Fruit production is an important strategy for alleviating poverty on the Tibetan Plateau and leads to the conversion of natural barren land into orchards.This study aimed to understand how the conversion of barren lan...Fruit production is an important strategy for alleviating poverty on the Tibetan Plateau and leads to the conversion of natural barren land into orchards.This study aimed to understand how the conversion of barren land to peach(Prunus persica)orchards affects soil nutrients,heavy metals,and fungal communities in the 0–40 cm profile(at 20 cm intervals)in an experiment including three treatments,barren land(BL),peach orchards planting for 4 years(Y4),and peach orchards planting for 10 years(Y10).Results of the experiment showed that compared with BL,Y4 reduced the availability of some macronutrients(N and K)and micronutrients(Fe and Mn)due to the exclusive application of chemical fertilizer at the seedling stage.Conversely,Y10,which included six years of green cultivation management,using a combination of sheep manure and chemical fertilizer as well as alfalfa(Medicago sativa Linn)intercropping,effectively improved soil macronutrients,but did not enhance the availability of Fe and Mn.Although the investigated heavy metals(As,Hg,Pb,Cr,and Cd)in both the Y4 and Y10 soils were found to pose a low risk to food safety and soil environment,Hg,Cr,and As tended to accumulate in the subsoil(20–40 cm).Furthermore,the variations in the fungal community composition and functional groups were mainly driven by the interaction effects of macronutrients,micronutrients,and heavy metals,but their independent contribution to specific key functional groups cannot be overlooked.For example,Y4 and Y10 decreased the relative abundance of soil saprotrophic and lichenized fungi,mainly due to the loss of micronutrients(Fe and Mn).However,as a result of macronutrient input and dung saprotrophic fungi enrichment,orchard soils promoted the growth of pathogens that play critical roles in fungal co-occurrence networks.These findings indicate that supplementation with N or K fertilizer or manure at the seedling stage and fertilizers rich in Fe and Mn throughout the growth period would be beneficial to the balance of soil nutrients and provide insights into linking the variations in soil nutrients and heavy metals to the function of the fungal community during the conversion of barren land to orchards in alpine soil ecosystems.The risks posed by heavy metal accumulation and fungal pathogen enrichment should be actively prevented.展开更多
Tree peony belongs to one of the Saxifragales families,Paeoniaceae.It is one of the most famous ornamental plants,and is also a promising woody oil plant.Although two Paeoniaceae genomes have been released,their assem...Tree peony belongs to one of the Saxifragales families,Paeoniaceae.It is one of the most famous ornamental plants,and is also a promising woody oil plant.Although two Paeoniaceae genomes have been released,their assembly qualities are still to be improved.Additionally,more genomes from wild peonies are needed to accelerate genomic-assisted breeding.Here we assemble a high-quality and chromosome-scale 10.3-Gb genome of a wild Tibetan tree peony,Paeonia ludlowii,which features substantial sequence divergence,including around 75%specific sequences and gene-level differentials compared with other peony genomes.Our phylogenetic analyses suggest that Saxifragales and Vitales are sister taxa and,together with rosids,they are the sister taxon to asterids.The P.ludlowii genome is characterized by frequent chromosome reductions,centromere rearrangements,broadly distributed heterochromatin,and recent continuous bursts of transposable element(TE)movement in peony,although it lacks recent whole-genome duplication.These recent TE bursts appeared during the uplift and glacial period of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,perhaps contributing to adaptation to rapid climate changes.Further integrated analyses with methylome data revealed that genome expansion in peony might be dynamically affected by complex interactions among TE proliferation,TE removal,and DNA methylation silencing.Such interactions also impact numerous recently duplicated genes,particularly those related to oil biosynthesis and flower traits.This genome resource will not only provide the genomic basis for tree peony breeding but also shed light on the study of the evolution of huge genome structures as well as their protein-coding genes.展开更多
Background Cerebral venous disorder may have a harmful effect on ischaemic stroke;however,the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated.Although Dl-3-n butylphthalide is a multitarget agent for antiischaemic strok...Background Cerebral venous disorder may have a harmful effect on ischaemic stroke;however,the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated.Although Dl-3-n butylphthalide is a multitarget agent for antiischaemic stroke,its neuroprotective role in brain ischaemia accompanied by brain venous disturbance remains unclear.In this study,we induced cerebral venous disturbance by the occlusion of bilateral external jugular veins(EJVs)to explore the potential mechanism of the adverse effects of cerebrovenous disorders in cerebral infarction and explore the protective effect of Dl-3-n butylphthalide on cerebral infarction accompanied through cerebral venous disturbance.Methods Cerebral venous disturbance was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats through the permanent occlusion of bilateral EJVs,and cerebral ischaemic stroke was induced through the permanent occlusion of the right cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery.2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining,MRI,Evans blue extravasation and behavioural test were performed to evaluate infarction volume,cerebral blood flow(CBF),blood-brain barrier(BBB)integrity and neurological function.Immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis were performed to detect loss of neuron,endothelial cells,pericytes and tight junctions.Results Bilateral EJVs occlusion did not cause cerebral infarction;however,it increased the infarction volume compared with the simple middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)group,accompanied by severe neuron loss,worse neurological function,lower CBF,increased EJVs pressure,exacerbated Evans blue extravasation and brain oedema,as well as attenuated angiogenesis.Dl-3-n butylphthalide displayed a neuroprotective effect in rats with MCAO accompanied by EJVs occlusion by reducing neuron loss,accelerating CBF restoration,promoting angiogenesis and relieving BBB damage.Conclusion Bilateral EJVs occlusion did not significantly affect normal rats but aggravated brain damage in the case of ischaemic stroke.Dl-3-n butylphthalide treatment plays a neuroprotective role in rats with MCAO accompanied by EJVs occlusion,mainly due to the promotion of CBF restoration and BBB protection.展开更多
基金supported by the local scientific and technological innovation projects of the central government,China(No.YDZX2018540C004077).
文摘Fruit production is an important strategy for alleviating poverty on the Tibetan Plateau and leads to the conversion of natural barren land into orchards.This study aimed to understand how the conversion of barren land to peach(Prunus persica)orchards affects soil nutrients,heavy metals,and fungal communities in the 0–40 cm profile(at 20 cm intervals)in an experiment including three treatments,barren land(BL),peach orchards planting for 4 years(Y4),and peach orchards planting for 10 years(Y10).Results of the experiment showed that compared with BL,Y4 reduced the availability of some macronutrients(N and K)and micronutrients(Fe and Mn)due to the exclusive application of chemical fertilizer at the seedling stage.Conversely,Y10,which included six years of green cultivation management,using a combination of sheep manure and chemical fertilizer as well as alfalfa(Medicago sativa Linn)intercropping,effectively improved soil macronutrients,but did not enhance the availability of Fe and Mn.Although the investigated heavy metals(As,Hg,Pb,Cr,and Cd)in both the Y4 and Y10 soils were found to pose a low risk to food safety and soil environment,Hg,Cr,and As tended to accumulate in the subsoil(20–40 cm).Furthermore,the variations in the fungal community composition and functional groups were mainly driven by the interaction effects of macronutrients,micronutrients,and heavy metals,but their independent contribution to specific key functional groups cannot be overlooked.For example,Y4 and Y10 decreased the relative abundance of soil saprotrophic and lichenized fungi,mainly due to the loss of micronutrients(Fe and Mn).However,as a result of macronutrient input and dung saprotrophic fungi enrichment,orchard soils promoted the growth of pathogens that play critical roles in fungal co-occurrence networks.These findings indicate that supplementation with N or K fertilizer or manure at the seedling stage and fertilizers rich in Fe and Mn throughout the growth period would be beneficial to the balance of soil nutrients and provide insights into linking the variations in soil nutrients and heavy metals to the function of the fungal community during the conversion of barren land to orchards in alpine soil ecosystems.The risks posed by heavy metal accumulation and fungal pathogen enrichment should be actively prevented.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32270685)the Tibet Economic Forest Seedling Cultivation Project(202375)the local Science and Technology innovation projects of the central government(XZ202301YD0037C).We thank the high-performance computing platform at the National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement at Huazhong Agricultural University.
文摘Tree peony belongs to one of the Saxifragales families,Paeoniaceae.It is one of the most famous ornamental plants,and is also a promising woody oil plant.Although two Paeoniaceae genomes have been released,their assembly qualities are still to be improved.Additionally,more genomes from wild peonies are needed to accelerate genomic-assisted breeding.Here we assemble a high-quality and chromosome-scale 10.3-Gb genome of a wild Tibetan tree peony,Paeonia ludlowii,which features substantial sequence divergence,including around 75%specific sequences and gene-level differentials compared with other peony genomes.Our phylogenetic analyses suggest that Saxifragales and Vitales are sister taxa and,together with rosids,they are the sister taxon to asterids.The P.ludlowii genome is characterized by frequent chromosome reductions,centromere rearrangements,broadly distributed heterochromatin,and recent continuous bursts of transposable element(TE)movement in peony,although it lacks recent whole-genome duplication.These recent TE bursts appeared during the uplift and glacial period of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,perhaps contributing to adaptation to rapid climate changes.Further integrated analyses with methylome data revealed that genome expansion in peony might be dynamically affected by complex interactions among TE proliferation,TE removal,and DNA methylation silencing.Such interactions also impact numerous recently duplicated genes,particularly those related to oil biosynthesis and flower traits.This genome resource will not only provide the genomic basis for tree peony breeding but also shed light on the study of the evolution of huge genome structures as well as their protein-coding genes.
基金This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81971120)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province of China(No 2017A02021520081971120).
文摘Background Cerebral venous disorder may have a harmful effect on ischaemic stroke;however,the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated.Although Dl-3-n butylphthalide is a multitarget agent for antiischaemic stroke,its neuroprotective role in brain ischaemia accompanied by brain venous disturbance remains unclear.In this study,we induced cerebral venous disturbance by the occlusion of bilateral external jugular veins(EJVs)to explore the potential mechanism of the adverse effects of cerebrovenous disorders in cerebral infarction and explore the protective effect of Dl-3-n butylphthalide on cerebral infarction accompanied through cerebral venous disturbance.Methods Cerebral venous disturbance was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats through the permanent occlusion of bilateral EJVs,and cerebral ischaemic stroke was induced through the permanent occlusion of the right cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery.2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining,MRI,Evans blue extravasation and behavioural test were performed to evaluate infarction volume,cerebral blood flow(CBF),blood-brain barrier(BBB)integrity and neurological function.Immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis were performed to detect loss of neuron,endothelial cells,pericytes and tight junctions.Results Bilateral EJVs occlusion did not cause cerebral infarction;however,it increased the infarction volume compared with the simple middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)group,accompanied by severe neuron loss,worse neurological function,lower CBF,increased EJVs pressure,exacerbated Evans blue extravasation and brain oedema,as well as attenuated angiogenesis.Dl-3-n butylphthalide displayed a neuroprotective effect in rats with MCAO accompanied by EJVs occlusion by reducing neuron loss,accelerating CBF restoration,promoting angiogenesis and relieving BBB damage.Conclusion Bilateral EJVs occlusion did not significantly affect normal rats but aggravated brain damage in the case of ischaemic stroke.Dl-3-n butylphthalide treatment plays a neuroprotective role in rats with MCAO accompanied by EJVs occlusion,mainly due to the promotion of CBF restoration and BBB protection.
