The application of thermoelectric devices(TEDs)for personalized thermoregulation is attractive for saving energy while balancing the quality of life.TEDs that directly attach to human skin remarkably minimized the ene...The application of thermoelectric devices(TEDs)for personalized thermoregulation is attractive for saving energy while balancing the quality of life.TEDs that directly attach to human skin remarkably minimized the energy wasted for cooling the entire environment.However,facing the extreme dynamic geometry change and strain of human skin,conventional TEDs cannot align with the contour of our bodies for the best thermoregulation effect.Hence,we designed a kirigami-based wearable TED with excellent water vapor permeability,flexibility,and conformability.Numerical analysis and experimental results reveal that our product can withstand various types of large mechanical deformation without circuit rupture.The stated outcome and proposed facile approach not only reinforce the development of wearable TEDs but also offer an innovative opportunity for different electronics that require high conformability.展开更多
Organic electrochemical transistors(OECTs) exhibit significant potential for applications in healthcare and human-machine interfaces, due to their tunable synthesis, facile deposition, and excellent biocompatibility. ...Organic electrochemical transistors(OECTs) exhibit significant potential for applications in healthcare and human-machine interfaces, due to their tunable synthesis, facile deposition, and excellent biocompatibility. Expanding OECTs to the fexible devices will significantly facilitate stable contact with the skin and enable more possible bioelectronic applications. In this work,we summarize the device physics of fexible OECTs, aiming to offer a foundational understanding and guidelines for material selection and device architecture. Particular attention is paid to the advanced manufacturing approaches, including photolithography and printing techniques, which establish a robust foundation for the commercialization and large-scale fabrication. And abundantly demonstrated examples ranging from biosensors, artificial synapses/neurons, to bioinspired nervous systems are summarized to highlight the considerable prospects of smart healthcare. In the end, the challenges and opportunities are proposed for fexible OECTs. The purpose of this review is not only to elaborate on the basic design principles of fexible OECTs, but also to act as a roadmap for further exploration of wearable OECTs in advanced bio-applications.展开更多
Objective:We have developed a baroreceptor-inspired microneedle skin patch for pressure-controlled drug release.Impact Statement:This design is inspired by the skin baroreceptors,which are mechanosensitive elements of...Objective:We have developed a baroreceptor-inspired microneedle skin patch for pressure-controlled drug release.Impact Statement:This design is inspired by the skin baroreceptors,which are mechanosensitive elements of the peripheral nervous system.We adopt the finger touching to trigger the electric stimulation,ensuring a fast-response and user-friendly administration with potentially minimal off-target effects.Introduction:Chronic skin diseases bring about large,recurrent skin damage and often require convenient and timely transdermal treatment.Traditional methods lack spatiotemporal controllable dosage,leaving a risk of skin irritation or drug resistance issues.Methods:The patch consists of drug-containing microneedles and stretchable electrode array.The electrode array,integrated with the piezoconductive switch and flexible battery,provides a mild electric current only at the spot that is pressed.Drugs in microneedles will then flow along the current into the skin tissues.The stretchable feature also provides the mechanical robustness and electric stability of the device on large skin area.Results:This device delivers Cy3 dye in pig skin with spatiotemporally controlled dosage,showing~8 times higher fluorescence intensity than the passive delivery.We also deliver insulin and observe the reduction of the blood glucose level in the mouse model upon pressing.Compared with passive delivery without pressing,the dosage of drugs released by the simulation is 2.83 times higher.Conclusion:This baroreceptor-inspired microneedle skin patch acts as a good example of the biomimicking microneedle device in the precise control of the drug release profile at the spatiotemporal resolution.展开更多
Sweat could be a carrier of informative biomarkers for health status identification;therefore,wearable sweat sensors have attracted significant attention for research.An external power source is an important component...Sweat could be a carrier of informative biomarkers for health status identification;therefore,wearable sweat sensors have attracted significant attention for research.An external power source is an important component of wearable sensors,however,the current power supplies,i.e.,batteries,limit further shrinking down the size of these devices and thus limit their application areas and scenarios.Herein,we report a stretchable self-powered biosensor with epidermal electronic format that enables the in situ detec-tion of lactate and glucose concentration in sweat.Enzymatic biofuel cells serve as self-powered sensing modules allowing the sweat sensor to exhibit a determination coefficient(R2)of 0.98 with a sensitivity of 2.48 mV/mM for lactate detection,and R2 of 0.96 with a sensitivity of 0.11 mV/μM for glucose detection.The microfluidic channels developed in an ultra-thin soft flexible polydimethylsiloxane layer not only enable the effective collection of sweat,but also provide excellent mechanical properties with stable performance output even under 30%stretching.The presented soft sweat sensors can be integrated at nearly any location of the body for the continuous monitoring of lactate and glucose changes during normal daily activities such as exercise.Our results provide a promising approach to develop next-generation sweat sensors for real-time and in situ sweat analysis.展开更多
In recent years,wearable electrochemical sensors have been widely used for biochemical analysis.These sensors,which incorporate flexible electrodes and sensitive recognition elements on a flexible substrate,facilitate...In recent years,wearable electrochemical sensors have been widely used for biochemical analysis.These sensors,which incorporate flexible electrodes and sensitive recognition elements on a flexible substrate,facilitate the noninvasive,in-situ,real-time,and continuous monitoring of target biochemical molecules in biofluids while maintaining high selectivity and sensitivity.This review provides a comprehensive examination of the principles guiding the selection of core components and the recent advances in wearable electrochemical sensors for biochemical markers in recent years.Initially,we outline the essential considerations in designing wearable sensors to detect biomarkers in biofluids,including sampling techniques,material selection,design parameters,recognition elements,sensing strategies,power requirements,data processing,and sensor integration.We emphasize the improved efficacy of recognition elements,which has been significantly enhanced by biotechnology and materials science developments,facilitating selective and sensitive detection of target components within complex matrices.Concurrently,incorporating nanomaterials and conductive polymers(CPs)has markedly improved the sensing capabilities of flexible electronics.Subsequently,we investigate recent progress in situ detection of biochemical markers utilizing wearable electrochemical sensors that employ advanced materials,optimized mechanical structures,and various conduction mechanisms.The notable applications stemming from these technological innovations illustrate significant improvements in sensitivity,reliability,and monitoring capabilities of wearable electrochemical sensors while enhancing user comfort.Finally,we address the current challenges and future perspectives regarding implementing clinically oriented wearable electrochemical sensors for disease monitoring and personalized medicine.展开更多
The importance of continuous healthcare management has significantly accelerated the development of wearable devices for monitoring health-related physical and biochemical markers. Despite extensive research on wearab...The importance of continuous healthcare management has significantly accelerated the development of wearable devices for monitoring health-related physical and biochemical markers. Despite extensive research on wearable devices for physiological and biochemical monitoring, critical issues of power management and device/skin interfacial properties restrict the advancement of personalized healthcare and early disease detection. Here, we report a multimodal sweat monitoring device featuring a real-time display and long-term data analysis based on self-powered format of sweat-activated batteries (SABs). The polyvinyl alcohol-sucrose (PVA-Suc) hydrogel serves as the key component for the SAB, offering not only great long-term adhesive properties for conformable wearability but also significant power generation capabilities. A maximum current density of 44.06 mA cm^(−2) and a maximum power density of 21.89 mW cm^(−2) can be realized for the hydrogel based SAB. The resulting device integrates an advanced colorimetric and electrochemical sensor array to measure pH levels, glucose concentrations, and chloride ion levels in human sweat, with data wirelessly transmitted by Near Field Communication. The self-powering features and multiple mode sensing function offer sufficient power to support real-time monitoring of metabolic biomarkers in sweat, with the ability to visually observe changes in the colorimetric sensors for long-term data monitoring.展开更多
Electronic skin made of thin,soft,stretchable devices that can mimic the human skin and reconstruct the tactile sensation and perception offers great opportunities for prosthesis sensing,robotics controlling,and human...Electronic skin made of thin,soft,stretchable devices that can mimic the human skin and reconstruct the tactile sensation and perception offers great opportunities for prosthesis sensing,robotics controlling,and human-machine interfaces.Advanced materials and mechanics engineering of thin film devices has proven to be an efficient route to enable and enhance flexibility and stretchability of various electronic skins;however,the density of devices is still low owing to the limitation in existing fabrication techniques.Here,we report a high-throughput one-step process to fabricate large tactile sensing arrays with a sensor density of 25 sensors/cm^(2) for electronic skin,where the sensors are based on intrinsically stretchable piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate(PZT)elastomer.The PZT elastomer sensor arrays with great uniformity and passive-driven manner enable highresolution tactile sensing,simplify the data acquisition process,and lower the manufacturing cost.The high-throughput fabrication process provides a general platform for integrating intrinsically stretchable materials into large area,high device density soft electronics for the next-generation electronic skin.展开更多
The advances in wearable/flexible electronics have triggered tremendous demands for flexible power sources,where flexible nanogenerators,capable of converting mechanical energy into electricity,demonstrate its great p...The advances in wearable/flexible electronics have triggered tremendous demands for flexible power sources,where flexible nanogenerators,capable of converting mechanical energy into electricity,demonstrate its great potential.Here,recent progress on flexible nanogenerators for mechanical energy harvesting toward self-powered systems,including flexible piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerator,is reviewed.The emphasis is mainly on the basic working principle,the newly developed materials and structural design as well as associated typical applications for energy harvesting,sensing,and selfpowered systems.In addition,the progress of flexible hybrid nanogenerator in terms of its applications is also highlighted.Finally,the challenges and future perspectives toward flexible self-powered systems are reviewed.展开更多
The dramatic advances in flexible/wearable electronics have garnered great attention for touch sensors for practical applications in human health monitoring and human–machine interfaces.Self-powered triboelectric tac...The dramatic advances in flexible/wearable electronics have garnered great attention for touch sensors for practical applications in human health monitoring and human–machine interfaces.Self-powered triboelectric tactile sensors with high sensitivity,reduced crosstalk,and simple processing routes are highly desirable.Herein,we introduce a facile and low-cost fabrication approach for a metal-electrode free,fully integrated,flexible,and self-powered triboelectric tactile sensor array with 8-by-8 sensor units.Through the height difference between the sensor units and interconnect electrodes,the crosstalk derived from the electrodes has been successfully suppressed with no additional shielding layers.The tactile sensor array shows a remarkable sensitivity of 0.063VkPa^(–1) with a linear range from 5 to 50kPa,which covers a broad range of testing objects.Furthermore,due to the advanced mechanical design,the flexible sensor array exhibits great capability of pressure sensing even under a curved state.The voltage responses from the pattern mapping by finger touching demonstrate the uniformity of the sensor array.Finally,real-time tactile sensing associated with light-emitting diode(LED)array lighting demonstrates the potential application of the sensor array in position tracking,self-powered touch screens,human–machine interfaces and many others.展开更多
Skin-integrated electronics,also known as electronic skin(e-skin);are rapidly developing and are gradually being adopted in biomedical fields as well as in our daily lives.E-skin capable of providing sensitive and hig...Skin-integrated electronics,also known as electronic skin(e-skin);are rapidly developing and are gradually being adopted in biomedical fields as well as in our daily lives.E-skin capable of providing sensitive and high-resolution tactile sensations and haptic feedback to the human body would open a new e-skin paradigm for closed-loop human-machine interfaces.Here,we report a class of materials and mechanical designs for the miniaturization of mechanical actuators and strategies for their integration into thin,soft e-skin for haptic interfaces.The mechanical actuators exhibit small dimensions of 5 mm diameter and 1.45 mm thickness and work in an electromagnetically driven vibrotactile mode with resonance frequency overlapping the most sensitive frequency of human skin.Nine mini actuators can be integrated simultaneously in a small area of 2 cm×2 cm to form a 3×3 haptic feedback array,which is small and compact enough to mount on a thumb tip.Furthermore,the thin,soft haptic interface exhibits good mechanical properties that work properly during stretching,bending,and twisting and therefore can conformally fit onto various parts of the human body to afford programmable tactile enhancement and Braille recognition with an accuracy rate over 85%.展开更多
Thin,soft,and skin-integrated electronic system has great advantages for realizing continuous human healthcare monitoring.Here,we report an ultra-thin,flexible,and garment-based microelectronics powered by sweat-activ...Thin,soft,and skin-integrated electronic system has great advantages for realizing continuous human healthcare monitoring.Here,we report an ultra-thin,flexible,and garment-based microelectronics powered by sweat-activated batteries(SABs)and applications of powering biosensors and microelectronic systems for real time sweat monitoring.The SAB cell is ultra-thin(1.25 mm)with excellent biocompatibility.The SAB has good electricity output with high capacity(14.33 mAh)and maximum power density(3.17 mW cm^(−2))after being activated by the sweat volume of 0.045 mL cm^(−2),which could continuously power 120 light emitting diodes over 3 h.The outputs could maintain stable after repeatable bending.Wireless microelectronics system could be continuously powered by the SABs for 3 h to monitor sweat and physiological information,including sweat Na+concentration,pH,and skin impedance.The reported integrated system provides a potential for solving the power issues of flexible wearable electronics and realizing personalized medicine.展开更多
This article reports a highly integrated watch for noninvasive continual blood glucose monitoring.The watch employs a Nafion-coated flexible electrochemical sensor patch fixed on the watchband to obtain interstitial f...This article reports a highly integrated watch for noninvasive continual blood glucose monitoring.The watch employs a Nafion-coated flexible electrochemical sensor patch fixed on the watchband to obtain interstitial fluid(ISF)transdermally at the wrist.This reverse iontophoresis-based extraction method eliminates the pain and inconvenience that traditional fingerstick blood tests pose in diabetic patients’lives,making continual blood glucose monitoring practical and easy.All electronic modules,including a rechargeable power source and other modules for signal processing and wireless transmission,are integrated onto a watch face-sized printed circuit board(PCB),enabling comfortable wearing of this continual glucose monitor.Real-time blood glucose levels are displayed on the LED screen of the watch and can also be checked with the smartphone user interface.With 23 volunteers,the watch demonstrated 84.34%clinical accuracy in the Clarke error grid analysis(zones A+B).In the near future,commercial products could be developed based on this lab-made prototype to provide the public with noninvasive continual glucose monitoring.展开更多
Sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 is of great importance for inhibiting the current pandemic of COVID-19.Here,we report a simple yet efficient platform integrating a portable and low-cost custom-made detector and a no...Sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 is of great importance for inhibiting the current pandemic of COVID-19.Here,we report a simple yet efficient platform integrating a portable and low-cost custom-made detector and a novel microwell array biochip for rapid and accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2.The instrument exhibits expedited amplification speed that enables colorimetric read-out within 25 minutes.A polymeric chip with a laser-engraved microwell array was developed to process the reaction between the primers and the respiratory swab RNA extracts,based on reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification(RT-LAMP).To achieve clinically acceptable performance,we synthesized a group of six primers to identify the conserved regions of the ORF1ab gene of SARS-CoV-2.Clinical trials were conducted with 87 PCR-positive and 43 PCRnegative patient samples.The platform demonstrated both high sensitivity(95.40%)and high specificity(95.35%),showing potentials for rapid and user-friendly diagnosis of COVID-19 among many other infectious pathogens.展开更多
Wearable sweat sensors are gaining significant attention due to their unparalleled potential for noninvasive health monitoring.Sweat,as a kind of body fluid,contains informative physiological indicators that are relat...Wearable sweat sensors are gaining significant attention due to their unparalleled potential for noninvasive health monitoring.Sweat,as a kind of body fluid,contains informative physiological indicators that are related to personalized health status.Advances in wearable sweat sampling and routing technologies,flexible,and stretchable materials,and wireless digital technologies have led to the development of integrated sweat sensors that are comfortable,flexible,light,and intelligent.Herein,we report a flexible and integrated wearable device via incorporating a microfluidic system and a sensing chip with skin-integrated electronic format toward in-situ monitoring of uric acid(UA)in sweat that associates with gout,cardiovascular,and renal diseases.The microfluidic system validly realizes the real-time capture perspiration from human skin.The obtained detection range is 5-200μM and the detection limit is 1.79μM,which offers an importance diagnostic method for clinical relevant lab test.The soft and flexible features of the constructed device allows it to be mounted onto nearly anywhere on the body.We tested the sweat UA in diverse subjects and various body locations during exercise,and similar trends were also observed by using a commercial UA assay kit.展开更多
Flexible and bio-integrated electronics have attracted great attention due to their enormous contributions to personalized medical devices.Power sources,serving as one of the most important components,have been suffer...Flexible and bio-integrated electronics have attracted great attention due to their enormous contributions to personalized medical devices.Power sources,serving as one of the most important components,have been suffering from many problems,including deficient biocompatibility,poor stretchability,and unstable electrical outputs under deformed conditions,which limits the practical applications in flexible and bio-integrated electronics.Here,we reported a fully stretchable magnesium(Mg)–air battery based on dual-ions-conducting hydrogels(SDICH).The high-performance battery enables long-term operation with lighting 120 lighting emitting diodes(LEDs)for over 5 h.Benefiting from the advanced materials and mechanical designs,the battery exhibits stability electrical outputs under stretching,which allows to operate ordinarily under various mechanical deformations without performance decay.Furthermore,the great biocompatibility of the battery offers great opportunity for biomedical applications,which is demonstrated by a self-adaption wound dressing system.The in vitro and in vivo results prove that the self-adaption wound dressing can effectively prevent wound inflammation and promote wound healing.By exploiting thermal feedback mechanics,the system can adjust antibiotic release rate and dosage spontaneously according to the real-time wound conditions.The proposed fully stretchable Mg-air battery and self-adaption wound dressing display great potential in skin-integrated electronics and personalized medicine.展开更多
Muscle groups perform their functions in the human body via bilateral muscle actuation,which brings bionic inspiration to artificial robot design.Building soft robotic systems with artificial muscles and multiple cont...Muscle groups perform their functions in the human body via bilateral muscle actuation,which brings bionic inspiration to artificial robot design.Building soft robotic systems with artificial muscles and multiple control dimensions could be an effective means to develop highly controllable soft robots.Here,we report a bilateral actuator with a bilateral deformation function similar to that of a muscle group that can be used for soft robots.To construct this bilateral actuator,a low-cost VHB 4910 dielectric elastomer was selected as the artificial muscle,and polymer films manufactured with specific shapes served as the actuator frame.By end-to-end connecting these bilateral actuators,a gear-shaped 3D soft robot with diverse motion capabilities could be developed,benefiting from adjustable actuation combinations.Lying on the ground with all feet on the ground,a crawling soft robot with dexterous movement along multiple directions was realized.Moreover,the directional steering was instantaneous and efficient.With two feet standing on the ground,it also acted as a rolling soft robot that can achieve bidirectional rolling motion and climbing motion on a 2°slope.Finally,inspired by the orbicularis oris muscle in the mouth,a mouthlike soft robot that could bite and grab objects 5.3 times of its body weight was demonstrated.The bidirectional function of a single actuator and the various combination modes among multiple actuators together allow the soft robots to exhibit diverse functionalities and flexibility,which provides a very valuable reference for the design of highly controllable soft robots.展开更多
Transdermal drug delivery systems(TDDs) avoid gastrointestinal degradation and hepatic first-pass metabolism, providing good drug bioavailability and patient compliance. One emerging type of TDDs is the wearable patch...Transdermal drug delivery systems(TDDs) avoid gastrointestinal degradation and hepatic first-pass metabolism, providing good drug bioavailability and patient compliance. One emerging type of TDDs is the wearable patch worn on the skin surface to deliver medication through the skin. They can generally be grouped into passive and active types, depending on the properties of materials,design principles and integrated devices. This review describes the latest advancement in the development of wearable patches, focusing on the integration of stimulus-responsive materials and electronics.This development is deemed to provide a dosage, temporal, and spatial control of therapeutics delivery.展开更多
With the requirements of self-powering sensors in flexible electronics,wearable triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)have attracted great attention due to their advantages of excellent electrical outputs and low-cost pr...With the requirements of self-powering sensors in flexible electronics,wearable triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)have attracted great attention due to their advantages of excellent electrical outputs and low-cost processing routes.The crosstalk effect between adjacent sensing units in TENGs significantly limits the pixel density of sensor arrays.Here,we present a skin-integrated,flexible TENG sensor array with 100 sensing units in an overall size of 7.5 cm×7.5 cm that can be processed in a simple,low-cost,and scalable way enabled by 3D printing.All the sensing units show good sensitivity of 0.11 V/kPa with a wide range of pressure detection from 10 to 65 kPa,which allows to accurately distinguish various tactile formats from gentle touching(as low as 2 kPa)to hard pressuring.The 3D printing patterned substrate allows to cast triboelectric layers of polydimethylsiloxane in an independent sensing manner for each unit,which greatly suppresses the cross talk arising from adjacent sensing units,where the maximum crosstalk output is only 10.8%.The excellent uniformity and reproducibility of the sensor array offer precise pressure mapping for complicated pattern loadings,which demonstrates its potential in tactile sensing and human-machine interfaces.展开更多
Microsystem technologies for evaluating the mechanical properties of soft biological tissues offer various capabilities relevant to medical research and clinical diagnosis of pathophysiologic conditions.Recent progres...Microsystem technologies for evaluating the mechanical properties of soft biological tissues offer various capabilities relevant to medical research and clinical diagnosis of pathophysiologic conditions.Recent progress includes(1)the development of tissue-compliant designs that provide minimally invasive interfaces to soft,dynamic biological surfaces and(2)improvements in options for assessments of elastic moduli at spatial scales from cellular resolution to macroscopic areas and across depths from superficial levels to deep geometries.This review summarizes a collection of these technologies,with an emphasis on operational principles,fabrication methods,device designs,integration schemes,and measurement features.The core content begins with a discussion of platforms ranging from penetrating filamentary probes and shape-conformal sheets to stretchable arrays of ultrasonic transducers.Subsequent sections examine different techniques based on planar microelectromechanical system(MEMS)approaches for biocompatible interfaces to targets that span scales from individual cells to organs.One highlighted example includes miniature electromechanical devices that allow depth profiling of soft tissue biomechanics across a wide range of thicknesses.The clinical utility of these technologies is in monitoring changes in tissue properties and in targeting/identifying diseased tissues with distinct variations in modulus.The results suggest future opportunities in engineered systems for biomechanical sensing,spanning a broad scope of applications with relevance to many aspects of health care and biology research.展开更多
Origami has become an optimal methodological choice for creating complex three-dimensional(3D)structures and soft robots.The simple and low-cost origami-inspired folding assembly provides a new method for developing 3...Origami has become an optimal methodological choice for creating complex three-dimensional(3D)structures and soft robots.The simple and low-cost origami-inspired folding assembly provides a new method for developing 3D soft robots,which is ideal for future intelligent robotic systems.Here,we present a series of materials,structural designs,and fabrication methods for developing independent,electrically controlled origami 3D soft robots for walking and soft manipulators.The 3D soft robots are based on soft actuators,which are multilayer structures with a dielectric elastomer(DE)film as the deformation layer and a laser-cut PET film as the supporting flexible frame.The triangular and rectangular design of the soft actuators allows them to be easily assembled into crawling soft robots and pyramidal-and square-shaped 3D structures.The crawling robot exhibits very stable crawling behaviors and can carry loads while walking.Inspired by origami folding,the pyramidal and square-shaped 3D soft robots exhibit programmable out-of-plane deformations and easy switching between two-dimensional(2D)and 3D structures.The electrically controllable origami deformation allows the 3D soft robots to be used as soft manipulators for grasping and precisely locking 3D objects.This work proves that origami-inspired fold-based assembly of DE actuators is a good reference for the development of soft actuators and future intelligent multifunctional soft robots.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62122002)the Project of City University of Hong Kong(Nos.9667221,9678274,and 9680322)+1 种基金as part of the InnoHK Project on Project 2.2—AI-based 3D ultrasound imaging algorithm at Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering(COCHE)the Project of Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(Nos.11213721,11215722,and 11211523)。
文摘The application of thermoelectric devices(TEDs)for personalized thermoregulation is attractive for saving energy while balancing the quality of life.TEDs that directly attach to human skin remarkably minimized the energy wasted for cooling the entire environment.However,facing the extreme dynamic geometry change and strain of human skin,conventional TEDs cannot align with the contour of our bodies for the best thermoregulation effect.Hence,we designed a kirigami-based wearable TED with excellent water vapor permeability,flexibility,and conformability.Numerical analysis and experimental results reveal that our product can withstand various types of large mechanical deformation without circuit rupture.The stated outcome and proposed facile approach not only reinforce the development of wearable TEDs but also offer an innovative opportunity for different electronics that require high conformability.
基金sponsored by the Regional Joint Fund of the National Science Foundation of China via Grant No. U21A20492the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) via Grant No. 62275041+2 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Program via Grant Nos. 2022YFH0081, 2022YFG0012 and 2022YFG0013the Sichuan Youth Software Innovation Project Funding via Grant No. MZGC20230068the Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Display Science and Technology。
文摘Organic electrochemical transistors(OECTs) exhibit significant potential for applications in healthcare and human-machine interfaces, due to their tunable synthesis, facile deposition, and excellent biocompatibility. Expanding OECTs to the fexible devices will significantly facilitate stable contact with the skin and enable more possible bioelectronic applications. In this work,we summarize the device physics of fexible OECTs, aiming to offer a foundational understanding and guidelines for material selection and device architecture. Particular attention is paid to the advanced manufacturing approaches, including photolithography and printing techniques, which establish a robust foundation for the commercialization and large-scale fabrication. And abundantly demonstrated examples ranging from biosensors, artificial synapses/neurons, to bioinspired nervous systems are summarized to highlight the considerable prospects of smart healthcare. In the end, the challenges and opportunities are proposed for fexible OECTs. The purpose of this review is not only to elaborate on the basic design principles of fexible OECTs, but also to act as a roadmap for further exploration of wearable OECTs in advanced bio-applications.
基金support by General Research Fund(GRF)grant from the Research Grants Council(RGC)of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China(CityU11200820,CityU11100323)the Mainland/Hong Kong Joint Research Scheme sponsored by the RGC Hong Kong and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(N_CityU118/20).
文摘Objective:We have developed a baroreceptor-inspired microneedle skin patch for pressure-controlled drug release.Impact Statement:This design is inspired by the skin baroreceptors,which are mechanosensitive elements of the peripheral nervous system.We adopt the finger touching to trigger the electric stimulation,ensuring a fast-response and user-friendly administration with potentially minimal off-target effects.Introduction:Chronic skin diseases bring about large,recurrent skin damage and often require convenient and timely transdermal treatment.Traditional methods lack spatiotemporal controllable dosage,leaving a risk of skin irritation or drug resistance issues.Methods:The patch consists of drug-containing microneedles and stretchable electrode array.The electrode array,integrated with the piezoconductive switch and flexible battery,provides a mild electric current only at the spot that is pressed.Drugs in microneedles will then flow along the current into the skin tissues.The stretchable feature also provides the mechanical robustness and electric stability of the device on large skin area.Results:This device delivers Cy3 dye in pig skin with spatiotemporally controlled dosage,showing~8 times higher fluorescence intensity than the passive delivery.We also deliver insulin and observe the reduction of the blood glucose level in the mouse model upon pressing.Compared with passive delivery without pressing,the dosage of drugs released by the simulation is 2.83 times higher.Conclusion:This baroreceptor-inspired microneedle skin patch acts as a good example of the biomimicking microneedle device in the precise control of the drug release profile at the spatiotemporal resolution.
基金the City University of Hong Kong,China(Nos.9610423,9667199,and 9667221)Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(No.21210820)+2 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission,China(No.JCYJ20200109110201713)Science and Technology of Sichuan Province,China(No.2020YFH0181)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019TQ0051).
文摘Sweat could be a carrier of informative biomarkers for health status identification;therefore,wearable sweat sensors have attracted significant attention for research.An external power source is an important component of wearable sensors,however,the current power supplies,i.e.,batteries,limit further shrinking down the size of these devices and thus limit their application areas and scenarios.Herein,we report a stretchable self-powered biosensor with epidermal electronic format that enables the in situ detec-tion of lactate and glucose concentration in sweat.Enzymatic biofuel cells serve as self-powered sensing modules allowing the sweat sensor to exhibit a determination coefficient(R2)of 0.98 with a sensitivity of 2.48 mV/mM for lactate detection,and R2 of 0.96 with a sensitivity of 0.11 mV/μM for glucose detection.The microfluidic channels developed in an ultra-thin soft flexible polydimethylsiloxane layer not only enable the effective collection of sweat,but also provide excellent mechanical properties with stable performance output even under 30%stretching.The presented soft sweat sensors can be integrated at nearly any location of the body for the continuous monitoring of lactate and glucose changes during normal daily activities such as exercise.Our results provide a promising approach to develop next-generation sweat sensors for real-time and in situ sweat analysis.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3205600)Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(RFS2324-1S03)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(62122002)The City University of Hong Kong(9667221,9667246,9680322,and 9667199)in part of the InnoHK Project on Project 2.2—AI-based 3D ultrasound imaging algorithm at Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering(COCHE).
文摘In recent years,wearable electrochemical sensors have been widely used for biochemical analysis.These sensors,which incorporate flexible electrodes and sensitive recognition elements on a flexible substrate,facilitate the noninvasive,in-situ,real-time,and continuous monitoring of target biochemical molecules in biofluids while maintaining high selectivity and sensitivity.This review provides a comprehensive examination of the principles guiding the selection of core components and the recent advances in wearable electrochemical sensors for biochemical markers in recent years.Initially,we outline the essential considerations in designing wearable sensors to detect biomarkers in biofluids,including sampling techniques,material selection,design parameters,recognition elements,sensing strategies,power requirements,data processing,and sensor integration.We emphasize the improved efficacy of recognition elements,which has been significantly enhanced by biotechnology and materials science developments,facilitating selective and sensitive detection of target components within complex matrices.Concurrently,incorporating nanomaterials and conductive polymers(CPs)has markedly improved the sensing capabilities of flexible electronics.Subsequently,we investigate recent progress in situ detection of biochemical markers utilizing wearable electrochemical sensors that employ advanced materials,optimized mechanical structures,and various conduction mechanisms.The notable applications stemming from these technological innovations illustrate significant improvements in sensitivity,reliability,and monitoring capabilities of wearable electrochemical sensors while enhancing user comfort.Finally,we address the current challenges and future perspectives regarding implementing clinically oriented wearable electrochemical sensors for disease monitoring and personalized medicine.
基金Research Grants Council,University Grants Committee,Grant/Award Numbers:11211523,11213721,11215722,RFS2324-1S03National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:62122002City University of Hong Kong,Grant/Award Numbers:9667199,9667221,9667246,9680322。
文摘The importance of continuous healthcare management has significantly accelerated the development of wearable devices for monitoring health-related physical and biochemical markers. Despite extensive research on wearable devices for physiological and biochemical monitoring, critical issues of power management and device/skin interfacial properties restrict the advancement of personalized healthcare and early disease detection. Here, we report a multimodal sweat monitoring device featuring a real-time display and long-term data analysis based on self-powered format of sweat-activated batteries (SABs). The polyvinyl alcohol-sucrose (PVA-Suc) hydrogel serves as the key component for the SAB, offering not only great long-term adhesive properties for conformable wearability but also significant power generation capabilities. A maximum current density of 44.06 mA cm^(−2) and a maximum power density of 21.89 mW cm^(−2) can be realized for the hydrogel based SAB. The resulting device integrates an advanced colorimetric and electrochemical sensor array to measure pH levels, glucose concentrations, and chloride ion levels in human sweat, with data wirelessly transmitted by Near Field Communication. The self-powering features and multiple mode sensing function offer sufficient power to support real-time monitoring of metabolic biomarkers in sweat, with the ability to visually observe changes in the colorimetric sensors for long-term data monitoring.
基金This work was supported by the City University of Hong Kong(Grant Nos.9610423,9667199)Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(Grant No.21210820)+2 种基金Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province(Grant No.2020YFH0181)Z.X.acknowledges the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12072057)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.DUT20RC(3)032).
文摘Electronic skin made of thin,soft,stretchable devices that can mimic the human skin and reconstruct the tactile sensation and perception offers great opportunities for prosthesis sensing,robotics controlling,and human-machine interfaces.Advanced materials and mechanics engineering of thin film devices has proven to be an efficient route to enable and enhance flexibility and stretchability of various electronic skins;however,the density of devices is still low owing to the limitation in existing fabrication techniques.Here,we report a high-throughput one-step process to fabricate large tactile sensing arrays with a sensor density of 25 sensors/cm^(2) for electronic skin,where the sensors are based on intrinsically stretchable piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate(PZT)elastomer.The PZT elastomer sensor arrays with great uniformity and passive-driven manner enable highresolution tactile sensing,simplify the data acquisition process,and lower the manufacturing cost.The high-throughput fabrication process provides a general platform for integrating intrinsically stretchable materials into large area,high device density soft electronics for the next-generation electronic skin.
基金This work is supported by HKSAR The Research Grants Council Early Career Scheme(Grant no.24206919)HKSAR Innovation and Technology Support Programme Tier 3(Grant no.ITS/085/18)+2 种基金The Chinese University of Hong Kong Direct Grant(Grant no.4055086)Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering(Grant no.RNE-p5-18)City University of Hong Kong(Grant No.9610423).
文摘The advances in wearable/flexible electronics have triggered tremendous demands for flexible power sources,where flexible nanogenerators,capable of converting mechanical energy into electricity,demonstrate its great potential.Here,recent progress on flexible nanogenerators for mechanical energy harvesting toward self-powered systems,including flexible piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerator,is reviewed.The emphasis is mainly on the basic working principle,the newly developed materials and structural design as well as associated typical applications for energy harvesting,sensing,and selfpowered systems.In addition,the progress of flexible hybrid nanogenerator in terms of its applications is also highlighted.Finally,the challenges and future perspectives toward flexible self-powered systems are reviewed.
基金This work was funded by HKSAR The Research Grants Council Early Career Scheme(Grant no.24206919)HKSAR Innovation and Technology Support Program Tier 3(Grant no.ITS/085/18)+2 种基金the Chinese University of Hong Kong Direct Grant(Grant no.4055086)Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering(Grant no.RNE-p5-18)City University of Hong Kong(Grant no.9610423,9667199).
文摘The dramatic advances in flexible/wearable electronics have garnered great attention for touch sensors for practical applications in human health monitoring and human–machine interfaces.Self-powered triboelectric tactile sensors with high sensitivity,reduced crosstalk,and simple processing routes are highly desirable.Herein,we introduce a facile and low-cost fabrication approach for a metal-electrode free,fully integrated,flexible,and self-powered triboelectric tactile sensor array with 8-by-8 sensor units.Through the height difference between the sensor units and interconnect electrodes,the crosstalk derived from the electrodes has been successfully suppressed with no additional shielding layers.The tactile sensor array shows a remarkable sensitivity of 0.063VkPa^(–1) with a linear range from 5 to 50kPa,which covers a broad range of testing objects.Furthermore,due to the advanced mechanical design,the flexible sensor array exhibits great capability of pressure sensing even under a curved state.The voltage responses from the pattern mapping by finger touching demonstrate the uniformity of the sensor array.Finally,real-time tactile sensing associated with light-emitting diode(LED)array lighting demonstrates the potential application of the sensor array in position tracking,self-powered touch screens,human–machine interfaces and many others.
基金the City University of Hong Kong(Grant Nos.9610423,9667199,9667221,9680322)Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(Grant Nos.21210820,11213721)+5 种基金Hong Kong Center for Cerebra-Cardiovascular Health Engineering,Tencent Robotics X(Grant No.9231409)Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(Grant No.JCYJ20200109110201713)Science and Technology of Sichuan Province(Grant No.2020YFH0181)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12072057)LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program(Grant No.XLYC2007196)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.DUT20RC⑶032).
文摘Skin-integrated electronics,also known as electronic skin(e-skin);are rapidly developing and are gradually being adopted in biomedical fields as well as in our daily lives.E-skin capable of providing sensitive and high-resolution tactile sensations and haptic feedback to the human body would open a new e-skin paradigm for closed-loop human-machine interfaces.Here,we report a class of materials and mechanical designs for the miniaturization of mechanical actuators and strategies for their integration into thin,soft e-skin for haptic interfaces.The mechanical actuators exhibit small dimensions of 5 mm diameter and 1.45 mm thickness and work in an electromagnetically driven vibrotactile mode with resonance frequency overlapping the most sensitive frequency of human skin.Nine mini actuators can be integrated simultaneously in a small area of 2 cm×2 cm to form a 3×3 haptic feedback array,which is small and compact enough to mount on a thumb tip.Furthermore,the thin,soft haptic interface exhibits good mechanical properties that work properly during stretching,bending,and twisting and therefore can conformally fit onto various parts of the human body to afford programmable tactile enhancement and Braille recognition with an accuracy rate over 85%.
基金supported by City University of Hong Kong (Grants No.9667199,9667221,9680322)Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Grant No.21210820,11213721)Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission (Grant No.JCYJ20200109110201713).
文摘Thin,soft,and skin-integrated electronic system has great advantages for realizing continuous human healthcare monitoring.Here,we report an ultra-thin,flexible,and garment-based microelectronics powered by sweat-activated batteries(SABs)and applications of powering biosensors and microelectronic systems for real time sweat monitoring.The SAB cell is ultra-thin(1.25 mm)with excellent biocompatibility.The SAB has good electricity output with high capacity(14.33 mAh)and maximum power density(3.17 mW cm^(−2))after being activated by the sweat volume of 0.045 mL cm^(−2),which could continuously power 120 light emitting diodes over 3 h.The outputs could maintain stable after repeatable bending.Wireless microelectronics system could be continuously powered by the SABs for 3 h to monitor sweat and physiological information,including sweat Na+concentration,pH,and skin impedance.The reported integrated system provides a potential for solving the power issues of flexible wearable electronics and realizing personalized medicine.
基金This work was supported by the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering,the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32071407 and 62003023)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.7212204)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(Grant No.JCYJ20200109110201713).
文摘This article reports a highly integrated watch for noninvasive continual blood glucose monitoring.The watch employs a Nafion-coated flexible electrochemical sensor patch fixed on the watchband to obtain interstitial fluid(ISF)transdermally at the wrist.This reverse iontophoresis-based extraction method eliminates the pain and inconvenience that traditional fingerstick blood tests pose in diabetic patients’lives,making continual blood glucose monitoring practical and easy.All electronic modules,including a rechargeable power source and other modules for signal processing and wireless transmission,are integrated onto a watch face-sized printed circuit board(PCB),enabling comfortable wearing of this continual glucose monitor.Real-time blood glucose levels are displayed on the LED screen of the watch and can also be checked with the smartphone user interface.With 23 volunteers,the watch demonstrated 84.34%clinical accuracy in the Clarke error grid analysis(zones A+B).In the near future,commercial products could be developed based on this lab-made prototype to provide the public with noninvasive continual glucose monitoring.
基金supported by the Special Research Funding on COVID19 from Sichuan Province of China(Grant No.2020YFS0004)Science and Technology Department,Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China,the NSFC(No.32071407 and No.62003023)+3 种基金the 111 Project(No.B13003)Innovation Research Plan from the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(ZXWF082101/056)Exploratory Project of Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(19ZR1476000)Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering at Beihang University。
文摘Sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 is of great importance for inhibiting the current pandemic of COVID-19.Here,we report a simple yet efficient platform integrating a portable and low-cost custom-made detector and a novel microwell array biochip for rapid and accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2.The instrument exhibits expedited amplification speed that enables colorimetric read-out within 25 minutes.A polymeric chip with a laser-engraved microwell array was developed to process the reaction between the primers and the respiratory swab RNA extracts,based on reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification(RT-LAMP).To achieve clinically acceptable performance,we synthesized a group of six primers to identify the conserved regions of the ORF1ab gene of SARS-CoV-2.Clinical trials were conducted with 87 PCR-positive and 43 PCRnegative patient samples.The platform demonstrated both high sensitivity(95.40%)and high specificity(95.35%),showing potentials for rapid and user-friendly diagnosis of COVID-19 among many other infectious pathogens.
基金This work was also sponsored by InnoHK Project on Project 2.2-artificial intelligent(Al)-based 3D ultrasound imaging algorithm at Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering(CoCHE),Center of Flexible Electronics Technology,and Qiantang Science and Technology Innovation Center.
文摘Wearable sweat sensors are gaining significant attention due to their unparalleled potential for noninvasive health monitoring.Sweat,as a kind of body fluid,contains informative physiological indicators that are related to personalized health status.Advances in wearable sweat sampling and routing technologies,flexible,and stretchable materials,and wireless digital technologies have led to the development of integrated sweat sensors that are comfortable,flexible,light,and intelligent.Herein,we report a flexible and integrated wearable device via incorporating a microfluidic system and a sensing chip with skin-integrated electronic format toward in-situ monitoring of uric acid(UA)in sweat that associates with gout,cardiovascular,and renal diseases.The microfluidic system validly realizes the real-time capture perspiration from human skin.The obtained detection range is 5-200μM and the detection limit is 1.79μM,which offers an importance diagnostic method for clinical relevant lab test.The soft and flexible features of the constructed device allows it to be mounted onto nearly anywhere on the body.We tested the sweat UA in diverse subjects and various body locations during exercise,and similar trends were also observed by using a commercial UA assay kit.
基金supported by City University of Hong Kong(Grants No.9667221,9680322,9678274)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.62122002)+2 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(Grant No.JCYJ20200109110201713)InnoHK Project 1.3-Flexible and Stretchable Technologies(FAST)for monitoring of CVD risk factors:Sensing and Applications at Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering(COCHE),Center of Flexible Electronics Technology,Qiantang Science&Technology Innovation Center.Z.W.acknowledges the funding supports from Innovation and Technology Fund,China(GHP/021/19SZ)Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Council,China(9240061 and JCYJ20200109143206663).
文摘Flexible and bio-integrated electronics have attracted great attention due to their enormous contributions to personalized medical devices.Power sources,serving as one of the most important components,have been suffering from many problems,including deficient biocompatibility,poor stretchability,and unstable electrical outputs under deformed conditions,which limits the practical applications in flexible and bio-integrated electronics.Here,we reported a fully stretchable magnesium(Mg)–air battery based on dual-ions-conducting hydrogels(SDICH).The high-performance battery enables long-term operation with lighting 120 lighting emitting diodes(LEDs)for over 5 h.Benefiting from the advanced materials and mechanical designs,the battery exhibits stability electrical outputs under stretching,which allows to operate ordinarily under various mechanical deformations without performance decay.Furthermore,the great biocompatibility of the battery offers great opportunity for biomedical applications,which is demonstrated by a self-adaption wound dressing system.The in vitro and in vivo results prove that the self-adaption wound dressing can effectively prevent wound inflammation and promote wound healing.By exploiting thermal feedback mechanics,the system can adjust antibiotic release rate and dosage spontaneously according to the real-time wound conditions.The proposed fully stretchable Mg-air battery and self-adaption wound dressing display great potential in skin-integrated electronics and personalized medicine.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(U21A20492,Grant Nos.62171069,62275041,and 62122002)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFB0407102)+5 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(Grant Nos.2022YFH0081,2022YFG0012,and 2022YFG0013)the Open Project of Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of display science and technology(ZYGX2022K018)the Program of Chongqing Science&Technology Commission(cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0877,cstc2019jscxfxydX0048,and cstc2019jcyjjqX0021)Cooperation projects between universities at Chongqing and institutes affiliated to the Chinese Academy of Sciences(HZ2021019)the Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(KJZD-K201901302,KJQN201901348,and KJCX2020048)the City University of Hong Kong(Grant Nos.9667221 and 9680322).
文摘Muscle groups perform their functions in the human body via bilateral muscle actuation,which brings bionic inspiration to artificial robot design.Building soft robotic systems with artificial muscles and multiple control dimensions could be an effective means to develop highly controllable soft robots.Here,we report a bilateral actuator with a bilateral deformation function similar to that of a muscle group that can be used for soft robots.To construct this bilateral actuator,a low-cost VHB 4910 dielectric elastomer was selected as the artificial muscle,and polymer films manufactured with specific shapes served as the actuator frame.By end-to-end connecting these bilateral actuators,a gear-shaped 3D soft robot with diverse motion capabilities could be developed,benefiting from adjustable actuation combinations.Lying on the ground with all feet on the ground,a crawling soft robot with dexterous movement along multiple directions was realized.Moreover,the directional steering was instantaneous and efficient.With two feet standing on the ground,it also acted as a rolling soft robot that can achieve bidirectional rolling motion and climbing motion on a 2°slope.Finally,inspired by the orbicularis oris muscle in the mouth,a mouthlike soft robot that could bite and grab objects 5.3 times of its body weight was demonstrated.The bidirectional function of a single actuator and the various combination modes among multiple actuators together allow the soft robots to exhibit diverse functionalities and flexibility,which provides a very valuable reference for the design of highly controllable soft robots.
基金support by Strategic Interdisciplinary Research Grant (7020029) from City University of Hong KongGeneral Research Fund (GRF) grant from the Research Grants Council (RGC) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (City U 11200820, 11202222)+2 种基金the Mainland/Hong Kong Joint Research Scheme sponsored by the RGC Hong Kongthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (N_City U118/20)the Inno HK funding support from the Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE)。
文摘Transdermal drug delivery systems(TDDs) avoid gastrointestinal degradation and hepatic first-pass metabolism, providing good drug bioavailability and patient compliance. One emerging type of TDDs is the wearable patch worn on the skin surface to deliver medication through the skin. They can generally be grouped into passive and active types, depending on the properties of materials,design principles and integrated devices. This review describes the latest advancement in the development of wearable patches, focusing on the integration of stimulus-responsive materials and electronics.This development is deemed to provide a dosage, temporal, and spatial control of therapeutics delivery.
基金This work was supported in part by InnoHK Project on Project 2.2-AI-based 3D ultrasound imaging algorithm at Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering(COCHE),in part by Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(21210820,and 11213721)in part by Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(JCYJ20200109110201713)in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China(62122002,and U21A20492).
文摘With the requirements of self-powering sensors in flexible electronics,wearable triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)have attracted great attention due to their advantages of excellent electrical outputs and low-cost processing routes.The crosstalk effect between adjacent sensing units in TENGs significantly limits the pixel density of sensor arrays.Here,we present a skin-integrated,flexible TENG sensor array with 100 sensing units in an overall size of 7.5 cm×7.5 cm that can be processed in a simple,low-cost,and scalable way enabled by 3D printing.All the sensing units show good sensitivity of 0.11 V/kPa with a wide range of pressure detection from 10 to 65 kPa,which allows to accurately distinguish various tactile formats from gentle touching(as low as 2 kPa)to hard pressuring.The 3D printing patterned substrate allows to cast triboelectric layers of polydimethylsiloxane in an independent sensing manner for each unit,which greatly suppresses the cross talk arising from adjacent sensing units,where the maximum crosstalk output is only 10.8%.The excellent uniformity and reproducibility of the sensor array offer precise pressure mapping for complicated pattern loadings,which demonstrates its potential in tactile sensing and human-machine interfaces.
基金E.S.acknowledged the support of Lingang Laboratory(Grant no.LG-QS-202202-02)the support of Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2018SHZDZX01)ZJ Lab,and Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology.
文摘Microsystem technologies for evaluating the mechanical properties of soft biological tissues offer various capabilities relevant to medical research and clinical diagnosis of pathophysiologic conditions.Recent progress includes(1)the development of tissue-compliant designs that provide minimally invasive interfaces to soft,dynamic biological surfaces and(2)improvements in options for assessments of elastic moduli at spatial scales from cellular resolution to macroscopic areas and across depths from superficial levels to deep geometries.This review summarizes a collection of these technologies,with an emphasis on operational principles,fabrication methods,device designs,integration schemes,and measurement features.The core content begins with a discussion of platforms ranging from penetrating filamentary probes and shape-conformal sheets to stretchable arrays of ultrasonic transducers.Subsequent sections examine different techniques based on planar microelectromechanical system(MEMS)approaches for biocompatible interfaces to targets that span scales from individual cells to organs.One highlighted example includes miniature electromechanical devices that allow depth profiling of soft tissue biomechanics across a wide range of thicknesses.The clinical utility of these technologies is in monitoring changes in tissue properties and in targeting/identifying diseased tissues with distinct variations in modulus.The results suggest future opportunities in engineered systems for biomechanical sensing,spanning a broad scope of applications with relevance to many aspects of health care and biology research.
基金sponsored by the Regional Joint Fund of the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U21A20492)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFB0407102)+6 种基金the City University of Hong Kong(Grant Nos 9667221,9680322)the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(Grant No.21210820,11213721)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(Grant No.JCYJ20200109110201713)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Municipality(Grant No.cstc2019jcyjjqX0021)the Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents Program of Chongqing Municipality(No:T04040012)Science and Technology of Sichuan Province(Grant No.2020YFH0181)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFQ(Grant Nos.U21A20492,62122002).
文摘Origami has become an optimal methodological choice for creating complex three-dimensional(3D)structures and soft robots.The simple and low-cost origami-inspired folding assembly provides a new method for developing 3D soft robots,which is ideal for future intelligent robotic systems.Here,we present a series of materials,structural designs,and fabrication methods for developing independent,electrically controlled origami 3D soft robots for walking and soft manipulators.The 3D soft robots are based on soft actuators,which are multilayer structures with a dielectric elastomer(DE)film as the deformation layer and a laser-cut PET film as the supporting flexible frame.The triangular and rectangular design of the soft actuators allows them to be easily assembled into crawling soft robots and pyramidal-and square-shaped 3D structures.The crawling robot exhibits very stable crawling behaviors and can carry loads while walking.Inspired by origami folding,the pyramidal and square-shaped 3D soft robots exhibit programmable out-of-plane deformations and easy switching between two-dimensional(2D)and 3D structures.The electrically controllable origami deformation allows the 3D soft robots to be used as soft manipulators for grasping and precisely locking 3D objects.This work proves that origami-inspired fold-based assembly of DE actuators is a good reference for the development of soft actuators and future intelligent multifunctional soft robots.
