Objective: Acute lung injury(ALI) is a serious respiratory dysfunction caused by pathogen or physical invasion. The strong induced inflammation often causes death. Tanshinone ⅡA(Tan-ⅡA) is the major constituent of S...Objective: Acute lung injury(ALI) is a serious respiratory dysfunction caused by pathogen or physical invasion. The strong induced inflammation often causes death. Tanshinone ⅡA(Tan-ⅡA) is the major constituent of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and has been shown to display anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of Tan-ⅡA on ALI.Methods: A murine model of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced ALI was used. The lungs and serum samples of mice were extracted at 3 days after treatment. ALI-induced inflammatory damages were confirmed from cytokine detections and histomorphology observations. Effects of Tan-ⅡA were investigated using in vivo and in vitro ALI models. Tan-ⅡA mechanisms were investigated by performing Western blot and flow cytometry experiments. A wound-healing assay was performed to confirm the Tan-ⅡA function.Results: The cytokine storm induced by LPS treatment was detected at 3 days after LPS treatment, and alveolar epithelial damage and lymphocyte aggregation were observed. Tan-ⅡA treatment attenuated the LPS-induced inflammation and reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines released not only by inhibiting neutrophils, but also by macrophage. Moreover, we found that macrophage activation and polarization after LPS treatment were abrogated after applying the Tan-ⅡA treatment. An in vitro assay also confirmed that including the Tan-ⅡA supplement increased the relative amount of the M2 subtype and decreased that of M1. Rebalanced macrophages and Tan-ⅡA inhibited activations of the nuclear factor-κB and hypoxia-inducible factor pathways. Including Tan-ⅡA and macrophages also improved alveolar epithelial repair by regulating macrophage polarization.Conclusion: This study found that while an LPS-induced cytokine storm exacerbated ALI, including Tan-ⅡA could prevent ALI-induced inflammation and improve the alveolar epithelial repair, and do so by regulating macrophage polarization.展开更多
Haemaphysalis ticks are pathogenic vectors that threaten human and animal health and were identified in Chongming,the third largest island in China.To understand the distribution of these ticks and determine their pot...Haemaphysalis ticks are pathogenic vectors that threaten human and animal health and were identified in Chongming,the third largest island in China.To understand the distribution of these ticks and determine their potential invasion risk,this study aimed to identify the habitat suitability of the dominant tick H.flava based on natural environmental factors.Geographic information system(GIS)images were combined with sample points from tick investigations to map the spatial distribution of H.flava.Data on 19 bioclimatic variables,environmental variables,and satellite-based landscapes of Chongming Island were retrieved to create a landcover map related to natural environmental determinants of H.flava.These data included 38 sites associated with the vectors to construct species distribution models with MaxEnt,a model based on the maximum entropy principle,and to predict habitat suitability for H.flava on Chongming Island in 2050 and 2070 under different climate scenarios.The model performed well in predicting the H.flava distribution,with a training area under the curve of 0.84 and a test area under the curve of 0.73.A habitat suitability map of the whole study area was created for H.flava.The resulting map and natural environment analysis highlighted the importance of the normalized difference vegetation index and precipitation in the driest month for the bioecology of H.flava,with 141.61 km^(2)(11.77%),282.94 km^(2)(23.35%),and 405.30 km^(2)(33.69%)of highly,moderately,and poorly suitable habitats,respectively.The distribution decreased by 135.55 km^(2) and 138.82 km^(2) in 2050 and 2070,respectively,under the shared socioeconomic pathway(SSP)1.2.6 climate change scenario.However,under SSP 5.8.5,the total area will decrease by 128.5 km^(2) in 2050 and increase by 151.64 km^(2) in 2070.From a One Health perspective,this study provides good knowledge that will guide tick control efforts to prevent the spread of Haemaphysalis ticks or transmission risk of Haemaphysalis-borne infections at the human-animal-environment interface on the island.展开更多
Background The co-infection of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)and tuberculosis(TB)poses a significant clinical challenge and is a major global public health issue.This study...Background The co-infection of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)and tuberculosis(TB)poses a significant clinical challenge and is a major global public health issue.This study aims to elucidate the disease burden of HIV-TB co-infection in global,regions and countries,providing critical informa-tion for policy decisions to curb the HIV-TB epidemic.Methods The ecological time-series study used data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)Study 2021.The data encompass the numbers of incidence,prevalence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life year(DALY),as well as age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR),prevalence rate(ASPR),mortality rate(ASMR),and DALY rate for HIV-infected drug-susceptible tuberculosis(HIV-DS-TB),HIV-infected multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(HIV-MDR-TB),and HIV-infected extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis(HIV-XDR-TB)from 1990 to 2021.from 1990 to 2021.The estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)of rates,with 95%confidence intervals(C/s),was calculated.Results In 2021,the global ASIR for HIV-DS-TB was 11.59 per 100,000 population(95%UI:0.37-13.05 per 100,000 population),0.55 per 100,000 population(95%UI:0.38-0.81 per 100,000 population),for HIV-MDR-TB,and 0.02 per 100,000 population(95%UI:0.01-0.03 per 100,000 population)for HIV-XDR-TB.The EAPC for the ASIR of HIV-MDR-TB and HIV-XDR-TB from 1990 to 2021 were 4.71(95%CI:1.92-7.59)and 13.63(95%CI:9.44-18.01),respectively.The global ASMR for HIV-DS-TB was 2.22 per 100,000 population(95%UI:1.73-2.74 per 100,000 population),0.21 per 100,000 population(95%UI:0.09-0.39 per 100,000 population)for HIV-MDR-TB,and 0.01 per 100,000 population(95%UI:0.00-0.03 per 100,000 population)for HIV-XDR-TB in 2021.The EAPC for the ASMR of HIV-MDR-TB and HIV-XDR-TB from 1990 to 2021 were 4.78(95%CI:1.32-8.32)and 10.00(95%Cl:6.09-14.05),respectively.Conclusions The findings indicate that enhancing diagnostic and treatment strategies,strengthening healthcare infrastructure,increasing access to quality medical care,and improving public health education are essential to combat HIV-TB co-infection.展开更多
Background Tuberculosis(TB)is a major infectious disease with significant public health implications.Its widespread transmission,prolonged treatment duration,notable side effects,and high mortality rate pose severe ch...Background Tuberculosis(TB)is a major infectious disease with significant public health implications.Its widespread transmission,prolonged treatment duration,notable side effects,and high mortality rate pose severe challenges.This study examines the epidemiological characteristics of TB globally and across major regions,providing a scientific basis for enhancing TB prevention and control measures worldwide.Methods The ecological study used data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)Study 2021.It assessed new incidence cases,deaths,disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),and trends in age-standardized incidence rates(ASIRs),mortality rates(ASMRs),and DALY rates for drug-susceptible tuberculosis(DS-TB),multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDR-TB),and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis(XDR-TB)from 1990 to 2021.A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was applied to project ASIR and ASMR.Results In 2021,the global ASIR for all HIV-negative TB was 103.00 per 100,000 population 95%uncertainty interval(UI):92.21,114.91 per 100,000 populationl,declining by 0.40%(95%UI:-0.43,-0.38%)compared to 1990.The global ASMR was 13.96 per 100,000 population(95%UI:12.61,15.72 per 100,000 population),with a decline of 0.44%(95%UI:-0.61,-0.23%)since 1990.The global age-standardized DALY rate for HIV-negative TB was 580.26 per 100,000 population(95%UI:522.37,649.82 per 100,000 population),showing a decrease of 0.65%(95%UI:-0.69,-0.57 per 100,000 population)from 1990.The global ASIR of MDR-TB has not decreased since 2015,instead,it has shown a slow upward trend in recent years.The ASIR of XDR-TB has exhibited significant increase in the past 30 years.The projections indicate MDR-TB and XDR-TB are expected to see signifcant increases in both ASIR and ASMR from 2022 to 2035,highlighting the growing challenge of drug-resistant TB.Conclusions This study found that the ASIR of MDR-TB and XDR-TB has shown an upward trend in recent years.To reduce the TB burden,it is essential to enhance health infrastructure and increase funding in low-SDl regions.Developing highly efficient,accurate,and convenient diagnostic reagents,along with more effective therapeutic drugs,and improving public health education and community engagement,are crucial for curbing TB transmission.展开更多
Contextual refinement is a compositional approach to compositional verification of concurrent objects.There has been much work designing program logics to prove the contextual refinement between the object implementat...Contextual refinement is a compositional approach to compositional verification of concurrent objects.There has been much work designing program logics to prove the contextual refinement between the object implementation and its abstract specification.However,these program logics for contextual refinement verification cannot support objects with resource ownership transfer,which is a common pattern in many concurrent objects,such as the memory management module in OS kernels,which transfers the allocated memory block between the object and clients.In this paper,we propose a new approach to give abstract and implementation independent specifications to concurrent objects with ownership transfer.We also design a program logic to verify contextual refinement of concurrent objects w.r.t.their abstract specifications.We have successfully applied our logic to verifying an implementation of the memory management module,where the implementation is an appropriately simplified version of the original version from a real-world preemptive OS kernel.展开更多
Inline assembly code is common in system software to interact with the underlying hardware platforms. The safety and correctness of the assembly code is crucial to guarantee the safety of the whole system. In this pap...Inline assembly code is common in system software to interact with the underlying hardware platforms. The safety and correctness of the assembly code is crucial to guarantee the safety of the whole system. In this paper, we propose a practical Hoare-style program logic for verifying SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture) assembly code. The logic supports modular reasoning about the main features of SPARCv8 ISA (instruction set architecture), including delayed control transfers, delayed writes to special registers, and register windows. It also supports relational reasoning for refinement verification. We have applied it to verify that there is a contextual refinement between a context switch routine in SPARCv8 and a switch primitive. The program logic and its soundness proof have been mechanized in Coq.展开更多
Inter-process communication(IPC)provides a message passing mechanism for information exchange between applications.It has been long believed that IPCs can be abused by malware writers to launch collusive information l...Inter-process communication(IPC)provides a message passing mechanism for information exchange between applications.It has been long believed that IPCs can be abused by malware writers to launch collusive information leak using two or more applications.Much work on privacy protection focuses on the simple information leak caused by the individual applications and lacks effective approaches to preventing the collusive information leak caused by IPCs between multiple processes.In this paper,we propose a hybrid approach to prevent the collusive information leak based on information flow control.Our approach combines static information flow analysis and dynamic runtime checking together.Information leak caused by individual processes is prevented through static information flow control,and dynamic checking is done at runtime to prevent the collusive information leak.Such a combination may effectively reduce the runtime overhead of pure dynamic checking,and reduce false-alarms in pure static analysis.We develop this approach based on an abstract and simplified programming model,and formalize a novel definition of the leak-freedom property as our target security property.A simulation-based proof technique is used to prove that our approach is able to guarantee leak-freedom.All proofs are mechanized in Coq.展开更多
Though obstruction-free progress property is weaker than other non-blocking properties including lock-freedom and wait-freedom,it has advantages that have led to the use of obstruction-free implementations for softwar...Though obstruction-free progress property is weaker than other non-blocking properties including lock-freedom and wait-freedom,it has advantages that have led to the use of obstruction-free implementations for software transactional memory(STM)and in anonymous and fault-tolerant distributed computing.However,existing work can only verify obstruction-freedom of specific data structures(e.g.,STM and list-based algorithms).In this paper,to fill this gap,we propose a program logic that can formally verify obstruction-freedom of practical implementations,as well as verify linearizability,a safety property,at the same time.We also propose informal principles to extend a logic for verifying linearizability to verifying obstruction-freedom.With this approach,the existing proof for linearizability can be reused directly to construct the proof for both linearizability and obstruction-freedom.Finally,we have successfully applied our logic to verifying a practical obstruction-free double-ended queue implementation in the first classic paper that has proposed the definition of obstruction-freedom.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81570020 and 82170033)Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (21ZR1479200)Shanghai Changhai Hospital Scientific Research Fund (2019SLZ002, 2019YXK018, CHJG2019029 and CHPY2021A05)。
文摘Objective: Acute lung injury(ALI) is a serious respiratory dysfunction caused by pathogen or physical invasion. The strong induced inflammation often causes death. Tanshinone ⅡA(Tan-ⅡA) is the major constituent of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and has been shown to display anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of Tan-ⅡA on ALI.Methods: A murine model of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced ALI was used. The lungs and serum samples of mice were extracted at 3 days after treatment. ALI-induced inflammatory damages were confirmed from cytokine detections and histomorphology observations. Effects of Tan-ⅡA were investigated using in vivo and in vitro ALI models. Tan-ⅡA mechanisms were investigated by performing Western blot and flow cytometry experiments. A wound-healing assay was performed to confirm the Tan-ⅡA function.Results: The cytokine storm induced by LPS treatment was detected at 3 days after LPS treatment, and alveolar epithelial damage and lymphocyte aggregation were observed. Tan-ⅡA treatment attenuated the LPS-induced inflammation and reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines released not only by inhibiting neutrophils, but also by macrophage. Moreover, we found that macrophage activation and polarization after LPS treatment were abrogated after applying the Tan-ⅡA treatment. An in vitro assay also confirmed that including the Tan-ⅡA supplement increased the relative amount of the M2 subtype and decreased that of M1. Rebalanced macrophages and Tan-ⅡA inhibited activations of the nuclear factor-κB and hypoxia-inducible factor pathways. Including Tan-ⅡA and macrophages also improved alveolar epithelial repair by regulating macrophage polarization.Conclusion: This study found that while an LPS-induced cytokine storm exacerbated ALI, including Tan-ⅡA could prevent ALI-induced inflammation and improve the alveolar epithelial repair, and do so by regulating macrophage polarization.
基金supported in part by The International Joint Laboratory on Tropical Diseases Control in the Greater Mekong Subregion fund(21410750200)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai,China and The Science and Technology Innovation Project fund of the School of Global Health,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine(SGHKJCX2021-05,SGHKJCX2021-04),China.
文摘Haemaphysalis ticks are pathogenic vectors that threaten human and animal health and were identified in Chongming,the third largest island in China.To understand the distribution of these ticks and determine their potential invasion risk,this study aimed to identify the habitat suitability of the dominant tick H.flava based on natural environmental factors.Geographic information system(GIS)images were combined with sample points from tick investigations to map the spatial distribution of H.flava.Data on 19 bioclimatic variables,environmental variables,and satellite-based landscapes of Chongming Island were retrieved to create a landcover map related to natural environmental determinants of H.flava.These data included 38 sites associated with the vectors to construct species distribution models with MaxEnt,a model based on the maximum entropy principle,and to predict habitat suitability for H.flava on Chongming Island in 2050 and 2070 under different climate scenarios.The model performed well in predicting the H.flava distribution,with a training area under the curve of 0.84 and a test area under the curve of 0.73.A habitat suitability map of the whole study area was created for H.flava.The resulting map and natural environment analysis highlighted the importance of the normalized difference vegetation index and precipitation in the driest month for the bioecology of H.flava,with 141.61 km^(2)(11.77%),282.94 km^(2)(23.35%),and 405.30 km^(2)(33.69%)of highly,moderately,and poorly suitable habitats,respectively.The distribution decreased by 135.55 km^(2) and 138.82 km^(2) in 2050 and 2070,respectively,under the shared socioeconomic pathway(SSP)1.2.6 climate change scenario.However,under SSP 5.8.5,the total area will decrease by 128.5 km^(2) in 2050 and increase by 151.64 km^(2) in 2070.From a One Health perspective,this study provides good knowledge that will guide tick control efforts to prevent the spread of Haemaphysalis ticks or transmission risk of Haemaphysalis-borne infections at the human-animal-environment interface on the island.
基金The study was supported by the fund of the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(23ZR1464000,23ZR1463900)the International Joint Laboratory on Tropical Diseases Control in Greater Mekong Subregion from Shanghai Municipality Government(21410750200)+3 种基金Medical Innovation Research Special Project of the Shanghai 2021"Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan"(21Y11922500,21Y11922400)the Three-year Action Plan for Promoting Clinical Skills and Innovation Ability of Municipal Hospitals(SHDC-2022CRS039)the Talent Fund of Longhua Hospital affliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(LH001.007)the Bill&Melinda Gates foundation.The Funders had no role in the study design or in the collection,analysis,and interpretation of the data,writing of the report,or decision to submit the article for publication.
文摘Background The co-infection of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)and tuberculosis(TB)poses a significant clinical challenge and is a major global public health issue.This study aims to elucidate the disease burden of HIV-TB co-infection in global,regions and countries,providing critical informa-tion for policy decisions to curb the HIV-TB epidemic.Methods The ecological time-series study used data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)Study 2021.The data encompass the numbers of incidence,prevalence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life year(DALY),as well as age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR),prevalence rate(ASPR),mortality rate(ASMR),and DALY rate for HIV-infected drug-susceptible tuberculosis(HIV-DS-TB),HIV-infected multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(HIV-MDR-TB),and HIV-infected extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis(HIV-XDR-TB)from 1990 to 2021.from 1990 to 2021.The estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)of rates,with 95%confidence intervals(C/s),was calculated.Results In 2021,the global ASIR for HIV-DS-TB was 11.59 per 100,000 population(95%UI:0.37-13.05 per 100,000 population),0.55 per 100,000 population(95%UI:0.38-0.81 per 100,000 population),for HIV-MDR-TB,and 0.02 per 100,000 population(95%UI:0.01-0.03 per 100,000 population)for HIV-XDR-TB.The EAPC for the ASIR of HIV-MDR-TB and HIV-XDR-TB from 1990 to 2021 were 4.71(95%CI:1.92-7.59)and 13.63(95%CI:9.44-18.01),respectively.The global ASMR for HIV-DS-TB was 2.22 per 100,000 population(95%UI:1.73-2.74 per 100,000 population),0.21 per 100,000 population(95%UI:0.09-0.39 per 100,000 population)for HIV-MDR-TB,and 0.01 per 100,000 population(95%UI:0.00-0.03 per 100,000 population)for HIV-XDR-TB in 2021.The EAPC for the ASMR of HIV-MDR-TB and HIV-XDR-TB from 1990 to 2021 were 4.78(95%CI:1.32-8.32)and 10.00(95%Cl:6.09-14.05),respectively.Conclusions The findings indicate that enhancing diagnostic and treatment strategies,strengthening healthcare infrastructure,increasing access to quality medical care,and improving public health education are essential to combat HIV-TB co-infection.
文摘Background Tuberculosis(TB)is a major infectious disease with significant public health implications.Its widespread transmission,prolonged treatment duration,notable side effects,and high mortality rate pose severe challenges.This study examines the epidemiological characteristics of TB globally and across major regions,providing a scientific basis for enhancing TB prevention and control measures worldwide.Methods The ecological study used data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)Study 2021.It assessed new incidence cases,deaths,disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),and trends in age-standardized incidence rates(ASIRs),mortality rates(ASMRs),and DALY rates for drug-susceptible tuberculosis(DS-TB),multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDR-TB),and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis(XDR-TB)from 1990 to 2021.A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was applied to project ASIR and ASMR.Results In 2021,the global ASIR for all HIV-negative TB was 103.00 per 100,000 population 95%uncertainty interval(UI):92.21,114.91 per 100,000 populationl,declining by 0.40%(95%UI:-0.43,-0.38%)compared to 1990.The global ASMR was 13.96 per 100,000 population(95%UI:12.61,15.72 per 100,000 population),with a decline of 0.44%(95%UI:-0.61,-0.23%)since 1990.The global age-standardized DALY rate for HIV-negative TB was 580.26 per 100,000 population(95%UI:522.37,649.82 per 100,000 population),showing a decrease of 0.65%(95%UI:-0.69,-0.57 per 100,000 population)from 1990.The global ASIR of MDR-TB has not decreased since 2015,instead,it has shown a slow upward trend in recent years.The ASIR of XDR-TB has exhibited significant increase in the past 30 years.The projections indicate MDR-TB and XDR-TB are expected to see signifcant increases in both ASIR and ASMR from 2022 to 2035,highlighting the growing challenge of drug-resistant TB.Conclusions This study found that the ASIR of MDR-TB and XDR-TB has shown an upward trend in recent years.To reduce the TB burden,it is essential to enhance health infrastructure and increase funding in low-SDl regions.Developing highly efficient,accurate,and convenient diagnostic reagents,along with more effective therapeutic drugs,and improving public health education and community engagement,are crucial for curbing TB transmission.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61632005。
文摘Contextual refinement is a compositional approach to compositional verification of concurrent objects.There has been much work designing program logics to prove the contextual refinement between the object implementation and its abstract specification.However,these program logics for contextual refinement verification cannot support objects with resource ownership transfer,which is a common pattern in many concurrent objects,such as the memory management module in OS kernels,which transfers the allocated memory block between the object and clients.In this paper,we propose a new approach to give abstract and implementation independent specifications to concurrent objects with ownership transfer.We also design a program logic to verify contextual refinement of concurrent objects w.r.t.their abstract specifications.We have successfully applied our logic to verifying an implementation of the memory management module,where the implementation is an appropriately simplified version of the original version from a real-world preemptive OS kernel.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61632005.
文摘Inline assembly code is common in system software to interact with the underlying hardware platforms. The safety and correctness of the assembly code is crucial to guarantee the safety of the whole system. In this paper, we propose a practical Hoare-style program logic for verifying SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture) assembly code. The logic supports modular reasoning about the main features of SPARCv8 ISA (instruction set architecture), including delayed control transfers, delayed writes to special registers, and register windows. It also supports relational reasoning for refinement verification. We have applied it to verify that there is a contextual refinement between a context switch routine in SPARCv8 and a switch primitive. The program logic and its soundness proof have been mechanized in Coq.
文摘Inter-process communication(IPC)provides a message passing mechanism for information exchange between applications.It has been long believed that IPCs can be abused by malware writers to launch collusive information leak using two or more applications.Much work on privacy protection focuses on the simple information leak caused by the individual applications and lacks effective approaches to preventing the collusive information leak caused by IPCs between multiple processes.In this paper,we propose a hybrid approach to prevent the collusive information leak based on information flow control.Our approach combines static information flow analysis and dynamic runtime checking together.Information leak caused by individual processes is prevented through static information flow control,and dynamic checking is done at runtime to prevent the collusive information leak.Such a combination may effectively reduce the runtime overhead of pure dynamic checking,and reduce false-alarms in pure static analysis.We develop this approach based on an abstract and simplified programming model,and formalize a novel definition of the leak-freedom property as our target security property.A simulation-based proof technique is used to prove that our approach is able to guarantee leak-freedom.All proofs are mechanized in Coq.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61632005)。
文摘Though obstruction-free progress property is weaker than other non-blocking properties including lock-freedom and wait-freedom,it has advantages that have led to the use of obstruction-free implementations for software transactional memory(STM)and in anonymous and fault-tolerant distributed computing.However,existing work can only verify obstruction-freedom of specific data structures(e.g.,STM and list-based algorithms).In this paper,to fill this gap,we propose a program logic that can formally verify obstruction-freedom of practical implementations,as well as verify linearizability,a safety property,at the same time.We also propose informal principles to extend a logic for verifying linearizability to verifying obstruction-freedom.With this approach,the existing proof for linearizability can be reused directly to construct the proof for both linearizability and obstruction-freedom.Finally,we have successfully applied our logic to verifying a practical obstruction-free double-ended queue implementation in the first classic paper that has proposed the definition of obstruction-freedom.
