In the context of urbanization,air pollution has emerged as a significant environmental challenge.A thorough understanding of their transport pathways,especially at a national scale,is essential for environmental prot...In the context of urbanization,air pollution has emerged as a significant environmental challenge.A thorough understanding of their transport pathways,especially at a national scale,is essential for environmental protection and policy-making.However,it remains partially elusive due to the constraints of available data and analytical methods.This study proposed a data-driven spatiotemporal correlation analysis method employing the Dynamic Time Warping(DTW).We represented the first comprehensive attempt to chart the long-term and nationwide transport pathways of PM_(2.5) utilizing an extensive dataset spanning from 2000 to 2021 across China,which is crucial for understanding long-term air pollution trends.Compared with traditional chemical transport models(CTMs),this data-driven method can generate transport pathways of PM_(2.5) without requiring extensive meteorological or emission data,and suggesting fundamentally consistent spatial distribution and trends.Our analysis reveals that China’s transport pathways are notably pronounced in the Northwest(34%of the total pathways in China),Southwest(22%),and North(21%)regions,with less significant pathways in the Northeast(10%)region and isolated occurrences elsewhere.Additionally,a notable decrease in the number of China’s PM_(2.5) transport pathways,similar to annual average concentrations,was observed after 2013,aligning with stricter environmental regulations.Furthermore,we have demonstrated the feasibility of applying our method to the transport pathways of other gaseous pollutants.The approach is effective in detecting and quantifying air pollutants’transport pathways,even in regions like the Northwest with limited monitoring infrastructure,which may aid in environmental decision-making.The study will notably improve the current understanding of air pollutants’transport process,providing a new perspective for studying the large-scale spatiotemporal correlations.展开更多
SPP1^(+) macrophages have been identified as key players in the colorectal cancer(CRC) tumor microenvironment, but their function remains unclear. This study integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptomics with bul...SPP1^(+) macrophages have been identified as key players in the colorectal cancer(CRC) tumor microenvironment, but their function remains unclear. This study integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptomics with bulk sequencing to investigate the roles and mechanisms of SPP1^(+) macrophages in CRC. Our findings revealed a pronounced elevation of SPP1^(+)macrophages in CRC, especially within tumor territories. These macrophages served asmarkers for CRC initiation, progression, metastasis, and potential prognosis. Furthermore,they showed heightened transcriptional activity in genes linked to angiogenesis, epithelialemesenchymal transition, glycolysis, hypoxia, and immunosuppression. SPP1 protein amplifiedCRC cell migration and invasion, potentially mediating cellular crosstalk via the SPP1-CD44,SPP1-PTGER4, and SPP1-a4b1 complex axes. Patients with a high proportion of SPP1^(+) macrophages could benefit more from immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Interestingly, CSF1R expression was significantly enriched in C1QC^(+) macrophages versus SPP1^(+) macrophages,possibly explaining limited anti-CSF1R monotherapy effects. In conclusion, we propose anSPP1^(+) macrophage model in CRC, highlighting such macrophages as a promising therapeutictarget due to their malignancy markers.展开更多
The Space-Air-Ground-Sea Integrated Networks(SAGSIN)will place higher requirements on both spectral efficiency and security for future maritime communications.To simultaneously address these two challenges,in this pap...The Space-Air-Ground-Sea Integrated Networks(SAGSIN)will place higher requirements on both spectral efficiency and security for future maritime communications.To simultaneously address these two challenges,in this paper,a non-orthogonal modulation based multi-carrier differential chaos shift keying system(namely MCNO-DCSK)is proposed and demonstrated.The most remarkable feature of MCNO-DCSK is that the strict orthogonality between subcarriers is no longer required.In this way,frequency intervals between subcarriers can be much smaller than ever,which leads to a high spectral efficiency.Meanwhile,the frequency interval can be set more flexibly to make the symbol more difficult to be deciphered.Therefore,a high level of security can also be guaranteed.In this design,multiple modulated non-orthogonal subcarriers are sequentially delayed and directly superimposed in time domain to construct the MCNO-DCSK symbol.At the receiver,information bits are demodulated through solving a system of linear equations.The spectral efficiency,computational complexity,and security are analyzed,and the bit-error-rate expressions are derived.Moreover,as subcarriers are non-orthogonal and time delayed,the MCNO-DCSK will suffer severe interference over the multi-path channel.Therefore,the effect of the multi-path interference on the system performance is discussed,and a method to mitigate this interference is designed.Finally,simulation results are provided to verify the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the superiority of MCNO-DCSK.展开更多
Photothermal catalytic CO_(2)hydrogenation is an effective means of utilizing carbon resources. However, it is severely limited in terms of kinetics and thermodynamics. Therefore, it is necessary to meticulously desig...Photothermal catalytic CO_(2)hydrogenation is an effective means of utilizing carbon resources. However, it is severely limited in terms of kinetics and thermodynamics. Therefore, it is necessary to meticulously design catalysts to solve this problem. Herein, a sandwich structured Ni O@In Ni/In_(2)O_(3)is designed to intrinsically regulate the direction of photogenerated carriers transfer,resulting in a CO yield of 42.97 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1)(1290.3 μmol h^(-1)) with a selectivity near to 100%. In Ni alloy favors the collection of photogenerated carriers by the parallel way and enhancement of the adsorption and activation of CO_(2)molecules. NiO grown on the surface of In Ni alloy not only improves the adsorption of H_(2)and provides sufficient H^(+)for the reaction, but also makes In Ni alloy more stable during the reaction process. The photothermal effect caused by In_(2)O_(3)accelerates the transfer of photogenerated carriers and increases the surface temperature of the catalyst, thereby synergistically promoting the reaction from a kinetic perspective. This work ameliorates the kinetic and thermodynamic limitations of the photothermal catalytic CO_(2)hydrogenation process through rationally designing the electron transfer direction of the sandwich structured catalysts to parallel way.展开更多
Precise and high-resolution carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emission data is of great importance in achieving carbon neutrality around the world.Here we present for the first time the near-real-time Global Gridded Daily CO_(2)E...Precise and high-resolution carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emission data is of great importance in achieving carbon neutrality around the world.Here we present for the first time the near-real-time Global Gridded Daily CO_(2)Emissions Dataset(GRACED)from fossil fuel and cement production with a global spatial resolution of 0.1°by 0.1°and a temporal resolution of 1 day.Gridded fossil emissions are computed for different sectors based on the daily national CO_(2)emissions from near-real-time dataset(Carbon Monitor),the spatial patterns of point source emission dataset Global Energy Infrastructure Emissions Database(GID),Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research(EDGAR),and spatiotemporal patters of satellite nitrogen dioxide(NO2)retrievals.Our study on the global CO_(2)emissions responds to the growing and urgent need for high-quality,fine-grained,near-real-time CO_(2)emissions estimates to support global emissions monitoring across various spatial scales.Weshow the spatial patterns of emission changes for power,industry,residential consumption,ground transportation,domestic and international aviation,and international shipping sectors from January 1,2019,to December 31,2020.This gives thorough insights into the relative contributions from each sector.Furthermore,it provides the most up-to-date and fine-grained overview of where and when fossil CO_(2)emissions have decreased and rebounded in response to emergencies(e.g.,coronavirus disease 2019[COVID-19])and other disturbances of human activities of any previously published dataset.As the world recovers from the pandemic and decarbonizes its energy systems,regular updates of this dataset will enable policymakers to more closely monitor the effectiveness of climate and energy policies and quickly adapt.展开更多
Carbon emission accounting is an important basis for global climate governance.Based on the consumption-based accounting(CBA)method,the characteristics of carbon flow between national,regional,and product processes co...Carbon emission accounting is an important basis for global climate governance.Based on the consumption-based accounting(CBA)method,the characteristics of carbon flow between national,regional,and product processes could be more clearly reflected.Therefore,CBA is more conducive to clarifying the attribution of responsibilities between producers and consumers,with the principles of fairness and justice.By accounting for carbon emissions in typical countries from 1990 to 2019,we found that the CBA emissions are higher than the production-based accounting(PBA)emissions in major developed countries,while the results are reversed for developing countries.In the past 30 years,the CBA emissions in targeted developed countries generally have shown a downward trend,while in developing countries,they have shown an upward trend.CBA emissions in China have shown a continuous growth trend from 1990 to 2019,but the pace has slowed down significantly over the last decade.Meanwhile,the embodied carbon intensity of China’s exports continues to decline,indicating that China is providing more green and low-carbon products to the world.Taking the PV industry as an example,this study further reveals the contribution of specific product industries to the country’s carbon transfer through product carbon footprint analysis.In order to provide a scientific basis for global mitigation and climate governance,it is urgent to innovate a scientific,practical,and standardized CBA technology system.展开更多
The article“A justice and innovative way ahead of consumption-based emission accounting approach”(Sci China Earth Sci,2024,67:2999–3010)contained errors.The corrections in an erratum do not change or affect the res...The article“A justice and innovative way ahead of consumption-based emission accounting approach”(Sci China Earth Sci,2024,67:2999–3010)contained errors.The corrections in an erratum do not change or affect the result or conclusion of the paper.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.42376246)the Key Research and Development Project of Guangxi(grant No.GuikeAB24010046)the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.U2268217).
文摘In the context of urbanization,air pollution has emerged as a significant environmental challenge.A thorough understanding of their transport pathways,especially at a national scale,is essential for environmental protection and policy-making.However,it remains partially elusive due to the constraints of available data and analytical methods.This study proposed a data-driven spatiotemporal correlation analysis method employing the Dynamic Time Warping(DTW).We represented the first comprehensive attempt to chart the long-term and nationwide transport pathways of PM_(2.5) utilizing an extensive dataset spanning from 2000 to 2021 across China,which is crucial for understanding long-term air pollution trends.Compared with traditional chemical transport models(CTMs),this data-driven method can generate transport pathways of PM_(2.5) without requiring extensive meteorological or emission data,and suggesting fundamentally consistent spatial distribution and trends.Our analysis reveals that China’s transport pathways are notably pronounced in the Northwest(34%of the total pathways in China),Southwest(22%),and North(21%)regions,with less significant pathways in the Northeast(10%)region and isolated occurrences elsewhere.Additionally,a notable decrease in the number of China’s PM_(2.5) transport pathways,similar to annual average concentrations,was observed after 2013,aligning with stricter environmental regulations.Furthermore,we have demonstrated the feasibility of applying our method to the transport pathways of other gaseous pollutants.The approach is effective in detecting and quantifying air pollutants’transport pathways,even in regions like the Northwest with limited monitoring infrastructure,which may aid in environmental decision-making.The study will notably improve the current understanding of air pollutants’transport process,providing a new perspective for studying the large-scale spatiotemporal correlations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82072655)the Scientific and technological innovation team of Shaanxi Innovation Capability Support Plan(China)(No.2023-CX-TD-67)the Key R&D Plan of Shaanxi Province,China(No.2022SF-603).
文摘SPP1^(+) macrophages have been identified as key players in the colorectal cancer(CRC) tumor microenvironment, but their function remains unclear. This study integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptomics with bulk sequencing to investigate the roles and mechanisms of SPP1^(+) macrophages in CRC. Our findings revealed a pronounced elevation of SPP1^(+)macrophages in CRC, especially within tumor territories. These macrophages served asmarkers for CRC initiation, progression, metastasis, and potential prognosis. Furthermore,they showed heightened transcriptional activity in genes linked to angiogenesis, epithelialemesenchymal transition, glycolysis, hypoxia, and immunosuppression. SPP1 protein amplifiedCRC cell migration and invasion, potentially mediating cellular crosstalk via the SPP1-CD44,SPP1-PTGER4, and SPP1-a4b1 complex axes. Patients with a high proportion of SPP1^(+) macrophages could benefit more from immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Interestingly, CSF1R expression was significantly enriched in C1QC^(+) macrophages versus SPP1^(+) macrophages,possibly explaining limited anti-CSF1R monotherapy effects. In conclusion, we propose anSPP1^(+) macrophage model in CRC, highlighting such macrophages as a promising therapeutictarget due to their malignancy markers.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFE0111600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62001077,61801074,61971083,and 51939001)+3 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project(No.2019M661075)the Dalian High Level Talent Innovation Support Plan(No.2021RQ063)the Dalian Science and Technology Innovation Fund(No.2019J11CY015)the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(No.XLYC2002078).
文摘The Space-Air-Ground-Sea Integrated Networks(SAGSIN)will place higher requirements on both spectral efficiency and security for future maritime communications.To simultaneously address these two challenges,in this paper,a non-orthogonal modulation based multi-carrier differential chaos shift keying system(namely MCNO-DCSK)is proposed and demonstrated.The most remarkable feature of MCNO-DCSK is that the strict orthogonality between subcarriers is no longer required.In this way,frequency intervals between subcarriers can be much smaller than ever,which leads to a high spectral efficiency.Meanwhile,the frequency interval can be set more flexibly to make the symbol more difficult to be deciphered.Therefore,a high level of security can also be guaranteed.In this design,multiple modulated non-orthogonal subcarriers are sequentially delayed and directly superimposed in time domain to construct the MCNO-DCSK symbol.At the receiver,information bits are demodulated through solving a system of linear equations.The spectral efficiency,computational complexity,and security are analyzed,and the bit-error-rate expressions are derived.Moreover,as subcarriers are non-orthogonal and time delayed,the MCNO-DCSK will suffer severe interference over the multi-path channel.Therefore,the effect of the multi-path interference on the system performance is discussed,and a method to mitigate this interference is designed.Finally,simulation results are provided to verify the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the superiority of MCNO-DCSK.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFA1500704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22372116)。
文摘Photothermal catalytic CO_(2)hydrogenation is an effective means of utilizing carbon resources. However, it is severely limited in terms of kinetics and thermodynamics. Therefore, it is necessary to meticulously design catalysts to solve this problem. Herein, a sandwich structured Ni O@In Ni/In_(2)O_(3)is designed to intrinsically regulate the direction of photogenerated carriers transfer,resulting in a CO yield of 42.97 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1)(1290.3 μmol h^(-1)) with a selectivity near to 100%. In Ni alloy favors the collection of photogenerated carriers by the parallel way and enhancement of the adsorption and activation of CO_(2)molecules. NiO grown on the surface of In Ni alloy not only improves the adsorption of H_(2)and provides sufficient H^(+)for the reaction, but also makes In Ni alloy more stable during the reaction process. The photothermal effect caused by In_(2)O_(3)accelerates the transfer of photogenerated carriers and increases the surface temperature of the catalyst, thereby synergistically promoting the reaction from a kinetic perspective. This work ameliorates the kinetic and thermodynamic limitations of the photothermal catalytic CO_(2)hydrogenation process through rationally designing the electron transfer direction of the sandwich structured catalysts to parallel way.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grants 41921005 and 71874097)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(JQ19032)the Qiu Shi Science&Technologies Foundation.
文摘Precise and high-resolution carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emission data is of great importance in achieving carbon neutrality around the world.Here we present for the first time the near-real-time Global Gridded Daily CO_(2)Emissions Dataset(GRACED)from fossil fuel and cement production with a global spatial resolution of 0.1°by 0.1°and a temporal resolution of 1 day.Gridded fossil emissions are computed for different sectors based on the daily national CO_(2)emissions from near-real-time dataset(Carbon Monitor),the spatial patterns of point source emission dataset Global Energy Infrastructure Emissions Database(GID),Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research(EDGAR),and spatiotemporal patters of satellite nitrogen dioxide(NO2)retrievals.Our study on the global CO_(2)emissions responds to the growing and urgent need for high-quality,fine-grained,near-real-time CO_(2)emissions estimates to support global emissions monitoring across various spatial scales.Weshow the spatial patterns of emission changes for power,industry,residential consumption,ground transportation,domestic and international aviation,and international shipping sectors from January 1,2019,to December 31,2020.This gives thorough insights into the relative contributions from each sector.Furthermore,it provides the most up-to-date and fine-grained overview of where and when fossil CO_(2)emissions have decreased and rebounded in response to emergencies(e.g.,coronavirus disease 2019[COVID-19])and other disturbances of human activities of any previously published dataset.As the world recovers from the pandemic and decarbonizes its energy systems,regular updates of this dataset will enable policymakers to more closely monitor the effectiveness of climate and energy policies and quickly adapt.
基金supported by Science and Technology Innovation Plan of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(23DZ1201804)。
文摘Carbon emission accounting is an important basis for global climate governance.Based on the consumption-based accounting(CBA)method,the characteristics of carbon flow between national,regional,and product processes could be more clearly reflected.Therefore,CBA is more conducive to clarifying the attribution of responsibilities between producers and consumers,with the principles of fairness and justice.By accounting for carbon emissions in typical countries from 1990 to 2019,we found that the CBA emissions are higher than the production-based accounting(PBA)emissions in major developed countries,while the results are reversed for developing countries.In the past 30 years,the CBA emissions in targeted developed countries generally have shown a downward trend,while in developing countries,they have shown an upward trend.CBA emissions in China have shown a continuous growth trend from 1990 to 2019,but the pace has slowed down significantly over the last decade.Meanwhile,the embodied carbon intensity of China’s exports continues to decline,indicating that China is providing more green and low-carbon products to the world.Taking the PV industry as an example,this study further reveals the contribution of specific product industries to the country’s carbon transfer through product carbon footprint analysis.In order to provide a scientific basis for global mitigation and climate governance,it is urgent to innovate a scientific,practical,and standardized CBA technology system.
文摘The article“A justice and innovative way ahead of consumption-based emission accounting approach”(Sci China Earth Sci,2024,67:2999–3010)contained errors.The corrections in an erratum do not change or affect the result or conclusion of the paper.
