptomyces albidoflavus Osi Lf-2, a moderately salt-tolerant endophytic actinomycete, produced abundant osmolytes, including proline, polysaccharides, and ectoine. Inoculation with Osi Lf-2 increased the osmotic-adjustment ability of the rice host by increasing the proline content(by250.3% and 49.4%) and soluble sugar(by 20.9% and 49.4%) in rice under drought and salt conditions, relative to the uninoculated control. Osi Lf-2 increased stress responses in the rice host at the physiological and biochemical levels(photosynthesis efficiency, osmolytes and antioxidant content), and the gene level(osmolytes synthesis, stress-responsive and ion-transport related genes), raising rice yields under both greenhouse and saline–alkaline soil conditions. The use of endophytic actinomycetes offers a promising biotechnological approach to developing stress-tolerant plants.展开更多
In this study,we constructed dual-transgene vectors（pDT1,pDT7,and pDT7G） that simultaneously co-expressed two genes in plants.ACTIN2 and UBQ10 promoters were used to control the expression of these two genes.The 4&#...In this study,we constructed dual-transgene vectors（pDT1,pDT7,and pDT7G） that simultaneously co-expressed two genes in plants.ACTIN2 and UBQ10 promoters were used to control the expression of these two genes.The 4×Myc.3×HA,and 3×Flag reporter genes allowed for the convenient identification of a tunable co-expression system in plants,whereas the dexamethasone（Dex） inducible reporter gene C-terminus of the glucocorticoid receptor（cGR） provided Dex-dependent translocation of the fusion gene between the nucleus and cytoplasm.The function of pDT vectors was validated using four pairwise genes in Nicotiana benthamiana or Anihidopsis thaliana.The co-expression efficiency of two genes from the pDT1 and pDT7 G vectors was 35%and 42%,respectively,which ensured the generation of sufficient transgenic materials.These pDT vectors are simple,reliable,efficient,and time-saving tools for the co-expression of two genes through a single transformation event and can be used in the study of protein-protein interactions or multi-component complexes.展开更多
Breeding semi-dwarf varieties to improve lodging resistance has been proven to be enormously successful in increasing grain yield since the advent of the ＂green revolution.＂ However, the breeding of the majority of ...Breeding semi-dwarf varieties to improve lodging resistance has been proven to be enormously successful in increasing grain yield since the advent of the ＂green revolution.＂ However, the breeding of the majority of semi-dwarf rice varieties in Asia has been dependent mainly on genetic introduction of the mutant alleles of SD1, which encodes a gibberellin （GA） 20-oxidase, OsGA20ox2, for catalyzing GA biosynthesis. Here, we report a new rice lodging-resistance gene, Shortened Basal lnternodes （SBI）, which encodes a gibberellin 2- oxidase and specifically controls the elongation of culm basal internodes through deactivating GA activity. SBI is predominantly expressed in culm basal internodes. Genetic analyses indicate that SBI is a semidominant gene affecting rice height and lodging resistance. SBI allelic variants display different activities and are associated with the height of rice varieties. Breeding with higher activity of the SBI allele generates new rice varieties with improved lodging resistance and increased yield. The discovery of the SB! provides a desirable gene resource for producing semi-dwarf rice phenotypes and offers an effective strategy for breeding rice varieties with enhanced lodging resistance and high yield.展开更多
Pentatricopeptide repeat （PPR） proteins comprise a large family in higher plants and modulate organellar gene expression by participating in various aspects of organellar RNA metabolism. In rice, the family contains...Pentatricopeptide repeat （PPR） proteins comprise a large family in higher plants and modulate organellar gene expression by participating in various aspects of organellar RNA metabolism. In rice, the family contains 477 members, and the majority of their functions remain unclear. In this study, we isolated and characterized a rice mutant, white stripe leaf （wsl）, which displays chlorotic striations early in development. Map-based cloning revealed that WSL encodes a newly identified rice PPR protein which targets the chloroplasts. In wsl mutants, PEP-dependent plastid gene expression was significantly down-regulated, and plastid rRNAs and translation products accumulate to very low levels. Consistently with the observations, wsl shows a strong defect in the splicing of chloroplast transcript rpl2, resulting in aberrant transcript accumulation and its product reduction in the mutant. The wsl shows enhanced sensitivity to ABA, salinity, and sugar, and it accumulates more H2O2 than wild-type. These results suggest the reduced translation efficiency may affect the response of the mutant to abiotic stress.展开更多
The molecular links between extracellular signals and the regulation of localized protein synthesis in plant cells are poorly understood.Here,we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana,the extracellular peptide RALF1 and it...The molecular links between extracellular signals and the regulation of localized protein synthesis in plant cells are poorly understood.Here,we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana,the extracellular peptide RALF1 and its receptor,the FERONIA receptor kinase,promote root hair(RH)tip growth by modulating protein synthesis.We found that RALF1 promotes FERONIA-mediated phosphorylation of elF4E1,a eukaryotic translation initiation factor that plays a crucial role in the control of mRNA translation rate.Phosphorylated elF4E1 increases mRNA affinity and modulates mRNA translation and,thus,protein synthesis.The mRNAs targeted by the RALF1-FERONIA-elF4E1 module include ROP2 and RSL4,which are important regulators of RH cell polarity and growth.RALF1 and FERONIA are expressed in a polar manner in RHs,which facilitate elF4E1 polar丨ocalization and thus may control local f?OP2 translation.Moreover,we demonstrated that high-level accumulation of RSL4 exerts negative-feedback regulation of RALF1 expression by directly binding the RALF1 gene promoter,determining the final RH size.Our study reveals that the link between RALF1-FERONIA signaling and protein synthesis constitutes a novel component regulating cell expansion in these polar growing cells.展开更多
Light is a critical environmental cue that regulates a variety of diverse plant developmental processes.Cryptochrome 1(CRY1)is the major photoreceptor that mediates blue light-dependent photomorphogenic responses such...Light is a critical environmental cue that regulates a variety of diverse plant developmental processes.Cryptochrome 1(CRY1)is the major photoreceptor that mediates blue light-dependent photomorphogenic responses such as the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation.Gibberellin(GA)participates in the repression of photomorphogenesis and promotes hypocotyl elongation.However,the antagonistic interaction between blue light and GA is not well understood.Here,we report that blue light represses GA-induced degradation of the DELLA proteins(DELLAs),which are key negative regulators in the GA signaling pathway,via CRY1,thereby inhibiting the GA response during hypocotyl elongation.Both in vitro and in vivo biochemical analyses demonstrated that CRY1 physically interacts with GA receptors-GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF 1 proteins(GID1s)-and DELLAs in a blue light-dependent manner.Furthermore,we showed that CRY1 inhibits the association between GID1s and DELLAs.Genetically,CRY1 antagonizes the function of GID1s to repress the expression of cell elongation-related genes and thus hypocotyl elongation.Taken together,our findings demonstrate that CRY1 coordinates blue light and GA signali ng for plant photomorphogenesis by stabilizing DELLAs through the binding and in activation of GID1s,providing new in sights into the mechanism by which blue light antagonizes the function of GA in photomorphogenesis.展开更多
FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX 1(FKF1)encodes an F-box protein that regulates photoperiod flowering in Arabidopsis under long-day conditions(LDs).Gibberellin(GA)is also important for regulating flowering under LDs....FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX 1(FKF1)encodes an F-box protein that regulates photoperiod flowering in Arabidopsis under long-day conditions(LDs).Gibberellin(GA)is also important for regulating flowering under LDs.However,how FKF1 and the GA pathway work in concert in regulating flowering is not fully understood.Here,we showed that the mutation of FKF1 could cause accumulation of DELLA proteins,which are crucial repressors in GA signaling pathway,thereby reducing plant sensitivity to GA in flowering.Both in vitro and in vivo biochemical analyses demonstrated that FKF1 directly interacted with DELLA proteins.Furthermore,we showed that FKF1 promoted ubiquitination and degradation of DELLA proteins.Analysis of genetic data revealed that FKF1 acted partially through DELLAs to regulate flowering under LDs.In addition,DELLAs exerted a negative feedback on FKF1 expression.Collectively,these findings demonstrate that FKF1 promotes flowering partially by negatively regulating DELLA protein stability under LDs,and suggesting a potential mechanism linking the FKF1 to the GA signaling DELLA proteins.展开更多
Tip growth is a common strategy for the rapid elongation of cells to forage the environment and/or to target to long-distance destinations. In the model tip growth system of Arabidopsis pollen tubes, several small- mo...Tip growth is a common strategy for the rapid elongation of cells to forage the environment and/or to target to long-distance destinations. In the model tip growth system of Arabidopsis pollen tubes, several small- molecule hormones regulate their elongation, but how these rapidly diffusing molecules control extremely localized growth remains mysterious. Here we show that the interconvertible salicylic acid （SA） and meth- ylated SA （MESA）, well characterized for their roles in plant defense, oppositely regulate Arabidopsis pollen tip growth with SA being inhibitory and MeSA stimulatory. The effect of SA and MeSA was independent of known NPR3/NPR4 SA receptor-mediated signaling pathways. SA inhibited clathrin-mediated endocytosis in pollen tubes associated with an increased accumulation of less stretchable demethylated pectin in the apical wall, whereas MeSA did the opposite. Furthermore, SA and MeSA alter the apical activation of ROP1 GTPase, a key regulator of tip growth in pollen tubes, in an opposite manner. Interestingly, both MeSA methylesterase and SA methyltransferase, which catalyze the interconversion between SA and MESA, are localized at the apical region of pollen tubes, indicating of the tip-localized production of SA and MeSA and consistent with their effects on the apical cellular activities. These findings suggest that local generation of a highly diffusible signal can regulate polarized cell growth, providing a novel mechanism of cell polarity control apart from the one involving protein and mRNA polarization.展开更多
Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 （CRY2） is a blue light receptor that mediates light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and long-day promotion of floral initiation, CRY2 is known to undergo blue light-dependent phosphoryl...Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 （CRY2） is a blue light receptor that mediates light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and long-day promotion of floral initiation, CRY2 is known to undergo blue light-dependent phosphorylation, which is believed to serve regulatory roles in the function of CRY2. We report here on a biochemical and genetics study of CRY2 phosphorylation. Using mass spectrometry analysis, we identified three serine residues in the CCE domain of CRY2 （S588, S599, and S605） that undergo blue light-dependent phosphorylation in Arabidopsis seedlings. A study of serine-substitution mutations in the CCE domain of CRY2 demonstrates that CRY2 contains two types of phosphorylation in the CCE domain, one in the serine cluster that causes electrophoretic mobility upshift and the other outside the serine cluster that does not seem to cause mobility upshift. We showed that mutations in the serine residues within and outside the serine cluster diminished blue light-dependent CRY2 phosphorylation, degradation, and physiological activities. These results support the hypothesis that blue light-dependent phosphorylation of the CCE domain determines the photosensitivity of Arabidopsis CRY2.展开更多
Acetylation of N^(4)-cytidine(ac^(4)C)has recently been discovered as a novel modification of mRNA.RNA ac^(4)C modification has been shown to be a key regulator of RNA stability,RNA translation,and the thermal stress ...Acetylation of N^(4)-cytidine(ac^(4)C)has recently been discovered as a novel modification of mRNA.RNA ac^(4)C modification has been shown to be a key regulator of RNA stability,RNA translation,and the thermal stress response.However,its existence in eukaryotic mRNAs is still controversial.In plants,the existence,distribution pattern,and potential function of RNA ac^(4)C modification are largely unknown.Here we report the presence of ac^(4)C in the mRNAs of both Arabidopsis thaliana and rice(Oryza sativa).By comparing two ac^(4)C sequencing methods,we found that RNA immunoprecipitation and sequencing(acRIP-seq),but not ac^(4)C sequencing,was suitable for plant RNA ac^(4)C sequencing.We present transcriptome-wide atlases of RNA ac^(4)C modification in A.thaliana and rice mRNAs obtained by acRIP-seq.Analysis of the distribution of RNA ac^(4)C modifications showed that ac^(4)C is enriched near translation start sites in rice mRNAs and near translation start sites and translation end sites in Arabidopsis mRNAs.The RNA ac^(4)C modification level is positively correlated with RNA half-life and the number of splicing variants.Similar to that in mammals,the translation efficiency of ac^(4)C target genes is significantly higher than that of other genes.Our in vitro translation results confirmed that RNA ac^(4)C modification enhances translation efficiency.We also found that RNA ac^(4)C modification is negatively correlated with RNA structure.These results suggest that ac^(4)C is a conserved mRNA modification in plants that contributes to RNA stability,splicing,translation,and secondary structure formation.展开更多
Dear Editor, GA and ABA antagonize each other in controlling seed germination, but the molecular mechanism is not fully understood. The F-box proteins act as the most important SCF （SKP1, cullin/CDC53, F-box protein...Dear Editor, GA and ABA antagonize each other in controlling seed germination, but the molecular mechanism is not fully understood. The F-box proteins act as the most important SCF （SKP1, cullin/CDC53, F-box protein） complex subunit of the ubiquitin （Ub）- 26S proteasome system, mediate diverse physiological processes ranging from hormonal signaling cascades to environmental stress responses （Santner and Estelle, 2010）. We previously demonstrated that FOAl （F-box overexpressed/oppressed ABA signaling） is an ABA signaling-related gene,展开更多
The receptor-like kinase(RLK)FERONIA(FER),located on the plasma membrane,belongs to the Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like kinase family(CrRLK1L)and participates in widespread biological processes in plants in a context-de...The receptor-like kinase(RLK)FERONIA(FER),located on the plasma membrane,belongs to the Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like kinase family(CrRLK1L)and participates in widespread biological processes in plants in a context-dependent fashion.Genetic studies in Arabidopsis illustrated the versatile roles that FER plays in fertilization,vegetative growth,defense and stress responses,cell-wall homeostasis,as well as protein synthesis.These studies also helped to identify genes and signal pathways involved in FER signal transduction.Despite increasingly larger numbers of studies discussing how FER senses its ligand,Rapid alkalinization factor(RALF)peptides,and further regulates downstream factors,few have shown the mechanisms of how FER mediates the specific regulation of downstream signals in context of the phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic domain.As understanding this would help in better understanding the diversity and complexity of FER function,this paper aims to review the roles of FER in regulating different signal outputs from the view of the role of its cytoplasmic domain.展开更多
In plants, clade A type 2 C protein phosphatases(PP2 CAs) have emerged as major players in abscisic acid(ABA)-regulated stress responses by inhibiting protein kinase activity. However, how different internal and exter...In plants, clade A type 2 C protein phosphatases(PP2 CAs) have emerged as major players in abscisic acid(ABA)-regulated stress responses by inhibiting protein kinase activity. However, how different internal and external environmental signals modulate the activity of PP2 CAs are not well known. The transmembrane kinase(TMK) protein4(TMK4), one member of a previously identified receptor kinase subfamily on the plasma membrane that plays vital roles in plant cell growth,directly interacts with PP2 CAs member(ABAInsensitive 2, ABI2). tmk4 mutant is hypersensitive to ABA in both ABA-inhibited seed germination and primary root growth, indicating that TMK4 is a negative regulator in ABA signaling pathway.Further analyses indicate that TMK4 phosphorylates ABI2 at three conserved Ser residues,thus enhancing the activity of ABI2. The phosphorylation-mimic ABI2~(S139DS140DS266D)can complement butnon-phosphorylated form ABI2~(S139AS140AS266) Acannot complement ABA hypersensitive phenotype of the loss-of-function mutant abi1-2 abi2-2. This study provides a previously unidentified mechanism for positively regulating ABI2 by a plasma membrane protein kinase.展开更多
NADP（H）-dependent glutamate dehydrogenases（GDH） in lower organisms have stronger ammonium affinity than those in higher plants. Here we report that transgenic rice overexpressing the EcGDH from Eurotium cheralieri...NADP（H）-dependent glutamate dehydrogenases（GDH） in lower organisms have stronger ammonium affinity than those in higher plants. Here we report that transgenic rice overexpressing the EcGDH from Eurotium cheralieri exhibited significantly enhanced aminating activities. Hydroponic and field tests showed that nitrogen assimilation efficiency and grain yields were markedly increased in these transgenic plants, especially at the low nitrogen conditions.These results suggest that EcGDH may have potential to be used to improve nitrogen assimilation and grain yield in rice.展开更多
Proper timing of flowering under different environmental conditions is critical for plant propagation.Light quality is a pivotal environmental cue that plays a critical role in flowering regulation.Plants tend to flow...Proper timing of flowering under different environmental conditions is critical for plant propagation.Light quality is a pivotal environmental cue that plays a critical role in flowering regulation.Plants tend to flower late under light with a high red(R)/far-red(FR)light ratio but early under light with a low R/FR light ratio.However,how plants fine-tune flowering in response to changes in light quality is not well understood.Here,we demonstrate that F-box of Flowering 2(FOF2),an autonomous pathway–related regulator,physically interacts with VASCULAR PLANT ONE-ZINC FINGER 1 and 2(VOZ1 and VOZ2),which are direct downstream factors of the R/FR light receptor phytochrome B(PHYB).We show that PHYB physically interacts with FOF2,mediates stabilization of the FOF2 protein under FR light and end-of-day FR light,and enhances FOF2 binding to VOZ2,which leads to degradation of VOZ2 by SCF^(FOF2) E3 ligase.By contrast,PHYB mediates degradation of FOF2 protein under R light and end-of-day R light.Genetic interaction studies demonstrated that FOF2 functions downstream of PHYB to promote FLC expression and inhibit flowering under both high R/FR light and simulated shade conditions,processes that are partially dependent on VOZ proteins.Taken together,our findings suggest a novel mechanism whereby plants fine-tune flowering time through a PHYB–FOF2–VOZ2 module that modulates FLC expression in response to changes in light quality.展开更多
In the Abstract of this article, there is an error in the sentence ＂Using mass spectrometry analysis, we identified three serine residues in the CCE domain of CRY2 （S588, S599, and S605） that undergo blue light-dep...In the Abstract of this article, there is an error in the sentence ＂Using mass spectrometry analysis, we identified three serine residues in the CCE domain of CRY2 （S588, S599, and S605） that undergo blue light-dependent phosphorylation in Arabidopsis seedlings＂. The authors of this article request the publication of the corrected one as ＂Using mass spectrometry analysis, we identified three serine residues in the CCE domain of CRY2 （S598, S599, and S605） that undergo blue light-dependent phosphorylation in Arabidopsis seed- lings＂. The authors apologize for not detecting this error prior to publication and for any inconvenience that may have caused.展开更多
The trading of data is becoming increasingly important as it holds substantial value.A blockchain-based data marketplace can provide a secure and transparent platform for data exchange.To facilitate this,developing a ...The trading of data is becoming increasingly important as it holds substantial value.A blockchain-based data marketplace can provide a secure and transparent platform for data exchange.To facilitate this,developing a fair data exchange protocol for digital goods has garnered considerable attention in recent decades.The Zero Knowledge Contingent Payment(ZKCP)protocol enables trustless fair exchanges with the aid of blockchain and zero-knowledge proofs.However,applying this protocol in a practical data marketplace is not trivial.In this paper,several potential attacks are identfied when applying the ZKCP protocol in a practical public data marketplace.To address these issues,we propose SmartZKCP,an enhanced solution that offers improved security measures and increased performance.The protocol is formalized to ensure fairness and secure against potential attacks.Moreover,SmartZKCP offers efficiency optimizations and minimized communication costs.Evaluation results show that SmartZKCP is both practical and efficient,making it applicable in a data exchange marketplace.展开更多
Federated learning(FL)is predicated on the provision of high-quality data by multiple clients,which is then used to train global models.A plethora of incentive mechanism studies have been conducted with the objective ...Federated learning(FL)is predicated on the provision of high-quality data by multiple clients,which is then used to train global models.A plethora of incentive mechanism studies have been conducted with the objective of promoting the provision of high-quality data by clients.These studies have focused on the distribution of benfits to clients.However,the incentives of federated learning are transactional in nature,and the issue of the atomicity of transactions has not been addressed.Furthermore,the data quality of individual clients participating in training varies,and they may participate negatively in training out of privacy leakage concerns.Consequently,we propose an inaugural atomistic incentive scheme with privacy preservation in the FL setting:𝜋FL(privacy,atomic,incentive).This scheme establishes a more dependable training environment based on Shapley valuation,secure multi-party computation,and smart contracts.Consequently,it ensures that each client’s contribution can be accurately measured and appropriately rewarded,improves the accuracy and efficiency of model training,and enhances the sustainability and reliability of the FL system.The efficacy of this mechanism has been demonstrated through comprehensive experimental analysis.It is evident that this mechanism not only protects the privacy of trainers and provides atomic training rewards but also improves the model performance of FL,with an accuracy improvement of at least 8%.展开更多
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31672093 and 31871595)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD1000603)+1 种基金Hunan Provincial Important Science and Technology Specific Projects(2018NK1010)Key Research and Development Project in Hunan Province,China(2019NK2192)。
文摘Drought and salinity are major environmental stresses that impair crop growth and productivity worldwide. Improving drought and salt tolerance of crops with microbial mutualists is an effective and environmentally sound strategy to meet the demands of the ever-growing world population. In the present study, we found that the Streptomyces albidoflavus Osi Lf-2, a moderately salt-tolerant endophytic actinomycete, produced abundant osmolytes, including proline, polysaccharides, and ectoine. Inoculation with Osi Lf-2 increased the osmotic-adjustment ability of the rice host by increasing the proline content(by250.3% and 49.4%) and soluble sugar(by 20.9% and 49.4%) in rice under drought and salt conditions, relative to the uninoculated control. Osi Lf-2 increased stress responses in the rice host at the physiological and biochemical levels(photosynthesis efficiency, osmolytes and antioxidant content), and the gene level(osmolytes synthesis, stress-responsive and ion-transport related genes), raising rice yields under both greenhouse and saline–alkaline soil conditions. The use of endophytic actinomycetes offers a promising biotechnological approach to developing stress-tolerant plants.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31171176)the Cooperative Innovation Center of Engineering and New Products for Developmental Biology of Hunan Province(Grant No.20134486)
文摘In this study,we constructed dual-transgene vectors（pDT1,pDT7,and pDT7G） that simultaneously co-expressed two genes in plants.ACTIN2 and UBQ10 promoters were used to control the expression of these two genes.The 4×Myc.3×HA,and 3×Flag reporter genes allowed for the convenient identification of a tunable co-expression system in plants,whereas the dexamethasone（Dex） inducible reporter gene C-terminus of the glucocorticoid receptor（cGR） provided Dex-dependent translocation of the fusion gene between the nucleus and cytoplasm.The function of pDT vectors was validated using four pairwise genes in Nicotiana benthamiana or Anihidopsis thaliana.The co-expression efficiency of two genes from the pDT1 and pDT7 G vectors was 35%and 42%,respectively,which ensured the generation of sufficient transgenic materials.These pDT vectors are simple,reliable,efficient,and time-saving tools for the co-expression of two genes through a single transformation event and can be used in the study of protein-protein interactions or multi-component complexes.
基金This work was supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences （CEMPS2016009 XDA08020203）, the Ministry of Science and Technology of China （2013CB127002 2016YFD0102102）, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （31571635）.
文摘Breeding semi-dwarf varieties to improve lodging resistance has been proven to be enormously successful in increasing grain yield since the advent of the ＂green revolution.＂ However, the breeding of the majority of semi-dwarf rice varieties in Asia has been dependent mainly on genetic introduction of the mutant alleles of SD1, which encodes a gibberellin （GA） 20-oxidase, OsGA20ox2, for catalyzing GA biosynthesis. Here, we report a new rice lodging-resistance gene, Shortened Basal lnternodes （SBI）, which encodes a gibberellin 2- oxidase and specifically controls the elongation of culm basal internodes through deactivating GA activity. SBI is predominantly expressed in culm basal internodes. Genetic analyses indicate that SBI is a semidominant gene affecting rice height and lodging resistance. SBI allelic variants display different activities and are associated with the height of rice varieties. Breeding with higher activity of the SBI allele generates new rice varieties with improved lodging resistance and increased yield. The discovery of the SB! provides a desirable gene resource for producing semi-dwarf rice phenotypes and offers an effective strategy for breeding rice varieties with enhanced lodging resistance and high yield.
文摘Pentatricopeptide repeat （PPR） proteins comprise a large family in higher plants and modulate organellar gene expression by participating in various aspects of organellar RNA metabolism. In rice, the family contains 477 members, and the majority of their functions remain unclear. In this study, we isolated and characterized a rice mutant, white stripe leaf （wsl）, which displays chlorotic striations early in development. Map-based cloning revealed that WSL encodes a newly identified rice PPR protein which targets the chloroplasts. In wsl mutants, PEP-dependent plastid gene expression was significantly down-regulated, and plastid rRNAs and translation products accumulate to very low levels. Consistently with the observations, wsl shows a strong defect in the splicing of chloroplast transcript rpl2, resulting in aberrant transcript accumulation and its product reduction in the mutant. The wsl shows enhanced sensitivity to ABA, salinity, and sugar, and it accumulates more H2O2 than wild-type. These results suggest the reduced translation efficiency may affect the response of the mutant to abiotic stress.
基金grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC-31400232,31871396,31571444)Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship program of CAST(YESS20160001)+1 种基金the Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice(Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center)to F.Y.and from ANPCyT(PICT2016-0132 and PICT2017-0066),ICGEB(CRP/ARG16-03)Instituto Milenio iBio-Iniciativa Cientffica Milenio MINECON to J.M.E.
文摘The molecular links between extracellular signals and the regulation of localized protein synthesis in plant cells are poorly understood.Here,we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana,the extracellular peptide RALF1 and its receptor,the FERONIA receptor kinase,promote root hair(RH)tip growth by modulating protein synthesis.We found that RALF1 promotes FERONIA-mediated phosphorylation of elF4E1,a eukaryotic translation initiation factor that plays a crucial role in the control of mRNA translation rate.Phosphorylated elF4E1 increases mRNA affinity and modulates mRNA translation and,thus,protein synthesis.The mRNAs targeted by the RALF1-FERONIA-elF4E1 module include ROP2 and RSL4,which are important regulators of RH cell polarity and growth.RALF1 and FERONIA are expressed in a polar manner in RHs,which facilitate elF4E1 polar丨ocalization and thus may control local f?OP2 translation.Moreover,we demonstrated that high-level accumulation of RSL4 exerts negative-feedback regulation of RALF1 expression by directly binding the RALF1 gene promoter,determining the final RH size.Our study reveals that the link between RALF1-FERONIA signaling and protein synthesis constitutes a novel component regulating cell expansion in these polar growing cells.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.31171176)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(no.2020JJ4183)the Basic Research Program of Changsha Municipal Science and Technology(no.kq1901028).
文摘Light is a critical environmental cue that regulates a variety of diverse plant developmental processes.Cryptochrome 1(CRY1)is the major photoreceptor that mediates blue light-dependent photomorphogenic responses such as the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation.Gibberellin(GA)participates in the repression of photomorphogenesis and promotes hypocotyl elongation.However,the antagonistic interaction between blue light and GA is not well understood.Here,we report that blue light represses GA-induced degradation of the DELLA proteins(DELLAs),which are key negative regulators in the GA signaling pathway,via CRY1,thereby inhibiting the GA response during hypocotyl elongation.Both in vitro and in vivo biochemical analyses demonstrated that CRY1 physically interacts with GA receptors-GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF 1 proteins(GID1s)-and DELLAs in a blue light-dependent manner.Furthermore,we showed that CRY1 inhibits the association between GID1s and DELLAs.Genetically,CRY1 antagonizes the function of GID1s to repress the expression of cell elongation-related genes and thus hypocotyl elongation.Taken together,our findings demonstrate that CRY1 coordinates blue light and GA signali ng for plant photomorphogenesis by stabilizing DELLAs through the binding and in activation of GID1s,providing new in sights into the mechanism by which blue light antagonizes the function of GA in photomorphogenesis.
基金We thank Dr.Hongtao Liu for her kind advice on thiswork,Dr.Chentao Lin for providing fkf1-1 seeds,Dr.Taiping Sun for providing ga1-3(Col background),Dr.Xingwang Deng for 35S:TAP-RGA transgenic seedsand della mutant seeds,Dr.Xiangdong Fu for gaiseeds,Dr.Suiwen Hou for rga-28 seeds,Dr.DaoxinXie for ga1-3(Ler background),Q1,Q2,and pentamutant seeds.This work was supported by the Na-tional Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31171176)Natural Science Foundation of HunanProvince(No.2018JJ3036)+1 种基金the Basic Research Pro-gram of Shenzhen Municipal Science and Technologylnnovation Committee(No.JCYJ20170818112212721)and the Basic Research Program of ChangshaMunicipal Science and Technology(No.kq1901o28).
文摘FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX 1(FKF1)encodes an F-box protein that regulates photoperiod flowering in Arabidopsis under long-day conditions(LDs).Gibberellin(GA)is also important for regulating flowering under LDs.However,how FKF1 and the GA pathway work in concert in regulating flowering is not fully understood.Here,we showed that the mutation of FKF1 could cause accumulation of DELLA proteins,which are crucial repressors in GA signaling pathway,thereby reducing plant sensitivity to GA in flowering.Both in vitro and in vivo biochemical analyses demonstrated that FKF1 directly interacted with DELLA proteins.Furthermore,we showed that FKF1 promoted ubiquitination and degradation of DELLA proteins.Analysis of genetic data revealed that FKF1 acted partially through DELLAs to regulate flowering under LDs.In addition,DELLAs exerted a negative feedback on FKF1 expression.Collectively,these findings demonstrate that FKF1 promotes flowering partially by negatively regulating DELLA protein stability under LDs,and suggesting a potential mechanism linking the FKF1 to the GA signaling DELLA proteins.
文摘Tip growth is a common strategy for the rapid elongation of cells to forage the environment and/or to target to long-distance destinations. In the model tip growth system of Arabidopsis pollen tubes, several small- molecule hormones regulate their elongation, but how these rapidly diffusing molecules control extremely localized growth remains mysterious. Here we show that the interconvertible salicylic acid （SA） and meth- ylated SA （MESA）, well characterized for their roles in plant defense, oppositely regulate Arabidopsis pollen tip growth with SA being inhibitory and MeSA stimulatory. The effect of SA and MeSA was independent of known NPR3/NPR4 SA receptor-mediated signaling pathways. SA inhibited clathrin-mediated endocytosis in pollen tubes associated with an increased accumulation of less stretchable demethylated pectin in the apical wall, whereas MeSA did the opposite. Furthermore, SA and MeSA alter the apical activation of ROP1 GTPase, a key regulator of tip growth in pollen tubes, in an opposite manner. Interestingly, both MeSA methylesterase and SA methyltransferase, which catalyze the interconversion between SA and MESA, are localized at the apical region of pollen tubes, indicating of the tip-localized production of SA and MeSA and consistent with their effects on the apical cellular activities. These findings suggest that local generation of a highly diffusible signal can regulate polarized cell growth, providing a novel mechanism of cell polarity control apart from the one involving protein and mRNA polarization.
基金This work is supported in part by the National Institute of Health （GM56265 to C.L., GM089778 to J.A.W.）, research funds from Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University （to the Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center）, Jilin University （research support to the Laboratory of Soil and Plant Molecular Genetics）, the MOA Transgenic Research Grant （2010ZX08010-002 to B.L.）, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （31171176 to X.Y. and 31422041 to B.L.）.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS No conflict of interest declared.
文摘Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 （CRY2） is a blue light receptor that mediates light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and long-day promotion of floral initiation, CRY2 is known to undergo blue light-dependent phosphorylation, which is believed to serve regulatory roles in the function of CRY2. We report here on a biochemical and genetics study of CRY2 phosphorylation. Using mass spectrometry analysis, we identified three serine residues in the CCE domain of CRY2 （S588, S599, and S605） that undergo blue light-dependent phosphorylation in Arabidopsis seedlings. A study of serine-substitution mutations in the CCE domain of CRY2 demonstrates that CRY2 contains two types of phosphorylation in the CCE domain, one in the serine cluster that causes electrophoretic mobility upshift and the other outside the serine cluster that does not seem to cause mobility upshift. We showed that mutations in the serine residues within and outside the serine cluster diminished blue light-dependent CRY2 phosphorylation, degradation, and physiological activities. These results support the hypothesis that blue light-dependent phosphorylation of the CCE domain determines the photosensitivity of Arabidopsis CRY2.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070613,32270623)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2021RC3045)+1 种基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A2029)support from the Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province(CX20200468).
文摘Acetylation of N^(4)-cytidine(ac^(4)C)has recently been discovered as a novel modification of mRNA.RNA ac^(4)C modification has been shown to be a key regulator of RNA stability,RNA translation,and the thermal stress response.However,its existence in eukaryotic mRNAs is still controversial.In plants,the existence,distribution pattern,and potential function of RNA ac^(4)C modification are largely unknown.Here we report the presence of ac^(4)C in the mRNAs of both Arabidopsis thaliana and rice(Oryza sativa).By comparing two ac^(4)C sequencing methods,we found that RNA immunoprecipitation and sequencing(acRIP-seq),but not ac^(4)C sequencing,was suitable for plant RNA ac^(4)C sequencing.We present transcriptome-wide atlases of RNA ac^(4)C modification in A.thaliana and rice mRNAs obtained by acRIP-seq.Analysis of the distribution of RNA ac^(4)C modifications showed that ac^(4)C is enriched near translation start sites in rice mRNAs and near translation start sites and translation end sites in Arabidopsis mRNAs.The RNA ac^(4)C modification level is positively correlated with RNA half-life and the number of splicing variants.Similar to that in mammals,the translation efficiency of ac^(4)C target genes is significantly higher than that of other genes.Our in vitro translation results confirmed that RNA ac^(4)C modification enhances translation efficiency.We also found that RNA ac^(4)C modification is negatively correlated with RNA structure.These results suggest that ac^(4)C is a conserved mRNA modification in plants that contributes to RNA stability,splicing,translation,and secondary structure formation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31171176)the Cooperative Innovation Center of Engineering and New Products for Developmental Biology of Hunan Province(20134486)
文摘Dear Editor, GA and ABA antagonize each other in controlling seed germination, but the molecular mechanism is not fully understood. The F-box proteins act as the most important SCF （SKP1, cullin/CDC53, F-box protein） complex subunit of the ubiquitin （Ub）- 26S proteasome system, mediate diverse physiological processes ranging from hormonal signaling cascades to environmental stress responses （Santner and Estelle, 2010）. We previously demonstrated that FOAl （F-box overexpressed/oppressed ABA signaling） is an ABA signaling-related gene,
基金This article received funding from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31871396)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31571444).
文摘The receptor-like kinase(RLK)FERONIA(FER),located on the plasma membrane,belongs to the Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like kinase family(CrRLK1L)and participates in widespread biological processes in plants in a context-dependent fashion.Genetic studies in Arabidopsis illustrated the versatile roles that FER plays in fertilization,vegetative growth,defense and stress responses,cell-wall homeostasis,as well as protein synthesis.These studies also helped to identify genes and signal pathways involved in FER signal transduction.Despite increasingly larger numbers of studies discussing how FER senses its ligand,Rapid alkalinization factor(RALF)peptides,and further regulates downstream factors,few have shown the mechanisms of how FER mediates the specific regulation of downstream signals in context of the phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic domain.As understanding this would help in better understanding the diversity and complexity of FER function,this paper aims to review the roles of FER in regulating different signal outputs from the view of the role of its cytoplasmic domain.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31571635,31871595,31871396,32070769)the Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department(No.2018NK1010)+1 种基金The Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(No.2020WK2014)the China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co.,Ltd.Research Project(KY2021YC0001)。
文摘In plants, clade A type 2 C protein phosphatases(PP2 CAs) have emerged as major players in abscisic acid(ABA)-regulated stress responses by inhibiting protein kinase activity. However, how different internal and external environmental signals modulate the activity of PP2 CAs are not well known. The transmembrane kinase(TMK) protein4(TMK4), one member of a previously identified receptor kinase subfamily on the plasma membrane that plays vital roles in plant cell growth,directly interacts with PP2 CAs member(ABAInsensitive 2, ABI2). tmk4 mutant is hypersensitive to ABA in both ABA-inhibited seed germination and primary root growth, indicating that TMK4 is a negative regulator in ABA signaling pathway.Further analyses indicate that TMK4 phosphorylates ABI2 at three conserved Ser residues,thus enhancing the activity of ABI2. The phosphorylation-mimic ABI2~(S139DS140DS266D)can complement butnon-phosphorylated form ABI2~(S139AS140AS266) Acannot complement ABA hypersensitive phenotype of the loss-of-function mutant abi1-2 abi2-2. This study provides a previously unidentified mechanism for positively regulating ABI2 by a plasma membrane protein kinase.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31571635)the Important National Science and Technology Specific Projects (2009ZX08001-030B)+2 种基金the Cooperative Innovation Center of Engineering and New Products for Developmental Biology of Hunan Province (20134486)the Planned Science and Technology Project of Hunan Province (2014WK2005)the Public Subject of State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology (150103)
文摘NADP（H）-dependent glutamate dehydrogenases（GDH） in lower organisms have stronger ammonium affinity than those in higher plants. Here we report that transgenic rice overexpressing the EcGDH from Eurotium cheralieri exhibited significantly enhanced aminating activities. Hydroponic and field tests showed that nitrogen assimilation efficiency and grain yields were markedly increased in these transgenic plants, especially at the low nitrogen conditions.These results suggest that EcGDH may have potential to be used to improve nitrogen assimilation and grain yield in rice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170252,U20A2029)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2022A1515010968)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2021JJ30097,2022JJ30127)the Natural Science Foundation of Changsha City(kq2202150).
文摘Proper timing of flowering under different environmental conditions is critical for plant propagation.Light quality is a pivotal environmental cue that plays a critical role in flowering regulation.Plants tend to flower late under light with a high red(R)/far-red(FR)light ratio but early under light with a low R/FR light ratio.However,how plants fine-tune flowering in response to changes in light quality is not well understood.Here,we demonstrate that F-box of Flowering 2(FOF2),an autonomous pathway–related regulator,physically interacts with VASCULAR PLANT ONE-ZINC FINGER 1 and 2(VOZ1 and VOZ2),which are direct downstream factors of the R/FR light receptor phytochrome B(PHYB).We show that PHYB physically interacts with FOF2,mediates stabilization of the FOF2 protein under FR light and end-of-day FR light,and enhances FOF2 binding to VOZ2,which leads to degradation of VOZ2 by SCF^(FOF2) E3 ligase.By contrast,PHYB mediates degradation of FOF2 protein under R light and end-of-day R light.Genetic interaction studies demonstrated that FOF2 functions downstream of PHYB to promote FLC expression and inhibit flowering under both high R/FR light and simulated shade conditions,processes that are partially dependent on VOZ proteins.Taken together,our findings suggest a novel mechanism whereby plants fine-tune flowering time through a PHYB–FOF2–VOZ2 module that modulates FLC expression in response to changes in light quality.
文摘In the Abstract of this article, there is an error in the sentence ＂Using mass spectrometry analysis, we identified three serine residues in the CCE domain of CRY2 （S588, S599, and S605） that undergo blue light-dependent phosphorylation in Arabidopsis seedlings＂. The authors of this article request the publication of the corrected one as ＂Using mass spectrometry analysis, we identified three serine residues in the CCE domain of CRY2 （S598, S599, and S605） that undergo blue light-dependent phosphorylation in Arabidopsis seed- lings＂. The authors apologize for not detecting this error prior to publication and for any inconvenience that may have caused.
基金supported by the "Pioneer"and"Leading Goose"R&D Program of Zhejiang(No.2022C01126)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFB2704000).
文摘The trading of data is becoming increasingly important as it holds substantial value.A blockchain-based data marketplace can provide a secure and transparent platform for data exchange.To facilitate this,developing a fair data exchange protocol for digital goods has garnered considerable attention in recent decades.The Zero Knowledge Contingent Payment(ZKCP)protocol enables trustless fair exchanges with the aid of blockchain and zero-knowledge proofs.However,applying this protocol in a practical data marketplace is not trivial.In this paper,several potential attacks are identfied when applying the ZKCP protocol in a practical public data marketplace.To address these issues,we propose SmartZKCP,an enhanced solution that offers improved security measures and increased performance.The protocol is formalized to ensure fairness and secure against potential attacks.Moreover,SmartZKCP offers efficiency optimizations and minimized communication costs.Evaluation results show that SmartZKCP is both practical and efficient,making it applicable in a data exchange marketplace.
基金funded by National Key Research and Development Project(Grant No:2022YFB2703100).
文摘Federated learning(FL)is predicated on the provision of high-quality data by multiple clients,which is then used to train global models.A plethora of incentive mechanism studies have been conducted with the objective of promoting the provision of high-quality data by clients.These studies have focused on the distribution of benfits to clients.However,the incentives of federated learning are transactional in nature,and the issue of the atomicity of transactions has not been addressed.Furthermore,the data quality of individual clients participating in training varies,and they may participate negatively in training out of privacy leakage concerns.Consequently,we propose an inaugural atomistic incentive scheme with privacy preservation in the FL setting:𝜋FL(privacy,atomic,incentive).This scheme establishes a more dependable training environment based on Shapley valuation,secure multi-party computation,and smart contracts.Consequently,it ensures that each client’s contribution can be accurately measured and appropriately rewarded,improves the accuracy and efficiency of model training,and enhances the sustainability and reliability of the FL system.The efficacy of this mechanism has been demonstrated through comprehensive experimental analysis.It is evident that this mechanism not only protects the privacy of trainers and provides atomic training rewards but also improves the model performance of FL,with an accuracy improvement of at least 8%.
