In the cooperation model of leading enterprise + farmer,channel stability is always a prominent problem. Based on previous researches,taking farmers in Hainan region as investigation object,the influence factors of ch...In the cooperation model of leading enterprise + farmer,channel stability is always a prominent problem. Based on previous researches,taking farmers in Hainan region as investigation object,the influence factors of channel stability of leading enterprise + farmer are studied by combining the background of formal contract and using the combination method of theory and demonstration. Contract item design,trading cost,product specificity,power structure,information asymmetry and social relationship are contained in analytic framework to establish theoretic model. Research results show that in formal channel management,when contract clause design is more explicit,product specificity is stronger,power structure is more balanced,information share degree is higher,and trading cost is lower,channel is more stable,and farmer's willing to renew contract is stronger. Meanwhile,social relationship plays stronger regulation role.展开更多
In " leading enterprise + farmer" cooperation model,farmer's behavior of breaching contract exists generally. In this paper,from the angle of incomplete contract,the influencial factors of farmer breakin...In " leading enterprise + farmer" cooperation model,farmer's behavior of breaching contract exists generally. In this paper,from the angle of incomplete contract,the influencial factors of farmer breaking contract are analyzed. It is found that farmer sex,age,culture degree and farming period have obvious effects on the behavior of breaching contract. Under regulating effect of relationship quality,farmer assest specificity,exogenous uncertainty and endogenous uncertainty affect farmer's breaking behavior. That is,the higher the farmer assest specificity,the lower the farmer breaching tendency; higher exogenous uncertainty causes that farmer is easy to generate breaching behavior; higher endogenous uncertainty causes that farmer is also easy to take breaching behavior.展开更多
Via questionnaire investigation on express users in Wuhan colleges and universities,it is found that client satisfaction plays partial mediator role between service quality of express industry and client loyalty. More...Via questionnaire investigation on express users in Wuhan colleges and universities,it is found that client satisfaction plays partial mediator role between service quality of express industry and client loyalty. Moreover,correlation regression analysis of data is conducted by SPSS17. 0 software. It is found that communication quality,order quality,delivery quality and remedy quality have significantly positive impacts on client satisfaction,while personalized service quality does not have significant impact on client satisfaction; communication quality,order quality,personalized service quality and remedy quality have significantly positive impacts on client loyalty,while communication quality does not have significant impact on client loyalty. Finally,countermeasures and suggestions are proposed according to the above conclusions.展开更多
With the rapid development of network technology,online shopping has been constantly growing,and how to make better use of the dissemination effect of online comment has become an imperative and practical issue. Based...With the rapid development of network technology,online shopping has been constantly growing,and how to make better use of the dissemination effect of online comment has become an imperative and practical issue. Based on review of the existing literature,this paper established the theoretical research model and used the literature research and empirical research combined method to analyze the impact of online comment on purchase intention of college student consumers under online shopping. The research results indicate that the quantity,quality,valence and timeliness of online comments exert a significant impact on the purchase intention of college student consumers.展开更多
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease marked by a dysregulated immune microenvironment, posing formidable challenges for effective treatment. The disease is characterized by an altered glucose metabolism in ...Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease marked by a dysregulated immune microenvironment, posing formidable challenges for effective treatment. The disease is characterized by an altered glucose metabolism in macrophages, specifically an increase in aerobic glycolysis, which is linked to heightened inflammatory responses. This suggests that targeting macrophage metabolism could offer a new therapeutic avenue. In this study, we developed an immunometabolic intervention using quercetin (Q) encapsulated in bioadhesive mesoporous polydopamine (Q@MPDA) to treat periodontitis. Our results demonstrated that Q@MPDA could reprogram inflammatory macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype (i.e., from-M1-to-M2 repolarization). In a murine periodontitis model, locally administered Q@MPDA reduced the presence of inflammatory macrophages, and decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the periodontium. Consequently, it alleviated periodontitis symptoms, reduced alveolar bone loss, and promoted tissue repair. Furthermore, our study revealed that Q@MPDA could inhibit the glycolysis of inflammatory macrophages while enhancing oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), facilitating the shift from M1 to M2 macrophage subtype. Our findings suggest that Q@MPDA is a promising treatment for periodontitis via immunometabolic rewiring.展开更多
Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics(DMPK) is an important branch of pharmaceutical sciences.The nature of ADME(absorption,distribution,metabolism,excretion) and PK(pharmacokinetics) inquiries during drug discovery an...Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics(DMPK) is an important branch of pharmaceutical sciences.The nature of ADME(absorption,distribution,metabolism,excretion) and PK(pharmacokinetics) inquiries during drug discovery and development has evolved in recent years from being largely descriptive to seeking a more quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the fate of drug candidates in biological systems.Tremendous progress has been made in the past decade,not only in the characterization of physiochemical properties of drugs that influence their ADME,target organ exposure,and toxicity,but also in the identification of design principles that can minimize drug-drug interaction(DDI) potentials and reduce the attritions.The importance of membrane transporters in drug disposition,efficacy,and safety,as well as the interplay with metabolic processes,has been increasingly recognized.Dramatic increases in investments on new modalities beyond traditional small and large molecule drugs,such as peptides,oligonucleotides,and antibody-drug conjugates,necessitated further innovations in bioanalytical and experimental tools for the characterization of their ADME properties.In this review,we highlight some of the most notable advances in the last decade,and provide future perspectives on potential major breakthroughs and innovations in the translation of DMPK science in various stages of drug discovery and development.展开更多
Oral administration is the most commonly used route for drug treatment.Intestinal cytochrome P450(CYP)-mediated metabolism can eliminate a large proportion of some orally administered drugs before they reach systemic ...Oral administration is the most commonly used route for drug treatment.Intestinal cytochrome P450(CYP)-mediated metabolism can eliminate a large proportion of some orally administered drugs before they reach systemic circulation,while leaving the passage of other drugs unimpeded.A better understanding of the ability of intestinal P450 enzymes to metabolize various clinical drugs in both humans and preclinical animal species,including the identification of the CYP enzymes expressed,their regulation,and the relative importance of intestinal metabolism compared to hepatic metabolism,is important for improving bioavailability of current drugs and new drugs in development.Here,we briefly review the expression of drug-metabolizing P450 enzymes in the small intestine of humans and several preclinical animal species,and provide an update of the various factors or events that regulate intestinal P450 expression,including a cross talk between the liver and the intestine.We further compare various clinical and preclinical approaches for assessing the impact of intestinal drug metabolism on bioavailability,and discuss the utility of the intestinal epithelium–specific NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductasenull(IECN) mouse as a useful model for studying in vivo roles of intestinal P450 in the disposition of orally administered drugs.展开更多
We examined the impact of gut inflammation on the expression of cytochrome P450(P450)and other biotransformation genes in male mice using a dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced colitis model.Several P450 isoforms,inclu...We examined the impact of gut inflammation on the expression of cytochrome P450(P450)and other biotransformation genes in male mice using a dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced colitis model.Several P450 isoforms,including CYPIA,CYP2B,CYP2C,and CYP3A,were downregulated,accompanied by decreases in microsomal metabolism of diclofenac and nifedipine,in the liver and small intestine.The impact of the colitis on in vivo clearance of oral drugs varied for four different drugs tested:a small decrease for nifedipine,a relatively large decrease for lovastatin,but no change for pravastatin,and a large decrease in the absorption of cyclosporine A.To further assess the scope of influence of gut inflammation on gene expression,we performed genome-wide expression analysis using RNA-seq,which showed down-regulation of many CYPs,non-CYP phase-Ⅰenzymes,phase-Ⅱenzymes and transporters,and up-regulation of many other members of these gene families,in both liver and intestine of adult C57BL/6 mice,by DSS-induced colitis.Overall,our results indicate that gut inflammation suppresses the expression of many P450s and other biotransformation genes in the intestine and liver,and alters the pharmacokinetics for some but not all drugs,potentially affecting therapeutic efficacy or causing adverse effects in a drug-specific fashion.展开更多
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids(PAs) are the most common phytotoxins with documented human hepatotoxicity.PAs require metabolic activation by cytochromes P450 to generate toxic intermediates which bind to proteins and form pr...Pyrrolizidine alkaloids(PAs) are the most common phytotoxins with documented human hepatotoxicity.PAs require metabolic activation by cytochromes P450 to generate toxic intermediates which bind to proteins and form protein adducts,thereby causing cytotoxicity.This study investigated the role of the gut-liver axis in PA intoxication and the underlying mechanisms.We exposed mice to retrorsine(RTS),a representative PA,and for the first time found RTS-induced intestinal epithelium damage and disruption to intestinal barrier function.Using mice with tissue-selective ablation of P450 activity,we found that hepatic P450 s,but not intestinal P450 s,were essential for PA bioactivation.Besides,in RTS-exposed,bile duct-cannulated rats,we found the liver-derived reactive PA metabolites were transported by bile into the intestine to exert enterotoxicity.The impact of gut-derived pathogenic factors in RTS-induced hepatotoxicity was further studied in mice with dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced chronic colitis.DSS treatment increased the hepatic endotoxin level and depleted hepatic reduced glutathione,thereby suppressing the PA detoxification pathway.Compared to RTS-exposed normal mice,the colitic mice displayed more severe RTS-induced hepatic vasculature damage,fibrosis,and steatosis.Overall,our findings provide the first mode-of-action evidence of PA-induced enterotoxicity and highlight the importance of gut barrier function in PA-induced liver injury.展开更多
Drug discovery and development involve the utilization of in vitro and in vivo ex perimental models.Different models,ranging from test tube experiments to cell cultures,animals,healthy human subjects,and even small nu...Drug discovery and development involve the utilization of in vitro and in vivo ex perimental models.Different models,ranging from test tube experiments to cell cultures,animals,healthy human subjects,and even small numbers of patients that are involved in clinical trials,are used at different stages of drug discovery and development for determination of efficacy and safety.The proper selection and applications of correct models,as well as appropriate data interpretation,are critically important in decision making and succesful advancement of drug candidates.In this review,we discuss strategies in the applications of both in vitro and in vivo.experimental models of drug metabolism and disposition.展开更多
Cytochrome P450(CYP)enzymes metabolize numerous endogenous substrates,such as retinoids,androgens,estrogens and vitamin D,that can modulate important cellular processes,including proliferation,differentiation and apop...Cytochrome P450(CYP)enzymes metabolize numerous endogenous substrates,such as retinoids,androgens,estrogens and vitamin D,that can modulate important cellular processes,including proliferation,differentiation and apoptosis.The aim of this study is to characterize the expression of CYP genes in CD34+human cord blood hematopoietic stem and early progenitor cells(CBHSPCs)as a first step toward assessment of the potential biological functions of CYP enzymes in regulating the expansion or differentiation of these cells.CD34+CBHSPCs were purified from umbilical cord blood via antibody affinity chromatography.Purity of CD34+CBHSPCs was assessed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting.RNA was isolated from purified CD34+CBHSPCs and total mononuclear cells(MNCs)for RNA-PCR analysis of CYP expression.Fourteen human CYPs were detected in the initial screening with qualitative RT-PCR in CD34+CBHSPCs.Further quantitative RNA-PCR analysis of the detected CYP transcripts yielded evidence for preferential expression of CYP2R1 in CD34+CBHSPCs relative to MNCs;and for greater expression of CYP1B1 in MNCs relative to CD34+CBHSPCs.These findings provide the basis for further studies on possible functions of CYP2R1 and CYP1B1 in CBHSPCs'proliferation and/or differentiation and their potential utility as targets for drugs designed to modulate CD34+CBHSPC expansion or differentiation.展开更多
This special APSB issue marks the beginning of a series of celebratory events for the 10-year anniversary of the journal.It was June 2011, when the first issue of the journal was published.It has been an exciting deca...This special APSB issue marks the beginning of a series of celebratory events for the 10-year anniversary of the journal.It was June 2011, when the first issue of the journal was published.It has been an exciting decade for the growth of the journal, which began publishing bimonthly and was changed to monthly in 2020to meet the ever-increasing demand for journal space. The inaugural issue had 10 articles, including two reviews and eight research articles. From the beginning, the editors set high standards and expectations. The annual editorial report for the first year showed a rejection rate of 85%;today, the rejection rate is over 93%. The initial goal of reaching an impact factor of 3 was quickly reached;now the impact factor is above 7. The journal has established itself as a leading international journal in pharmaceutical sciences in a relatively short time, an accomplishment well worth celebrating!展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation Item(71573100)
文摘In the cooperation model of leading enterprise + farmer,channel stability is always a prominent problem. Based on previous researches,taking farmers in Hainan region as investigation object,the influence factors of channel stability of leading enterprise + farmer are studied by combining the background of formal contract and using the combination method of theory and demonstration. Contract item design,trading cost,product specificity,power structure,information asymmetry and social relationship are contained in analytic framework to establish theoretic model. Research results show that in formal channel management,when contract clause design is more explicit,product specificity is stronger,power structure is more balanced,information share degree is higher,and trading cost is lower,channel is more stable,and farmer's willing to renew contract is stronger. Meanwhile,social relationship plays stronger regulation role.
基金Supported by Natural Science Research Project Fund,Ministry of Education(71573100)
文摘In " leading enterprise + farmer" cooperation model,farmer's behavior of breaching contract exists generally. In this paper,from the angle of incomplete contract,the influencial factors of farmer breaking contract are analyzed. It is found that farmer sex,age,culture degree and farming period have obvious effects on the behavior of breaching contract. Under regulating effect of relationship quality,farmer assest specificity,exogenous uncertainty and endogenous uncertainty affect farmer's breaking behavior. That is,the higher the farmer assest specificity,the lower the farmer breaching tendency; higher exogenous uncertainty causes that farmer is easy to generate breaching behavior; higher endogenous uncertainty causes that farmer is also easy to take breaching behavior.
文摘Via questionnaire investigation on express users in Wuhan colleges and universities,it is found that client satisfaction plays partial mediator role between service quality of express industry and client loyalty. Moreover,correlation regression analysis of data is conducted by SPSS17. 0 software. It is found that communication quality,order quality,delivery quality and remedy quality have significantly positive impacts on client satisfaction,while personalized service quality does not have significant impact on client satisfaction; communication quality,order quality,personalized service quality and remedy quality have significantly positive impacts on client loyalty,while communication quality does not have significant impact on client loyalty. Finally,countermeasures and suggestions are proposed according to the above conclusions.
文摘With the rapid development of network technology,online shopping has been constantly growing,and how to make better use of the dissemination effect of online comment has become an imperative and practical issue. Based on review of the existing literature,this paper established the theoretical research model and used the literature research and empirical research combined method to analyze the impact of online comment on purchase intention of college student consumers under online shopping. The research results indicate that the quantity,quality,valence and timeliness of online comments exert a significant impact on the purchase intention of college student consumers.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFE0203600,China)National Nature Science Foundation of China(82271028,82341232)+5 种基金Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province(High-level New R&D Institute 2019B090904008,High-level Innovative Research Institute 2021B0909050003,China)Zhongshan Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology(LJ2021001&CXTD2022011,China)It also supported by the Project of Biobank(YBKB202102,China)Research Discipline Fund(KQYJXK2020,China)Cross-disciplinary Research Fund(JYJC202205,China)from Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital(SHSMU-ZDCX20212500,China)Shanghai Pujiang Program(22PJD038,China).
文摘Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease marked by a dysregulated immune microenvironment, posing formidable challenges for effective treatment. The disease is characterized by an altered glucose metabolism in macrophages, specifically an increase in aerobic glycolysis, which is linked to heightened inflammatory responses. This suggests that targeting macrophage metabolism could offer a new therapeutic avenue. In this study, we developed an immunometabolic intervention using quercetin (Q) encapsulated in bioadhesive mesoporous polydopamine (Q@MPDA) to treat periodontitis. Our results demonstrated that Q@MPDA could reprogram inflammatory macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype (i.e., from-M1-to-M2 repolarization). In a murine periodontitis model, locally administered Q@MPDA reduced the presence of inflammatory macrophages, and decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the periodontium. Consequently, it alleviated periodontitis symptoms, reduced alveolar bone loss, and promoted tissue repair. Furthermore, our study revealed that Q@MPDA could inhibit the glycolysis of inflammatory macrophages while enhancing oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), facilitating the shift from M1 to M2 macrophage subtype. Our findings suggest that Q@MPDA is a promising treatment for periodontitis via immunometabolic rewiring.
基金supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (CA023074,CA092596,ES004940,ES006694,and ES020867,USA)。
文摘Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics(DMPK) is an important branch of pharmaceutical sciences.The nature of ADME(absorption,distribution,metabolism,excretion) and PK(pharmacokinetics) inquiries during drug discovery and development has evolved in recent years from being largely descriptive to seeking a more quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the fate of drug candidates in biological systems.Tremendous progress has been made in the past decade,not only in the characterization of physiochemical properties of drugs that influence their ADME,target organ exposure,and toxicity,but also in the identification of design principles that can minimize drug-drug interaction(DDI) potentials and reduce the attritions.The importance of membrane transporters in drug disposition,efficacy,and safety,as well as the interplay with metabolic processes,has been increasingly recognized.Dramatic increases in investments on new modalities beyond traditional small and large molecule drugs,such as peptides,oligonucleotides,and antibody-drug conjugates,necessitated further innovations in bioanalytical and experimental tools for the characterization of their ADME properties.In this review,we highlight some of the most notable advances in the last decade,and provide future perspectives on potential major breakthroughs and innovations in the translation of DMPK science in various stages of drug discovery and development.
基金supported in part by grants from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (CA092596,ES020867,and GM082978)
文摘Oral administration is the most commonly used route for drug treatment.Intestinal cytochrome P450(CYP)-mediated metabolism can eliminate a large proportion of some orally administered drugs before they reach systemic circulation,while leaving the passage of other drugs unimpeded.A better understanding of the ability of intestinal P450 enzymes to metabolize various clinical drugs in both humans and preclinical animal species,including the identification of the CYP enzymes expressed,their regulation,and the relative importance of intestinal metabolism compared to hepatic metabolism,is important for improving bioavailability of current drugs and new drugs in development.Here,we briefly review the expression of drug-metabolizing P450 enzymes in the small intestine of humans and several preclinical animal species,and provide an update of the various factors or events that regulate intestinal P450 expression,including a cross talk between the liver and the intestine.We further compare various clinical and preclinical approaches for assessing the impact of intestinal drug metabolism on bioavailability,and discuss the utility of the intestinal epithelium–specific NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductasenull(IECN) mouse as a useful model for studying in vivo roles of intestinal P450 in the disposition of orally administered drugs.
基金supported in part by the National Institutes of Health(Grants GM082978 and ES006694,USA).
文摘We examined the impact of gut inflammation on the expression of cytochrome P450(P450)and other biotransformation genes in male mice using a dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced colitis model.Several P450 isoforms,including CYPIA,CYP2B,CYP2C,and CYP3A,were downregulated,accompanied by decreases in microsomal metabolism of diclofenac and nifedipine,in the liver and small intestine.The impact of the colitis on in vivo clearance of oral drugs varied for four different drugs tested:a small decrease for nifedipine,a relatively large decrease for lovastatin,but no change for pravastatin,and a large decrease in the absorption of cyclosporine A.To further assess the scope of influence of gut inflammation on gene expression,we performed genome-wide expression analysis using RNA-seq,which showed down-regulation of many CYPs,non-CYP phase-Ⅰenzymes,phase-Ⅱenzymes and transporters,and up-regulation of many other members of these gene families,in both liver and intestine of adult C57BL/6 mice,by DSS-induced colitis.Overall,our results indicate that gut inflammation suppresses the expression of many P450s and other biotransformation genes in the intestine and liver,and alters the pharmacokinetics for some but not all drugs,potentially affecting therapeutic efficacy or causing adverse effects in a drug-specific fashion.
基金supported by Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (GRF Project Nos. 14160817 and 14106318 to Ge Lin, China)a grant from the National Institutes of Health (No. R01 GM082978 to Qing-Yu Zhang, USA)。
文摘Pyrrolizidine alkaloids(PAs) are the most common phytotoxins with documented human hepatotoxicity.PAs require metabolic activation by cytochromes P450 to generate toxic intermediates which bind to proteins and form protein adducts,thereby causing cytotoxicity.This study investigated the role of the gut-liver axis in PA intoxication and the underlying mechanisms.We exposed mice to retrorsine(RTS),a representative PA,and for the first time found RTS-induced intestinal epithelium damage and disruption to intestinal barrier function.Using mice with tissue-selective ablation of P450 activity,we found that hepatic P450 s,but not intestinal P450 s,were essential for PA bioactivation.Besides,in RTS-exposed,bile duct-cannulated rats,we found the liver-derived reactive PA metabolites were transported by bile into the intestine to exert enterotoxicity.The impact of gut-derived pathogenic factors in RTS-induced hepatotoxicity was further studied in mice with dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced chronic colitis.DSS treatment increased the hepatic endotoxin level and depleted hepatic reduced glutathione,thereby suppressing the PA detoxification pathway.Compared to RTS-exposed normal mice,the colitic mice displayed more severe RTS-induced hepatic vasculature damage,fibrosis,and steatosis.Overall,our findings provide the first mode-of-action evidence of PA-induced enterotoxicity and highlight the importance of gut barrier function in PA-induced liver injury.
基金Xinxin Ding was supported in part by Public Health Service grants CA-092596 and ES007462 from the National Institutes of Health.
文摘Drug discovery and development involve the utilization of in vitro and in vivo ex perimental models.Different models,ranging from test tube experiments to cell cultures,animals,healthy human subjects,and even small numbers of patients that are involved in clinical trials,are used at different stages of drug discovery and development for determination of efficacy and safety.The proper selection and applications of correct models,as well as appropriate data interpretation,are critically important in decision making and succesful advancement of drug candidates.In this review,we discuss strategies in the applications of both in vitro and in vivo.experimental models of drug metabolism and disposition.
基金This work was supportedin part by State Scientific Key Projects for New Drug Research and Development(Nos.2011ZX09102-010-04 and 2011ZX09401-027).
文摘Cytochrome P450(CYP)enzymes metabolize numerous endogenous substrates,such as retinoids,androgens,estrogens and vitamin D,that can modulate important cellular processes,including proliferation,differentiation and apoptosis.The aim of this study is to characterize the expression of CYP genes in CD34+human cord blood hematopoietic stem and early progenitor cells(CBHSPCs)as a first step toward assessment of the potential biological functions of CYP enzymes in regulating the expansion or differentiation of these cells.CD34+CBHSPCs were purified from umbilical cord blood via antibody affinity chromatography.Purity of CD34+CBHSPCs was assessed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting.RNA was isolated from purified CD34+CBHSPCs and total mononuclear cells(MNCs)for RNA-PCR analysis of CYP expression.Fourteen human CYPs were detected in the initial screening with qualitative RT-PCR in CD34+CBHSPCs.Further quantitative RNA-PCR analysis of the detected CYP transcripts yielded evidence for preferential expression of CYP2R1 in CD34+CBHSPCs relative to MNCs;and for greater expression of CYP1B1 in MNCs relative to CD34+CBHSPCs.These findings provide the basis for further studies on possible functions of CYP2R1 and CYP1B1 in CBHSPCs'proliferation and/or differentiation and their potential utility as targets for drugs designed to modulate CD34+CBHSPC expansion or differentiation.
文摘This special APSB issue marks the beginning of a series of celebratory events for the 10-year anniversary of the journal.It was June 2011, when the first issue of the journal was published.It has been an exciting decade for the growth of the journal, which began publishing bimonthly and was changed to monthly in 2020to meet the ever-increasing demand for journal space. The inaugural issue had 10 articles, including two reviews and eight research articles. From the beginning, the editors set high standards and expectations. The annual editorial report for the first year showed a rejection rate of 85%;today, the rejection rate is over 93%. The initial goal of reaching an impact factor of 3 was quickly reached;now the impact factor is above 7. The journal has established itself as a leading international journal in pharmaceutical sciences in a relatively short time, an accomplishment well worth celebrating!
