Wet wood is an abnormal phenomenon in growing trees,which adversely affects growth,subsequent wood processing and economic values of wood products.In this study,the influences of factors such as clones,afforestation m...Wet wood is an abnormal phenomenon in growing trees,which adversely affects growth,subsequent wood processing and economic values of wood products.In this study,the influences of factors such as clones,afforestation methods,site conditions and climate conditions on the characteristics of poplar wetwood were studied through field investigations in 27 clones from 48 sample plots in 28 counties.Results showed that the incidences of wetwood were almost 100%in all plots.Ratios of wetwood area among the48 plots differed from 15.1 to 90.2%.Wetwood area ratios,moisture contents and pH differed significantly between the 27 clones.Wetwood area ratios of the clones ranged from18.7 to 62.3%.Ratios of wetwood areas were positively correlated with wet wood moisture content and pH,tree age,and negatively correlated with pH of sap wood.The repeatability of wet wood area ratios was 0.52,moderately controlled by genetics.Wetwood moisture content and pH were highly controlled by genetics,indicated by the repeatability of 0.91 and 0.89,respectively.There were significant differences in wetwood area ratios,moisture content and pH between different site conditions,afforestation methods,and geographical regions.Sloping land had the lowest wetwood area ratios and moisture content among four types of sites.Afforestation by direct seeding and rooted cuttings had the lowest wetwood area ratios and moisture content,respectively.In the three geographical regions,the Yellow River Basin had the lowest wetwood values of all three factors.展开更多
Rodents are important seed dispersers of plants because they move seeds far away from the parent trees and hoard seeds in the soil,benefiting seed dispersal and regeneration.Traits of plant seeds and animals are assoc...Rodents are important seed dispersers of plants because they move seeds far away from the parent trees and hoard seeds in the soil,benefiting seed dispersal and regeneration.Traits of plant seeds and animals are associated with rodent-mediated seed dispersal,but animal personality,the consistent individual behavioral differences in time and environments,has not been fully considered.Here,we first measured the personality of 26 Niviventer confucianus in the laboratory,and 10 individuals in the field of one population,and then tested their behavior of seed consumption and hoarding both in semi-natural enclosures and the field.We tested the hypothesis that individuals with different personalities have different preferences for seed consumption and hoarding,which has different implications for seed dispersal and regeneration.Under the enclosure conditions,all parameters of personality are repeatable;bold individuals harvested fewer seeds but scatter-hoarded more seeds and dispersed farther than timid ones,whereas active individuals consumed more seeds,but left fewer seeds on the ground surface than inactive ones.In the field,boldness,activity,and exploration of the animals are repeatable;bold individuals scatter-hoarded more seeds to farther distances than timid ones,whereas active individuals harvested and consumed more seeds than inactive ones.These results suggest that bold rats tended to scatter hoard seeds and disperse them to a longer distance,implying they are more effective in seed dispersal.In the future,animal personality(e.g.boldness and activity)should be considered in seed dispersal studies and ecological-based manipulation in seed dispersal and regeneration of forests.展开更多
基金funded by the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2021CFB446)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31570665)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD2201202)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2662020YLPY017)。
文摘Wet wood is an abnormal phenomenon in growing trees,which adversely affects growth,subsequent wood processing and economic values of wood products.In this study,the influences of factors such as clones,afforestation methods,site conditions and climate conditions on the characteristics of poplar wetwood were studied through field investigations in 27 clones from 48 sample plots in 28 counties.Results showed that the incidences of wetwood were almost 100%in all plots.Ratios of wetwood area among the48 plots differed from 15.1 to 90.2%.Wetwood area ratios,moisture contents and pH differed significantly between the 27 clones.Wetwood area ratios of the clones ranged from18.7 to 62.3%.Ratios of wetwood areas were positively correlated with wet wood moisture content and pH,tree age,and negatively correlated with pH of sap wood.The repeatability of wet wood area ratios was 0.52,moderately controlled by genetics.Wetwood moisture content and pH were highly controlled by genetics,indicated by the repeatability of 0.91 and 0.89,respectively.There were significant differences in wetwood area ratios,moisture content and pH between different site conditions,afforestation methods,and geographical regions.Sloping land had the lowest wetwood area ratios and moisture content among four types of sites.Afforestation by direct seeding and rooted cuttings had the lowest wetwood area ratios and moisture content,respectively.In the three geographical regions,the Yellow River Basin had the lowest wetwood values of all three factors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170508,31870416)the Damushan National Forest Park,Tongshan China.
文摘Rodents are important seed dispersers of plants because they move seeds far away from the parent trees and hoard seeds in the soil,benefiting seed dispersal and regeneration.Traits of plant seeds and animals are associated with rodent-mediated seed dispersal,but animal personality,the consistent individual behavioral differences in time and environments,has not been fully considered.Here,we first measured the personality of 26 Niviventer confucianus in the laboratory,and 10 individuals in the field of one population,and then tested their behavior of seed consumption and hoarding both in semi-natural enclosures and the field.We tested the hypothesis that individuals with different personalities have different preferences for seed consumption and hoarding,which has different implications for seed dispersal and regeneration.Under the enclosure conditions,all parameters of personality are repeatable;bold individuals harvested fewer seeds but scatter-hoarded more seeds and dispersed farther than timid ones,whereas active individuals consumed more seeds,but left fewer seeds on the ground surface than inactive ones.In the field,boldness,activity,and exploration of the animals are repeatable;bold individuals scatter-hoarded more seeds to farther distances than timid ones,whereas active individuals harvested and consumed more seeds than inactive ones.These results suggest that bold rats tended to scatter hoard seeds and disperse them to a longer distance,implying they are more effective in seed dispersal.In the future,animal personality(e.g.boldness and activity)should be considered in seed dispersal studies and ecological-based manipulation in seed dispersal and regeneration of forests.
