Photoreforming poly(lactic acid)(PLA)plastics into pyruvic acid(PA)coupled with hydrogen evolution is of great significance for sustainable development.However,a significant challenge lies inα-OH bond cleaving of lac...Photoreforming poly(lactic acid)(PLA)plastics into pyruvic acid(PA)coupled with hydrogen evolution is of great significance for sustainable development.However,a significant challenge lies inα-OH bond cleaving of lactic acid(LA).Herein,CdS/Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)composite is fabricated,bridged by Bi−S bonds,through in-situ growth of CdS nanoparticles on Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)nanoflowers for the successive removal of hydrogen fromα-C in LA.In-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the S-scheme carriers transfer route and interfacial Bi−S bond in CdS/Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12).Consequently,the photo-electrons and holes with extended lifetimes and strong redox potential accumulate in the CdS conduction band and Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)valence band,respectively,as evidenced by in-situ electron spin resonance and time-resolved photoluminescence.This facilitates the generation of·OH radicals,which further participate in the successive dehydrogenation reaction of LA.Consequently,the photoreforming efficiencies of converting PLA into PA and H_(2)by CdS/Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)are 1.7 and 3.16 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1),which are respectively 2.8 and 22 times higher than that by pristine Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12).The present work provides a new approach for designing S-scheme to achieve hydrogen production and value-added conversion of plastics.展开更多
Photothermal catalysis is a synergetic process where photocatalysis and thermal catalysis work together to promote catalytic reactions,which compensates for the critical shortcomings of photocatalysis and thermal cata...Photothermal catalysis is a synergetic process where photocatalysis and thermal catalysis work together to promote catalytic reactions,which compensates for the critical shortcomings of photocatalysis and thermal catalysis,achieving an effect of 1+1>2.Previous reviews have summarized the mechanism of photothermal catalysis and its specific application in certain fields,but few have systematically analyzed the essential factors affecting the activity of photothermal catalysis,or provided a comprehensive summary of its application fields.In this review,the superiority of photothermal catalysis over individual photocatalysis and thermal catalysis will be comprehensively discussed with the aim to emphasize the importance of developing photothermal catalysis.After elucidating the basic mechanism of photothermal catalysis,an ample discussion on the factors influencing the catalytic activity of photothermal materials is provided from the following three perspectives:morphology,localized surface plasmon resonance,and defective structure of photothermal materials.Subsequently,this review summarizes the broad applications of photothermal catalysis in environmental management and energy conversion.Finally,this review discusses the challenges encountered in photothermal catalysis technology and proposes directions for future development.It provides new perspectives and a profound understanding of photothermal materials in photothermal environmental governance and energy conversion.展开更多
Photoinitiators(PIs)are widely used in industrial polymerization processes.It has been reported that PIs are ubiquitous in indoor environments and that humans are exposed to PIs,but the occurrence of PIs in natural en...Photoinitiators(PIs)are widely used in industrial polymerization processes.It has been reported that PIs are ubiquitous in indoor environments and that humans are exposed to PIs,but the occurrence of PIs in natural environments are rarely known.In the present study,25 PIs,including 9 benzophenones(BZPs),8 amine co-initiators(ACIs),4 thioxanthones(TXs)and 4 phosphine oxides(POs),were analyzed in water and sediment samples collected from eight riverine outlets of the Pearl River Delta(PRD).Eighteen,14,and 14 of the 25 target PIs were detected in water,suspended particulatematter(SPM)and sediment samples,respectively.The total concentrations of PIs in water,SPM,and sediment were in the ranges of 2.88–96.1 ng/L,9.25–923 ng/g dry weight(dw),and 3.79–56.9 ng/g dw,with geometric mean concentration(GM)of 10.8 ng/L,48.6 ng/g dw,and 17.1 ng/g dw,respectively.A significant linear regression was observed between the log partitioning coefficients(Kd)values of PIs and their log octanol water partition coefficient(Kow)values(R^(2)=0.535,p<0.05).The annual riverine input of PIs to the coastal waters of the South China Sea via eightmain outlets of the PRD was estimated to be 4.12×10^(3)kg/year,and the∑BZPs,∑ACIs,∑TXs and∑POs contributed to 1.96×10^(3),1.24×10^(3),89.6 and 830 kg/year,respectively.This is the first report of a systematic description of the occurrence characteristics of PIs exposure in water,SPM,and sediment.The environmental fate and risks of PIs in aquatic environments need further investigations.展开更多
Direct conversion of solar energy into chemical energy in an environmentally friendly manner is one of the most promising strategies to deal with the environmental pollution and energy crisis.Among a variety of materi...Direct conversion of solar energy into chemical energy in an environmentally friendly manner is one of the most promising strategies to deal with the environmental pollution and energy crisis.Among a variety of materials developed as photocatalysts,the core-shell metal/covalent-organic framework(MOF or COF)photocatalysts have garnered significant attention due to their highly porous structure and the adjustability in both structure and functionality.The existing reviews on core-shell organic framework photocatalytic materials have mainly focused on core-shell MOF materials.However,there is still a lack of indepth reviews specifically addressing the photocatalytic performance of core-shell COFs and MOFs@COFs.Simultaneously,there is an urgent need for a comprehensive review encompassing these three types of core-shell structures.Based on this,this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding and useful guidelines for the exploration of suitable core-shell organic framework photocatalysts towards appropriate photocatalytic energy conversion and environmental governance.Firstly,the classification,synthesis,formation mechanisms,and reasonable regulation of core-shell organic framework were summarized.Then,the photocatalytic applications of these three kinds of core-shell structures in different areas,such as H_(2)evolution,CO_(2)reduction,and pollutants degradation are emphasized.Finally,the main challenges and development prospects of core-shell organic framework photocatalysts were introduced.This review aims to provide insights into the development of a novel generation of efficient and stable core-shell organic framework materials for energy conversion and environmental remediation.展开更多
Activation of oxygen over non-precious materials has been an imperative task to develop efficient electrochemical energy storage and conversion such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries.Herein,a molten salt electroch...Activation of oxygen over non-precious materials has been an imperative task to develop efficient electrochemical energy storage and conversion such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries.Herein,a molten salt electrochemical modulation of metal-nitrogen-carbon based compounds(M–N–C)is achieved.By electrochemical treatment of polydopamine-coated NiCo_(2)O_(4)(NiCo_(2)O_(4)@PDA)in molten Li_(2)CO_(3)-Na_(2)CO_(3)-K_(2)CO_(3)at 500℃,Ni/Co bimetal-nitrogen-carbon catalyst(denoted as Ni/Co@NC)consisting of Ni-Co nanoparticles anchoring on porous nitrogen-doped carbon is constructed and evaluated as electrocatalysts towards the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).Experimental and calculation results confirm that alloying of Ni-Co and nitrogen doping to carbon enhances the rate-determining transformation of*OH intermediate during ORR.The Ni/Co@NC hence shows an ORR activity comparable with the commercial Pt/C.展开更多
Synthetic biology is moving in the direction of larger and more sophisticated design,which depends heavily on the efficient assembly of genetic modules.Conventional evaluation of the DNA assembly efficiency(AE)require...Synthetic biology is moving in the direction of larger and more sophisticated design,which depends heavily on the efficient assembly of genetic modules.Conventional evaluation of the DNA assembly efficiency(AE)requires transformation,and the whole process requires up to 10 h and is susceptible to various interferences.To achieve rapid and reliable determination of the AE,an alternative transformation-independent method was established using a modified quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)assay.The AE is represented by the proportion of the ligated fragment,which can be determined within 3 h.This qPCR-based measurement was tested by the commonly used restriction ligation,Golden Gate assembly,and Gibson assembly for the assembly of two or more DNA pieces;the results correlated significantly with the AEs represented by the counting of the colony-forming units(CFUs).This method outperformed the CFU-based measurement by reducing the measuring bias and the random deviations that stem from the transformation process.The method was then employed to investigate the effects of terminal secondary structures on DNA assembly.The results revealed the major effects of the overall properties of the overlap sequence and the negative effects of hairpin structures on the AE,which are relevant for all assembly techniques that rely on homologous annealing of the terminal sequences.The qPCR-based approach presented here should facilitate the development of DNA assembly techniques and the diagnosis of inefficient assemblies.展开更多
Raptors share a common predatory lifestyle,but are different in food preferences and hunting behavior.The grip force and talons’grasping capabilities are fundamentally crucial for subduing and killing their prey to f...Raptors share a common predatory lifestyle,but are different in food preferences and hunting behavior.The grip force and talons’grasping capabilities are fundamentally crucial for subduing and killing their prey to feed,but the abilities and differences to generate force are less known.In this study,the entire pelvic muscles were dissected with the muscle mass and fibre length measured and physiological cross-sectional area counted in the Common Kestrel(Falco tinnunculus),Eurasian Sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus),and Long-eared Owl(Asio otus).Statistical tests were performed to explore the possible differences in architectural parameters among species.These species were same in distributing the greatest proportion of muscle mass to the shank region and the digital flexor functional group,allocating more than 60%muscle mass in relation to total single leg muscle mass to the same seven individual muscles including flexor digitorum longus(FDL),flexor hallucis longus(FHL),and tibialis cranialis(TC)which are three major muscles responsible for talon closure.Interspecies differentiations were most present in the shank and tarsus instead of other regions of the leg,which might reflect their difference in hunting mode and foot use.Greater force-generation capacity of FHL and some anatomical features suggest that digits 1and 2 work together as an efficiently vise-like set,playing more critical role than digits 3–4 in foraging of diurnal raptors but to a different degree.In accordance with zygodactyl foot morphology,each digit of the Long-eared Owl plays a subequal role when hunting,evidenced by anatomical and architectural features.Because of its unique insertion to the base of the pygostyle,the striking numerical difference in the development of M.caudofemoralis was possibly related to raptors’flight behavior and feeding ecology.Concluded from anatomical and architectural aspects,the similarities and differences of the hindlimb musculature were correlated to common predatory lifestyle and different foraging behaviors in three raptor species.These results illustrated the underlying myological basis for the functional capacities of the leg muscles and may provide additional information useful in further biomechanical investigation and computer simulation.展开更多
The advances in transmission electron microscopy(TEM)have greatly improved the characterization of heterogeneous catalysts,offering valuable insights into their operational efficacy through the correlation of their ph...The advances in transmission electron microscopy(TEM)have greatly improved the characterization of heterogeneous catalysts,offering valuable insights into their operational efficacy through the correlation of their physicochemical characteristics with performance,specificity,and robustness at nanoscales.Understanding tangible catalyst attributes and corresponding catalytic processes necessitates the identification and rationalization of catalyst behavior modifications during reaction conditions.Recent innovations in in-situ TEM techniques have opened new avenues to observe the progress of heterogeneous catalysis with unparalleled spatial precision,superior energy resolution,and precise temporal resolution in controlled or realistic catalytic environments.Herein,we have reviewed the established and evolving techniques for monitoring catalysts through the utilization of in-situ TEM.By combining in-situ TEM with cutting-edge spectroscopic methodologies like atomic electron tomography(AET),4D-STEM,cryogenic electron microscopy,and monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy(EELS),a comprehensive approach to catalyst observation is achieved.Likewise,this advancement is expected to highlight and expand the crucial role of in-situ TEM in elucidating catalyst surface structures,active sites,and reaction pathways across key catalytic reactions,shaping the field of research in heterogeneous catalysis.Finally,the potential applications,advantages,and challenges of using in-situ TEM are emphasized and addressed in detail.展开更多
Objective:To study the chemical constituents from the leaves and twigs of Callicarpa cathayana.Methods:The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel,MCI gel CHP 20 P/P120,...Objective:To study the chemical constituents from the leaves and twigs of Callicarpa cathayana.Methods:The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel,MCI gel CHP 20 P/P120,Sephadex LH-20,and HPLC.The structures of the compounds were determined by HR-ESI-MS,1 D and 2 D NMR data.Results:A total of 24 compounds were isolated from the 85%methanol extract of leaves and twigs of C.cathayana.They were identified as cathayanalactone G(1),a new diterpene,and 23 known compounds as patagonic acid(2),(-)-16-hydroxycledroda-3,13-dien-16,15-olide-18-oic acid(3),15-methoxypatagonic acid(4),oleanolic acid(5),ursolic acid(6),siaresinolic acid(7),pomolic acid(8),a-amyrin(9),tormentic acid(10),lupeol(11),5,7-dihydroxy-3,4’-dimethoxyflavone(12),5,4’-dihydroxy-3,7,3’-dimethoxyflavone(13),5-hydroxy-3,6,7,4’-tetramethoxyflavone(14),salvigenin(15),kaemferol(16),astragalin(17),pinoresinol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(18),paulownin(19),β-sitosterol(20),β-sitosterolβ-Dglucopyranoside(21),5-hydroxy-coumarin(22),isocopoletin(23),and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid(24).Conclusion:Compound 1 is a new labdane diterpene.Compounds 10,13,16 and 17 are isolated from the genus Callicarpa for the first time.Compounds 7,8,9,12,14,23 and 24 are reported from C.cathayana for the first time.展开更多
Salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) is a member of the AMP-activated serine/threonine kinase family. It has been reported that inhibition of SIK2 can enhance the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel,1 promote premitotic apoptosis, a...Salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) is a member of the AMP-activated serine/threonine kinase family. It has been reported that inhibition of SIK2 can enhance the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel,1 promote premitotic apoptosis, and lead to cell cycle arrest in the metaphase.2 Thus, targeting SIK2 may be a therapeutic strategy for cancers drug and radiotherapy resistance. Mitotic catastrophe is a type of abnormal mitosis leading to cell death characterized by the multipolar spindle and multinucleation, which was first discovered during an ionizing radiation (IR)-induced cell damage.3 However, the mechanism of mitotic catastrophe is not well understood. The present study aimed to assess the effect of the knockdown of SIK2 on IR-induced mitotic catastrophe.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52161145409,21976116)SAFEA of China("Belt and Road"Innovative Talent Exchange Foreign Expert Project No.2023041004L)+1 种基金(High-end Foreign Expert Project No.G2023041021L)Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation of Germany(Group-Linkage Program).
文摘Photoreforming poly(lactic acid)(PLA)plastics into pyruvic acid(PA)coupled with hydrogen evolution is of great significance for sustainable development.However,a significant challenge lies inα-OH bond cleaving of lactic acid(LA).Herein,CdS/Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)composite is fabricated,bridged by Bi−S bonds,through in-situ growth of CdS nanoparticles on Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)nanoflowers for the successive removal of hydrogen fromα-C in LA.In-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the S-scheme carriers transfer route and interfacial Bi−S bond in CdS/Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12).Consequently,the photo-electrons and holes with extended lifetimes and strong redox potential accumulate in the CdS conduction band and Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)valence band,respectively,as evidenced by in-situ electron spin resonance and time-resolved photoluminescence.This facilitates the generation of·OH radicals,which further participate in the successive dehydrogenation reaction of LA.Consequently,the photoreforming efficiencies of converting PLA into PA and H_(2)by CdS/Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)are 1.7 and 3.16 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1),which are respectively 2.8 and 22 times higher than that by pristine Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12).The present work provides a new approach for designing S-scheme to achieve hydrogen production and value-added conversion of plastics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52161145409,21976116)State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs(SAFEA)of China(“Belt and Road”Innovative Talent Exchange Foreign Expert Project,2023041004L+1 种基金Highend Foreign Expert Project,G2023041021L)Alexander-vonHumboldt Foundation of Germany(Group-Linkage Program)。
文摘Photothermal catalysis is a synergetic process where photocatalysis and thermal catalysis work together to promote catalytic reactions,which compensates for the critical shortcomings of photocatalysis and thermal catalysis,achieving an effect of 1+1>2.Previous reviews have summarized the mechanism of photothermal catalysis and its specific application in certain fields,but few have systematically analyzed the essential factors affecting the activity of photothermal catalysis,or provided a comprehensive summary of its application fields.In this review,the superiority of photothermal catalysis over individual photocatalysis and thermal catalysis will be comprehensively discussed with the aim to emphasize the importance of developing photothermal catalysis.After elucidating the basic mechanism of photothermal catalysis,an ample discussion on the factors influencing the catalytic activity of photothermal materials is provided from the following three perspectives:morphology,localized surface plasmon resonance,and defective structure of photothermal materials.Subsequently,this review summarizes the broad applications of photothermal catalysis in environmental management and energy conversion.Finally,this review discusses the challenges encountered in photothermal catalysis technology and proposes directions for future development.It provides new perspectives and a profound understanding of photothermal materials in photothermal environmental governance and energy conversion.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21876063,22076064 and 22106169)the Guangdong Special Support Program(No.2019TX05L129)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(No.202206010191)the Guangdong(China)Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program(No.2016ZT06N258)the Special Fund Project for Science and Technology Innovation Strategy of Guangdong Province(No.2019B121205004)。
文摘Photoinitiators(PIs)are widely used in industrial polymerization processes.It has been reported that PIs are ubiquitous in indoor environments and that humans are exposed to PIs,but the occurrence of PIs in natural environments are rarely known.In the present study,25 PIs,including 9 benzophenones(BZPs),8 amine co-initiators(ACIs),4 thioxanthones(TXs)and 4 phosphine oxides(POs),were analyzed in water and sediment samples collected from eight riverine outlets of the Pearl River Delta(PRD).Eighteen,14,and 14 of the 25 target PIs were detected in water,suspended particulatematter(SPM)and sediment samples,respectively.The total concentrations of PIs in water,SPM,and sediment were in the ranges of 2.88–96.1 ng/L,9.25–923 ng/g dry weight(dw),and 3.79–56.9 ng/g dw,with geometric mean concentration(GM)of 10.8 ng/L,48.6 ng/g dw,and 17.1 ng/g dw,respectively.A significant linear regression was observed between the log partitioning coefficients(Kd)values of PIs and their log octanol water partition coefficient(Kow)values(R^(2)=0.535,p<0.05).The annual riverine input of PIs to the coastal waters of the South China Sea via eightmain outlets of the PRD was estimated to be 4.12×10^(3)kg/year,and the∑BZPs,∑ACIs,∑TXs and∑POs contributed to 1.96×10^(3),1.24×10^(3),89.6 and 830 kg/year,respectively.This is the first report of a systematic description of the occurrence characteristics of PIs exposure in water,SPM,and sediment.The environmental fate and risks of PIs in aquatic environments need further investigations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52161145409,21976116)SAFEA of China("Belt and Road”Innovative Talent Exchange Foreign Expert Project#2023041004L)(High-end Foreign Expert Project#G2023041021L)the Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation of Germany(GroupLinkage Program)。
文摘Direct conversion of solar energy into chemical energy in an environmentally friendly manner is one of the most promising strategies to deal with the environmental pollution and energy crisis.Among a variety of materials developed as photocatalysts,the core-shell metal/covalent-organic framework(MOF or COF)photocatalysts have garnered significant attention due to their highly porous structure and the adjustability in both structure and functionality.The existing reviews on core-shell organic framework photocatalytic materials have mainly focused on core-shell MOF materials.However,there is still a lack of indepth reviews specifically addressing the photocatalytic performance of core-shell COFs and MOFs@COFs.Simultaneously,there is an urgent need for a comprehensive review encompassing these three types of core-shell structures.Based on this,this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding and useful guidelines for the exploration of suitable core-shell organic framework photocatalysts towards appropriate photocatalytic energy conversion and environmental governance.Firstly,the classification,synthesis,formation mechanisms,and reasonable regulation of core-shell organic framework were summarized.Then,the photocatalytic applications of these three kinds of core-shell structures in different areas,such as H_(2)evolution,CO_(2)reduction,and pollutants degradation are emphasized.Finally,the main challenges and development prospects of core-shell organic framework photocatalysts were introduced.This review aims to provide insights into the development of a novel generation of efficient and stable core-shell organic framework materials for energy conversion and environmental remediation.
基金the funding support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFE0201703)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2042022kf1174)。
文摘Activation of oxygen over non-precious materials has been an imperative task to develop efficient electrochemical energy storage and conversion such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries.Herein,a molten salt electrochemical modulation of metal-nitrogen-carbon based compounds(M–N–C)is achieved.By electrochemical treatment of polydopamine-coated NiCo_(2)O_(4)(NiCo_(2)O_(4)@PDA)in molten Li_(2)CO_(3)-Na_(2)CO_(3)-K_(2)CO_(3)at 500℃,Ni/Co bimetal-nitrogen-carbon catalyst(denoted as Ni/Co@NC)consisting of Ni-Co nanoparticles anchoring on porous nitrogen-doped carbon is constructed and evaluated as electrocatalysts towards the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).Experimental and calculation results confirm that alloying of Ni-Co and nitrogen doping to carbon enhances the rate-determining transformation of*OH intermediate during ORR.The Ni/Co@NC hence shows an ORR activity comparable with the commercial Pt/C.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0201400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21676026)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Synthetic biology is moving in the direction of larger and more sophisticated design,which depends heavily on the efficient assembly of genetic modules.Conventional evaluation of the DNA assembly efficiency(AE)requires transformation,and the whole process requires up to 10 h and is susceptible to various interferences.To achieve rapid and reliable determination of the AE,an alternative transformation-independent method was established using a modified quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)assay.The AE is represented by the proportion of the ligated fragment,which can be determined within 3 h.This qPCR-based measurement was tested by the commonly used restriction ligation,Golden Gate assembly,and Gibson assembly for the assembly of two or more DNA pieces;the results correlated significantly with the AEs represented by the counting of the colony-forming units(CFUs).This method outperformed the CFU-based measurement by reducing the measuring bias and the random deviations that stem from the transformation process.The method was then employed to investigate the effects of terminal secondary structures on DNA assembly.The results revealed the major effects of the overall properties of the overlap sequence and the negative effects of hairpin structures on the AE,which are relevant for all assembly techniques that rely on homologous annealing of the terminal sequences.The qPCR-based approach presented here should facilitate the development of DNA assembly techniques and the diagnosis of inefficient assemblies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31970411)。
文摘Raptors share a common predatory lifestyle,but are different in food preferences and hunting behavior.The grip force and talons’grasping capabilities are fundamentally crucial for subduing and killing their prey to feed,but the abilities and differences to generate force are less known.In this study,the entire pelvic muscles were dissected with the muscle mass and fibre length measured and physiological cross-sectional area counted in the Common Kestrel(Falco tinnunculus),Eurasian Sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus),and Long-eared Owl(Asio otus).Statistical tests were performed to explore the possible differences in architectural parameters among species.These species were same in distributing the greatest proportion of muscle mass to the shank region and the digital flexor functional group,allocating more than 60%muscle mass in relation to total single leg muscle mass to the same seven individual muscles including flexor digitorum longus(FDL),flexor hallucis longus(FHL),and tibialis cranialis(TC)which are three major muscles responsible for talon closure.Interspecies differentiations were most present in the shank and tarsus instead of other regions of the leg,which might reflect their difference in hunting mode and foot use.Greater force-generation capacity of FHL and some anatomical features suggest that digits 1and 2 work together as an efficiently vise-like set,playing more critical role than digits 3–4 in foraging of diurnal raptors but to a different degree.In accordance with zygodactyl foot morphology,each digit of the Long-eared Owl plays a subequal role when hunting,evidenced by anatomical and architectural features.Because of its unique insertion to the base of the pygostyle,the striking numerical difference in the development of M.caudofemoralis was possibly related to raptors’flight behavior and feeding ecology.Concluded from anatomical and architectural aspects,the similarities and differences of the hindlimb musculature were correlated to common predatory lifestyle and different foraging behaviors in three raptor species.These results illustrated the underlying myological basis for the functional capacities of the leg muscles and may provide additional information useful in further biomechanical investigation and computer simulation.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52161145409,21976116)SAFEA of China(“Belt and Road”Innovative Talent Exchange Foreign Expert Project#2023041004L)(High-end Foreign Expert Project#G2023041021L)Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation of Germany(Group-Linkage Program)。
文摘The advances in transmission electron microscopy(TEM)have greatly improved the characterization of heterogeneous catalysts,offering valuable insights into their operational efficacy through the correlation of their physicochemical characteristics with performance,specificity,and robustness at nanoscales.Understanding tangible catalyst attributes and corresponding catalytic processes necessitates the identification and rationalization of catalyst behavior modifications during reaction conditions.Recent innovations in in-situ TEM techniques have opened new avenues to observe the progress of heterogeneous catalysis with unparalleled spatial precision,superior energy resolution,and precise temporal resolution in controlled or realistic catalytic environments.Herein,we have reviewed the established and evolving techniques for monitoring catalysts through the utilization of in-situ TEM.By combining in-situ TEM with cutting-edge spectroscopic methodologies like atomic electron tomography(AET),4D-STEM,cryogenic electron microscopy,and monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy(EELS),a comprehensive approach to catalyst observation is achieved.Likewise,this advancement is expected to highlight and expand the crucial role of in-situ TEM in elucidating catalyst surface structures,active sites,and reaction pathways across key catalytic reactions,shaping the field of research in heterogeneous catalysis.Finally,the potential applications,advantages,and challenges of using in-situ TEM are emphasized and addressed in detail.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21762048,81860615 and 81903541)Yunnan Applicative and BasicResearch Program(No.2018FY001)+3 种基金the grant of Yunnan Applicative and Basic Research Program(No.2018FA048)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(No.IRT_17R94)Project of Innovative Research Team of Yunnan Province(No.202005AE160005)Yun Ling Scholar Project to Wei-e Xiao。
文摘Objective:To study the chemical constituents from the leaves and twigs of Callicarpa cathayana.Methods:The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel,MCI gel CHP 20 P/P120,Sephadex LH-20,and HPLC.The structures of the compounds were determined by HR-ESI-MS,1 D and 2 D NMR data.Results:A total of 24 compounds were isolated from the 85%methanol extract of leaves and twigs of C.cathayana.They were identified as cathayanalactone G(1),a new diterpene,and 23 known compounds as patagonic acid(2),(-)-16-hydroxycledroda-3,13-dien-16,15-olide-18-oic acid(3),15-methoxypatagonic acid(4),oleanolic acid(5),ursolic acid(6),siaresinolic acid(7),pomolic acid(8),a-amyrin(9),tormentic acid(10),lupeol(11),5,7-dihydroxy-3,4’-dimethoxyflavone(12),5,4’-dihydroxy-3,7,3’-dimethoxyflavone(13),5-hydroxy-3,6,7,4’-tetramethoxyflavone(14),salvigenin(15),kaemferol(16),astragalin(17),pinoresinol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(18),paulownin(19),β-sitosterol(20),β-sitosterolβ-Dglucopyranoside(21),5-hydroxy-coumarin(22),isocopoletin(23),and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid(24).Conclusion:Compound 1 is a new labdane diterpene.Compounds 10,13,16 and 17 are isolated from the genus Callicarpa for the first time.Compounds 7,8,9,12,14,23 and 24 are reported from C.cathayana for the first time.
基金funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31470827,81773359,82073488,31870847 and 3127894).
文摘Salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) is a member of the AMP-activated serine/threonine kinase family. It has been reported that inhibition of SIK2 can enhance the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel,1 promote premitotic apoptosis, and lead to cell cycle arrest in the metaphase.2 Thus, targeting SIK2 may be a therapeutic strategy for cancers drug and radiotherapy resistance. Mitotic catastrophe is a type of abnormal mitosis leading to cell death characterized by the multipolar spindle and multinucleation, which was first discovered during an ionizing radiation (IR)-induced cell damage.3 However, the mechanism of mitotic catastrophe is not well understood. The present study aimed to assess the effect of the knockdown of SIK2 on IR-induced mitotic catastrophe.
