Twenty percent to forty percent of patients with epilepsy are medically refractory.For these patients,epilepsy surgeries such as resecting the epileptogenic focus may provide an alternative option.However,when the epi...Twenty percent to forty percent of patients with epilepsy are medically refractory.For these patients,epilepsy surgeries such as resecting the epileptogenic focus may provide an alternative option.However,when the epileptogenic focus is located in the eloquent cortex,the resection of epileptogenic focus may lead to unacceptable functional deficits.Bipolar electrocoagulation on functional cortex(BCFC)is a surgical technique that holds the same principles with multiple subpial transections(MST)and aims to benefit patients with epilepsy whose epileptogenic zone is located in the eloquent cortex.It uses thermal injury to interrupt the horizontal fibers in the cortex while mechanical injury is used in MST.Here,we reviewed the rationale,surgical procedure,laboratory research,and clinical application of BCFC.We also discussed the ongoing challenges of BCFC.展开更多
Background:The Pal/Rim signaling pathway is crucial for fungal responses to ambient pH conditions.It comprises the transcription factor PacC/Rim101 and six upstream peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein(Pal)proteins.Wh...Background:The Pal/Rim signaling pathway is crucial for fungal responses to ambient pH conditions.It comprises the transcription factor PacC/Rim101 and six upstream peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein(Pal)proteins.While the role of PacC has been extensively studied,there is limited information on the functions of the upstream Pal proteins.Results:In the genome of Penicillium expansum,genes encoding the endosomal membrane complex(PalA/B/C)were identified.Among these,only the expression of PePalB,not PePalA or PePalC,is pH-dependent.Subcellular localization and functional analyses showed that PePalA/B/C are localized to the cytosol and peripheral punctate structures.Deletion of PePalA/B/C resulted in reduced growth and conidiation of P.expansum across various pH conditions.The virulence of theΔPePalA/B/C mutant was significantly reduced in pear and apple fruits.Additionally,the mutants exhibited a loss of patulin production under both acidic and alkaline conditions and the downregulation of genes in the patulin biosynthetic cluster.pH shift experiments further demonstrated that PePalA/B/C are essential for both the PePacC expression and the pH-dependent proteolytic activation of PePacC.Conclusions:These findings highlight the significant roles of PePalA/B/C in regulating growth,conidiation,virulence,and patulin production in P.expansum,thereby enhancing our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the Pal/Rim signaling pathway.展开更多
Transplanting human neural progenitor cells is a promising method of replenishing the lost neurons after spinal cord injury (SCI), but differentiating neural progenitor cells into the diverse types of mature functiona...Transplanting human neural progenitor cells is a promising method of replenishing the lost neurons after spinal cord injury (SCI), but differentiating neural progenitor cells into the diverse types of mature functional spinal cord neurons in vivo is challenging. In this study, engineered human embryonic spinal cord-like tissues with dorsal and ventral neuronal characters (DV-SC) were generated by inducing human neural progenitor cells (hscNPCs) to differentiate into various types of dorsal and ventral neuronal cells on collagen scaffold in vitro. Transplantation of DV-SC into complete SCI models in rats and monkeys showed better therapeutic effects than undifferentiated hscNPCs, including pronounced cell survival and maturation. DV-SC formed a targeted connection with the host’s ascending and descending axons, partially restored interrupted neural circuits, and improved motor evoked potentials and the hindlimb function of animals with SCI. This suggests that the transplantation of pre-differentiated hscNPCs with spinal cord dorsal and ventral neuronal characteristics could be a promising strategy for SCI repair.展开更多
基金supported by theNational Natural Science Foundation of China (81790654,81790650) Capital Health Research and Developmentof Special (2016-1-8012).
文摘Twenty percent to forty percent of patients with epilepsy are medically refractory.For these patients,epilepsy surgeries such as resecting the epileptogenic focus may provide an alternative option.However,when the epileptogenic focus is located in the eloquent cortex,the resection of epileptogenic focus may lead to unacceptable functional deficits.Bipolar electrocoagulation on functional cortex(BCFC)is a surgical technique that holds the same principles with multiple subpial transections(MST)and aims to benefit patients with epilepsy whose epileptogenic zone is located in the eloquent cortex.It uses thermal injury to interrupt the horizontal fibers in the cortex while mechanical injury is used in MST.Here,we reviewed the rationale,surgical procedure,laboratory research,and clinical application of BCFC.We also discussed the ongoing challenges of BCFC.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.6222047)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32261133624,32072273,and 32372405)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA26040202).
文摘Background:The Pal/Rim signaling pathway is crucial for fungal responses to ambient pH conditions.It comprises the transcription factor PacC/Rim101 and six upstream peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein(Pal)proteins.While the role of PacC has been extensively studied,there is limited information on the functions of the upstream Pal proteins.Results:In the genome of Penicillium expansum,genes encoding the endosomal membrane complex(PalA/B/C)were identified.Among these,only the expression of PePalB,not PePalA or PePalC,is pH-dependent.Subcellular localization and functional analyses showed that PePalA/B/C are localized to the cytosol and peripheral punctate structures.Deletion of PePalA/B/C resulted in reduced growth and conidiation of P.expansum across various pH conditions.The virulence of theΔPePalA/B/C mutant was significantly reduced in pear and apple fruits.Additionally,the mutants exhibited a loss of patulin production under both acidic and alkaline conditions and the downregulation of genes in the patulin biosynthetic cluster.pH shift experiments further demonstrated that PePalA/B/C are essential for both the PePacC expression and the pH-dependent proteolytic activation of PePacC.Conclusions:These findings highlight the significant roles of PePalA/B/C in regulating growth,conidiation,virulence,and patulin production in P.expansum,thereby enhancing our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the Pal/Rim signaling pathway.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81891002)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(,XDA16040702 XDA16040704)+2 种基金Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(Grant No.Y202031)We also thanked the support from CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(Grant No.YSBR073)the Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province(2021DK2003).
文摘Transplanting human neural progenitor cells is a promising method of replenishing the lost neurons after spinal cord injury (SCI), but differentiating neural progenitor cells into the diverse types of mature functional spinal cord neurons in vivo is challenging. In this study, engineered human embryonic spinal cord-like tissues with dorsal and ventral neuronal characters (DV-SC) were generated by inducing human neural progenitor cells (hscNPCs) to differentiate into various types of dorsal and ventral neuronal cells on collagen scaffold in vitro. Transplantation of DV-SC into complete SCI models in rats and monkeys showed better therapeutic effects than undifferentiated hscNPCs, including pronounced cell survival and maturation. DV-SC formed a targeted connection with the host’s ascending and descending axons, partially restored interrupted neural circuits, and improved motor evoked potentials and the hindlimb function of animals with SCI. This suggests that the transplantation of pre-differentiated hscNPCs with spinal cord dorsal and ventral neuronal characteristics could be a promising strategy for SCI repair.
