2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone(2,6-DCBQ), an emerging water disinfection by-product, is widely detected in water resources. However, its potential effects on the reproductive system are largely unknown. Here, we invest...2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone(2,6-DCBQ), an emerging water disinfection by-product, is widely detected in water resources. However, its potential effects on the reproductive system are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the long-term effects of 2,6-DCBQ on gonadal development by exposing zebrafish from 15 to 180 days postfertilization(dpf). Following exposure to 2,6-DCBQ(20 and 100 μg/L), female-specific effects including delayed puberty onset, retarded ovarian growth and breakdown of the zona radiata were observed, resulting in subfertility in adult females. Adverse effects in folliculogenesis disappeared two months after cessation of 2,6-DCBQ administration. In contrast, no adverse impacts were noted in male testes. The effects on females were associated with significant reduction in 17 β-estradiol(E2) level, suggesting a role for 2,6-DCBQ in anti-estrogenic activity. E2 level change in blood was further supported by dysregulated expression of genes( cyp19a1a, fshb, kiss3, esr2b, vtg1, and vtg3) related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad-liver(HPGL) axis. The present study demonstrates for the first time that 2,6-DCBQ induces reproductive impairments in female zebrafish through disrupting 17 β-estradiol level.展开更多
This study aimed to assess social preferences in dynamic interpersonal interactions among preschool children and to examine the effects of peer relationship(friend vs.stranger)and peer presence(peer presence vs.peer a...This study aimed to assess social preferences in dynamic interpersonal interactions among preschool children and to examine the effects of peer relationship(friend vs.stranger)and peer presence(peer presence vs.peer absence)on giving and repaying.Ninetynine children participated in a triad game,which consisted of two mixed-dictator games.The allocations from a proposer in the first dictator game were evaluated as giving,and the allocations from two respondents in the second dictator game were evaluated as repaying friends and strangers.The results indicated that children did not have any specific social preferences for friends in giving and repaying but had altruistic and fair preferences for giving to strangers,and strangers had egoistic preferences in repaying.Furthermore,children allocated more to strangers than to friends and allocated more in peer presence.Besides,friends positively reciprocated to proposers in peer absence and repaid less in peer presence.However,strangers consistently repaid less regardless of whether peers were present or not.These results provide more evidence for the assumption of weak ties in giving and demonstrate the strength of strong ties in repaying.These findings enhance our understanding of the interplay of childhood interactions in the development of early relationships.展开更多
基金supported by Xuzhou Medical University start-up grant for excellent scientists (Nos. RC20552044, RC20552054)the Natural Science Research of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (Nos. 21KJB330007, 21KJB320001)。
文摘2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone(2,6-DCBQ), an emerging water disinfection by-product, is widely detected in water resources. However, its potential effects on the reproductive system are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the long-term effects of 2,6-DCBQ on gonadal development by exposing zebrafish from 15 to 180 days postfertilization(dpf). Following exposure to 2,6-DCBQ(20 and 100 μg/L), female-specific effects including delayed puberty onset, retarded ovarian growth and breakdown of the zona radiata were observed, resulting in subfertility in adult females. Adverse effects in folliculogenesis disappeared two months after cessation of 2,6-DCBQ administration. In contrast, no adverse impacts were noted in male testes. The effects on females were associated with significant reduction in 17 β-estradiol(E2) level, suggesting a role for 2,6-DCBQ in anti-estrogenic activity. E2 level change in blood was further supported by dysregulated expression of genes( cyp19a1a, fshb, kiss3, esr2b, vtg1, and vtg3) related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad-liver(HPGL) axis. The present study demonstrates for the first time that 2,6-DCBQ induces reproductive impairments in female zebrafish through disrupting 17 β-estradiol level.
基金supported by the 2020 Planning Fund for Humanities and Social Science of the Ministry of Education of China(20YJA190003).
文摘This study aimed to assess social preferences in dynamic interpersonal interactions among preschool children and to examine the effects of peer relationship(friend vs.stranger)and peer presence(peer presence vs.peer absence)on giving and repaying.Ninetynine children participated in a triad game,which consisted of two mixed-dictator games.The allocations from a proposer in the first dictator game were evaluated as giving,and the allocations from two respondents in the second dictator game were evaluated as repaying friends and strangers.The results indicated that children did not have any specific social preferences for friends in giving and repaying but had altruistic and fair preferences for giving to strangers,and strangers had egoistic preferences in repaying.Furthermore,children allocated more to strangers than to friends and allocated more in peer presence.Besides,friends positively reciprocated to proposers in peer absence and repaid less in peer presence.However,strangers consistently repaid less regardless of whether peers were present or not.These results provide more evidence for the assumption of weak ties in giving and demonstrate the strength of strong ties in repaying.These findings enhance our understanding of the interplay of childhood interactions in the development of early relationships.
